Can We Create New Elements Beyond the Periodic Table?

Подписаться 3,1 млн

Просмотров 605 тыс.

50% 1

Go to www.buyraycon.... for 20-40% off your order, plus free shipping! Brought to you by Raycon.
Sign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord!
/ pbsspacetime
Scientists have been slowly extending the periodic table one element at a time, pushing to higher and higher masses, and have discovered some incredibly useful materials along the way. But the elements at the current end of the table are so unstable that they decay almost as soon as they’re created in our particle accelerators. Have we reached the end of the line of discoverable elements? There are new rows of the periodic table to unlock, and more stable versions of known heavy elements to synthesize-and while our accelerators are coming up short, astronomers have found a strange cosmic phenomenon that may populate the periodic table beyond our wildest dreams.
Check out the Space Time Merch Store
www.pbsspaceti...
Sign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements!
mailchi.mp/1a6...
Search the Entire Space Time Library Here: search.pbsspac...
Hosted by Matt O'Dowd
Written by Matt Caplan & Matt O'Dowd
Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini & Stephanie Faria
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Associate Producer: Bahar Gholipour
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber
Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez
Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell
Spacetime is a production of Kornhaber Brown for PBS Digital Studios.
This program is produced by Kornhaber Brown, which is solely responsible for its content.
© 2024 PBS. All rights reserved.
End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: / multidroideka
Space Time Was Made Possible In Part By:
Big Bang
Wojciech Szymski
First Principles Foundation
Bryce Fort
Peter Barrett
David Neumann
Alexander Tamas
Morgan Hough
Juan Benet
Vinnie Falco
Mark Rosenthal
Daniel Muzquiz
Supernova
Grace Biaelcki
Glenn Sugden
Ethan Cohen
Stephen Wilcox
J. Tyacke
Amy Hickman
Mark Heising
Hypernova
Dean Galvin
Michael Tidwell
Robert DeChellis
Chris Webb
David Giltinan
Ivari Tölp
Kenneth See
Gregory Forfa
Alex Kern
drollere
Bradley Voorhees
Scott Gorlick
Paul Stehr-Green
Ben Delo
Scott Gray
Антон Кочков
Robert Ilardi
John R. Slavik
Mathew
Donal Botkin
Edmund Fokschaner
chuck zegar
Gamma Ray Burst
Sandhya Devi
Michael Oulvey
Neil Moore
Robin Sur
Arko Provo Mukherjee
Mike Purvis
Christopher Wade
Anthony Crossland
Grace Seraph
Stephen Saslow
Tomaz Lovsin
Anthony Leon
Leonardo Schulthais Senna
Lori Ferris
Koen Wilde
Nicolas Katsantonis
Richard Steenbergen
gmmiddleton
Joe Pavlovic
Justin Lloyd
Chuck Lukaszewski
Cole B Combs
Andrea Galvagni
Jerry Thomas
Nikhil Sharma
John Anderson
Bradley Ulis
Craig Falls
Kane Holbrook
Ross Story
Harsh Khandhadia
Jammer
Matt Quinn
Michael Lev
Rad Antonov
Terje Vold
James Trimmier
Jeremy Soller
Paul Wood
Kent Durham
jim bartosh
John H. Austin, Jr.
Diana S Poljar
Faraz Khan
Almog Cohen
Daniel Jennings
Russ Creech
Jeremy Reed
David Johnston
Michael Barton
Isaac Suttell
Oliver Flanagan
Bleys Goodson
Mark Delagasse
Mark Daniel Cohen
Shane Calimlim
Tybie Fitzhugh
Eric Kiebler
Craig Stonaha
Frederic Simon
Tonyface
John Robinson
Jim Hudson
Alex Gan
John Funai
Adrien Molyneux
Bradley Jenkins
Vlad Shipulin
Thomas Dougherty
Dan Warren
Joseph Salomone
Julien Dubois

Опубликовано:

10 сен 2024

Ссылка:

Скачать:

Готовим ссылку...

Добавить в:

Мой плейлист

Посмотреть позже

Комментарии : 1,1 тыс.

@FlashGeiger 26 дней назад

I used to joke that if you took a neutral neutron star, threw in a proton, then put an electron in orbit; then you'd have the only gravitationally bound very heavy isotope of hydrogen. Maybe it wasn't really a joke?

@scotcheggtheguyguy8009 26 дней назад

As it happens there is a shell around a neutron star where some protons still exist. So, more like a gravitationally-bound Element 10^50

@pacotaco1246 26 дней назад

neutronium would get quite the promotion

@AdrianBoyko 26 дней назад

How does gravity interact with the wave function of the electron? How do you determine the orbit of something that doesn’t have a specific location or velocity?

@aluisious 26 дней назад

@@AdrianBoykowhat would it “orbit” anyway? It would just find a positive ion somewhere.

@rashidisw 26 дней назад

Gravitational lensing do suggest that gravity interact with electromagnetic wave.

@Nethershaw 26 дней назад

Bismuth fascinates me. I have a few crystals of it on my desk. It has no stable isotopes, but it's _so close_ to stability it has a half-life far longer than the age of the universe -- yet at the same time, a lump of it will do the near-impossible and occasionally kick out a positron.

@Bob-of-Zoid 26 дней назад

Watch out for those positrons! When they hit your head they normally cause a neuron storm! It may be rare, but it could fry your brain for good!🤕

@Carcinogenic2 26 дней назад

@@Bob-of-Zoid How would they? They're basically positively charged beta particles, they can just pass into a live human if accelerated beyond what their creation provides.

@JosePineda-cy6om 26 дней назад

@Bob-of-Zoid you receive, on a daily basis, a shower of muons from outter space - as well as a bit of anti matter and some gamma rays and X rays. Normally it's very low doses unless you're climbing mountains all the time, or spend most of your time flying balloons. Pilots and stewardesses do receivo plenty of radiation from outter space, equivalent to several Xray exams per year. So far you've survived thru it, haven't you? So the ocassional electron-positron annihilation within your body won't kill you

@demoman1596sh 26 дней назад

@@Bob-of-ZoidI’m not sure that a lone positron created in a context like this will have enough energy to do any really meaningful damage. Correct me if I’m wrong, of course!

@idjles 26 дней назад

It decays by emitting a 3 MeV alpha particle, which isn’t going very far. It’s half life is a billion times the age of the universe.

@SpaceCakeism 26 дней назад

3:40 Bismuth-209: I might not be stable forever, but I think I deserve an honorable mention, with my half-life of 19 quintillion years...

@alazarbisrat1978 26 дней назад

is this stability possible in the island of stability?

@safestate8750 26 дней назад

@@alazarbisrat1978 the island of stability refers to semi-stable elements with a much higher atomic number than we can make at the moment, all theoretical at the moment

@alazarbisrat1978 26 дней назад

@@safestate8750 but if they last nearly as long as that one, we could have plenty of new cool materials to play with

@AnonNopleb 23 дня назад

@@alazarbisrat1978 I suspect not. If they had half-lifes as long as that, we would have found them already as naturally occurring elements.

@alazarbisrat1978 23 дня назад

@@AnonNopleb maybe they don't travel nearly as far because they'd be solids? well in that case through the age of the universe it should have reached us anyway so you might be right.

@stevec7923 26 дней назад

I once vacationed on the Island of Stability. It was boring -- nothing ever happened.

@garethdean6382 26 дней назад

I loved it, the moment I had to leave I just broke down.

@stuartdryer1352 13 дней назад

But everyone was normal.

@BunnyOfThunder 26 дней назад

Whenever I hear the word, "kilonova" imagine a bossa nova song that's so good it's killer.

@Random-Captain 25 дней назад

😂 I imagine stars spontaneously starting to shoot around the universe and crash into each other. Me on the roof at night seeing all this thinking about a jazzy tune..

@humphreybumblecuck5151 24 дня назад

That’d be kiranova

@franklyforked3270 21 день назад

That cheese deserves a like 😂

@Wustenfuchs109 Час назад

I actually had a paper on the so called hypernova models. There are a few candidates for extremely powerful explosions, orders of magnitude stronger than nova, and the means by which they happen. Usually, you need a massive, very hot star with a very low metalicity. They include things like pair-instability supernova (which requires stars between 130 and 250 solar masses). It was all early theoretical models back in 2011 when I wrote the paper, I see a few have come up since, but it is still little more than theory. We have SOME observations to support them, but it's all in fairly early stages yet.

@alhypo 26 дней назад

Ah, so trying to take a picture of a kilonova is just like taking a video of my dog doing something funny. By the time I get the camera rolling, the best part is over. 😞

@Bob-of-Zoid 26 дней назад

I've played the STAY THEEEEEERE!!!!😠 Game so many times it's not funny! But it's the only way to get a good one every now and then.😼 I chase my cat with the camera, but also all of the wild critters around here. 🥰Too many, and too freaking cute!

@ultimaIXultima 26 дней назад

absolutely - but don't say you didn't get a few quick vids that you watch from time to time... ;)

@netdragon256 25 дней назад

Same with little kids. Nearly impossible to capture their cutest moments on camera. With kids - unlike dogs - you can say "do it again" and record, but it almost always looks contrived and faked because it's not genuine.

@JonnoPlays 24 дня назад

That's why the best videos are from security cams now. They're always rolling

@user-vk4gg7oo3s 20 дней назад

@@Bob-of-Zoid

@WestOfEarth 26 дней назад

I'm surprised you didn't mention Przybylski's Star! Spectral analysis of this star suggests many heavy elements are present such as uranium and ytterbium. This could very well be remnants of a kilonova explosion which produced island of stability elements which decayed into these rarer daughter elements.

@JosePineda-cy6om 26 дней назад

Exactly!! Now the question is: how these radioactive elements got into that damned star... it even has lots of plutonium!! I remember Carl Sagan speculated that it could be a technosignature by an alien civ, demonstrating its presence to potential observers

@fireballninja01 26 дней назад

thank you for mentioning this!!!

@Flesh_Wizard 26 дней назад

@@JosePineda-cy6om sorry that was me hiding my plutonium stash from the space cops🥺

@SMiki55 25 дней назад

Polish surname pronunciation scares off yet another foreigner

@WestOfEarth 25 дней назад

@@SMiki55 To be honest, I can never remember how to spell the astronomer's name, so I have to google a phonetic approximation. His discovery is sadly very underappreciated.

@Entropy825 26 дней назад

Finally! An episode of Spacetime I understood from start to finish.

@longboardfella5306 23 дня назад

Yeah my brain usually maxes out somewhere between 50% and 70% way through

@peterflynn9123 23 дня назад

😂@@longboardfella5306

@LuisSierra42 22 дня назад

We were truly blessed

@kennymutande1081 21 день назад

😂 me too

@homermorisson9135 26 дней назад

I always struggled with Chemistry back at school, to the point where I didn't even really understood what the numbers in front of the molecules's name actually denote, how they correlate, and how one could deduce information on the molecule's stability (or lack thereof) from them. Of course I was later in my adult life able to find out that information through self-study, BUT: your brief explanation with visual aids was _the_ best, most succinct yet intuitive explanation of the this framework that I've seen to date. Very well done, and this also demonstrates precisely why I love this channel... you neither put on airs aka "Everyone _should_ know that by heart", nor do you dumb it down to the lowest common denominator; a great balance, and inspiring for me as an on/off tutor for Y3 to Y8 kids.

@HanakoSeishin 25 дней назад

Stability aside, the numbers are pretty basic stuff, it's literally as simple as one being the number of protons and the other being the number of protons and neutrons combined. Like, I'm just wondering how can it possibly be explained less clearly, if your school chemistry teacher managed to make something this simple sound confusing, that's impressive in its own way.

@lajoswinkler 25 дней назад

Your teacher must've been REALLY bad.

@Bob-of-Zoid 25 дней назад

@@lajoswinkler Could have been him not paying attention, not necessarily the teacher.

@parkieshark 24 дня назад

⁠@@HanakoSeishinI believe it, my high school chemistry teacher was amazingly talented at explaining the most fascinating things in the most confusing, boring way possible. I'm sure if I hadn't already taught myself some of the subjects he covered I would've been screwed lol

@fuzzywzhe 24 дня назад

Welcome to having a terrible teacher. The atomic number just is the number of electrons an atom has when it has a neutral charge. The atomic WEIGHT is a number that corresponds to it's weight found in nature as an average of all isotopes of the element. Carbon has about 12.01. If you get Avogadro's Number of those atoms you end up with 12.01 grams of Carbon. If memory doesn't fail. If I'm incorrect anybody, by all means correct me. It's been 40 years. I don't know any way to figure out stability of an atom. Usually the number of protons == the number of neutrons. I think.

@UzairW 26 дней назад

So there's hope yet for Vibranium swords and shields? Joking aside, I have always found it fascinating that so many of the heavier elements including several essential to life only exist in the Universe because of neutron star mergers. In other words, the merger of two actual neutron stars eons ago is why we exist, and are here writing and reading comments on a science video. Rather mind-bending stuff!

@null-0x 26 дней назад

@@SkyGravity137 yes

@geefhotmail6311 26 дней назад

@SkyGravity137 @null-0x maybe

@Flesh_Wizard 26 дней назад

Maybe Flerovium swords that deal +500 rad damage but the durability goes down constantly

@slugface322 26 дней назад

Well Yes. There are many advanced civilizations that mine minerals from the core of black holes.

@Bern_il_Cinq 26 дней назад

Wakanda fo ey vah

@davidcottington5534 25 дней назад

Can we take a moment to appreciate that the knowledge shared with the first couple of minutes of this video took hundreds of years to compile. We are fortunate to live in a time where this so well understood and is one of the reasons why I watch Space Time and other channels to see what is coming next.

@tk2300 25 дней назад

I am so glad this channel is going strong after all of these years. Truly, one of my most favorite channels for science and education

@skycloud4802 19 дней назад

What started out as searching for the big questions spiralled into the rest for curiosities sake for me.

@ShreeyanshPradhan-ju9ck 25 дней назад

The minecraft periodic table shirt is fire.

@SabethDrake 19 дней назад

I want it as a poster now

@nicstroud 25 дней назад

5:10 Your periodic table has Sodium twice. Once in it's correct place and once where Potassium should be under the letter K.

@Dalkiel69 25 дней назад

Also, Cobalt is Iron, Xenon is Gallium, Zinc is Copper. Once you notice one, the others become more apparent.

@Draykshaper 24 дня назад

Such an elementary mistake :(

@phdnk 26 дней назад

9:51 There is a missing step in explanation of how NS merger-ejected neutronium is converted into free neutron flux (or the thick fast moving soup of neutrons) . That is why in space would individual neutrons get unbound from their native neutronium droplets so that being liberated they can participate in r-process to get bound again. What if instead of intense neutron flux we will speak of neutrons beta-decay happening inside the neutronium droplets. Beta decays would heat the neutronium droplets and charge them up and eventually will cause the droplets to fission into smaller droplets. While r-process builds heavy nuclei bottom-up by rapid successive neutron captures, I argue that some other process takes place in NS-merger ejecta: top-down process of neutronium droplets beta-decaying and fissioning into heavy nuclei. Thus beta-process and not r-process.

@tommiller1315 26 дней назад

All my axioms just fused 😶‍🌫

@vinniepeterss 26 дней назад

😮

@T3sl4 26 дней назад

Nuclear matter is weird. Negative adiabatic expansion coefficient!

@tommiller1315 26 дней назад

@@T3sl4 Insulin maybe? 🤪

@MushroomBase 3 дня назад

All that to say you believe that some neutron soup decays into rather than builds up.... Specify, but state your argument.

@samuelphillippi 26 дней назад

Once again, thank you to the entire time for everything you do to make this videos freely available to the public. The topics are fascinating, and Matt's passion for the project is also hugely evident (okay, so I'm a sucker for the dry wit).

@claytonbenignus4688 25 дней назад

There is an Economic problem. It becomes progressively more expensive to make each successive element.

@Shinzon23 22 дня назад

But nerds and Rich guys like weird stuff so they will make them

@joansparky4439 21 день назад

define 'expensive' please. Economic understanding (and more so mainstream economic 'knowledge') does a VERY bad job at what is possible and what 'expensive' really means - which is why I ask for UR definition of it.

@Jpz_38t 20 дней назад

@@joansparky4439 lol what wierd definition do you even expect? He simply pointed out the diminishing marginal utility of modern science. He is not going to write a PhD in economics for some subjective definition. I can see his point tho, but the state is wasting ressources on so many levels why not on science?

@joansparky4439 20 дней назад

@@Jpz_38t _"He simply pointed out the diminishing marginal utility of modern science."_ No, he pointed at the 'expenses' of undertaking this science without real thought if that 'expense' actually is "real or not". His 'understanding' of 'expensive' is simply wrong from where I stand on the subject - what I know about it. That science would not be expensive at all if: 1) he would account properly 2) our economic models were plausible (which they aren't). The statement is simply incorrect as it is based on wrong assumptions and misunderstandings.

@2jdjdjdjdjdw 20 дней назад

@@joansparky4439 found the redditor.

@LemonArsonist 26 дней назад

The great thing with neutron stars is that since they're made up of protons too, each one in the observable universe is basically its own unique element, with an atomic number in the 10^50s So really the periodic table should be a lot longer, though the chemical properties get pretty samey after a while

@garethdean6382 26 дней назад

Well, if you lave aside the nuclei that compose their crust, they're isotopes in the way a mountain of rocks is a brick house.

@stoatystoat174 26 дней назад

Neutron star chemical properties are experimental chemists smashed to flat soup on the surface by brutal gravity

@castonyoung7514 26 дней назад

I think you mean atomic mass in the 10^50s. Since the vast majority of nucleons are neutrons.

@not_enough_data_ 25 дней назад

@@castonyoung7514If 0.1% of nucleons are protons (made up figure), then that's still close enough to the 10^50s

@bobbun9630 24 дня назад

We're already past the point where it's meaningful to talk about the table being periodic in the conventional sense. The periodicity of the table originally reflected the similarity of chemical properties shared by elements in the same column. This is attributable to the behavior of chemically relevant electrons, which are the same as you go down a column in the table. To a point... As the elements get heavier, the behavior of their electrons becomes less predictable on those terms.

@browerkyle 26 дней назад

The period table shown at 7:08, incorrectly lists Thallium (81) as having the same symbol as Titanium (22), Ti, instead of Tl.

@Wolf-Spirit_Alpha-Sigma 26 дней назад

And it has two Sodiums. The new one apparently replaces Potassium [K]. How revolutionary, much advanced.

@kelimike 26 дней назад

The stable island probably loses its island in the tsunami of particles in that environment. It's half life is likely to be longer than the time until the next collision or capture.

@terdragontra8900 26 дней назад

Yes, but the next collision often creates an element that near immediately decays into the island again, I’m guessing

@AhmedRazaAli_2009_pk 15 дней назад

@@terdragontra8900It may fission into something completely else. Or beta decay into someone unstable that fissions or beta decay again.

@AhmedRazaAli_2009_pk 15 дней назад

But this is a very good observation @kelimike

@Cosmodjinn 26 дней назад

7:00 - Inaccurate table. New orbital is introduced with element 121.

@ChristopherRucinski 26 дней назад

Was just going to comment about this

@theguyinthechair 26 дней назад

Beat me to it

@browerkyle 26 дней назад

Thallium also has an incorrect symbol on the table at 7:08.

@not_enough_data_ 25 дней назад

Also why are the lanthanides & actinides labelled differently?

@brianawilk285 25 дней назад

I think the Soviets called it moscovium. It was a psy-op against Soviet Russia that produced an element but had pretty much had no usefulness due to its short life.

@zacharyreid7557 26 дней назад

16:13 hey editor, i think you missed a spot

@AmritGrewal31 19 дней назад

What did he miss?

@thetux459 26 дней назад

1: If a neutron star was bombarded with enough alpha and/or beta radiation in excess to its exposure to electrons, would the protons survive as part of the neutron star? 2: If "yes" to 1, would a proton-containing neutron star qualify as an atom, or would its inability to be stably orbited by electrons disqualify it? 3: If "yes" to 1, is there a point at which the a proton-containing neutron star would be destabilized by the number of protons? 4: If "yes" to 3, would that star then undergo nuclear decay? Edit: I'm a chemist whose work has become increasingly focused on admin and procedural documents, so this is all well outside my wheel house, not matter how many videos about these sorts of things I have watched. Thanks for the responses, especially @lukabozic5. It's honestly getting a Ponder Stibbons-style "'That may be the wrong sort of question to ask," kind of response is always the most interesting.

@myuzu_ 26 дней назад

Look into how neutron stars form. Normal stellar matter already contains large amounts of protons, but they are converted into neutrons due to the intense gravitational field and quantum stuff.

@tremmlor9807 26 дней назад

Interesting questions. But you have to keep in mind that a neutron star is not only hold together by the strong nuclear force, but also by gravity, which in turn is opposed by the degeneration pressure of the neutrons (because they are fermions). That alone would in my opinion disqualify a neutron star as an atom.

@thetux459 26 дней назад

@@myuzu_ I may be wrong, but it was my impression that part of that involved be crushed together with electrons. without a source of negative charges, I am unaware of a means of converting protons to neutrons.

@thetux459 26 дней назад

@@tremmlor9807 I was keeping that in mind, but you do make an interesting point regarding the whether or not an atom is defined by the structure and composition of its components or by the forces acting on those components.

@Mernom 26 дней назад

@@thetux459protons either absoeb an electron, or emit a positron. The difference is academic in some cases, given how quantum mwchanics works, iirc.

@conrad4852 26 дней назад

The idea of the island of stability and the potentiality reality of it is sooo very cool!

@sponggg_7096 26 дней назад

5:00 Potassium is labeled as Sodium in the bottom text under the element letter K

@KomradZX1989 26 дней назад

I dig the new intro. Very cool. Been subscribed for 7 years or so. Love everything you all do! ❤

@orionspur 26 дней назад

ROUS... * Rodents Of Unusual Size * eleRments Of Unusual Stability

@Subtweeted 26 дней назад

The island of stability is somewhere in the fire swamp!

@drdca8263 26 дней назад

“eleRments”?

@jinxed7915 19 дней назад

Radioactive Objects of Unusual Stability?

@samsonsoturian6013 4 дня назад

I don't think they exist

@pdudy8261 26 дней назад

Crazy how nature do that

@V1brationCanine 26 дней назад

should comment this on every video i would like it every time

@Nefville 26 дней назад

I agree, if I saw this on every PBS video I'd like it every time as well.

@MrTuneslol 26 дней назад

FR FR

@rogerfroud300 26 дней назад

Do we know what the absorption bands for these new Elements are? Is it possible that these are already out there but we just don't know what we're looking at?

@sensorer 26 дней назад

I'm not sure if there are ways to calculate those reliably since anything beyond light elements would be very hard to calculate even numerically(100+ electrons). But I'm not familiar with that area so I might be very wrong

@sensorer 26 дней назад

Thing is, if we'd see lines that do not match known elements, everyone would be on that right away. So my guess is that we don't have any spectroscopic data that is out of line that way

@Mernom 26 дней назад

I think you only need to calculate the properties if the outermost layer i depth.

@jamesmnguyen 26 дней назад

@@sensorer If the element is in low abundance we might mistake those tiny spikes as noise. Could be worth investigating. Then again, multiple observations basically remove noise from the equation.

@ribaldc3998 День назад

PBS is a valuable gem on Us television. May it be preserved for the public.

@Marinealver 25 дней назад

Neutron Statlrs could come up with some exotic elements.

@w.szymski 26 дней назад

Perfect timing, just as I was looking for the last video before bedtime :)

@RC-1290 26 дней назад

These are perfect videos to fall asleep to. Either you fall asleep thanks to the complexity and the calm talking, or you learn something new.

@nogood237 26 дней назад

This one strange, cosmic phenomenon has been populating the peoples periodic tables like wildfire

@br2266 20 дней назад

I think that one of those elements can contain the power that others cannot, and that is to initiate a black hole, which means that whenever we figure out how to make those elements, we will finally observe the particles that interact with gravity itself.

@null_s3t 26 дней назад

Earlier this year I attended a colloquium where a theoretical physicist was presenting an interesting method of probing the nucleus and studying why the nucleus is stable. I was elated when he brought up neutron stars! Incredible that we can use massive celestial objects to better understand minuscule objects like the nucleus.

@JonnoPlays 24 дня назад

I enjoy these videos very much

@wolfboyft 26 дней назад

Yay, new PBS Space Time!

@NathanPieper 26 дней назад

Really some of your best work @PBSSpaceTime! Highly interesting and entertaining!

@kumoyuki 25 дней назад

Ok, I have a general question. We know that p+ and n exist because we see them outside of nuclei. But within nuclei, it seems to me, as a crank layman, that the existence of *separate* nucleons has to be something of a simplified model of the ongoing QCD interactions, right? What we really have in a nucleus ought to be something like a quark-gluon plasma - whatever structure exists in there seems like it would be more like waves on the ocean or in air: a very temporary structure that is an emergent property of a completely different process. And yes, of course, if we look through the lens of QFT, I suppose that seems less odd. Still I would like to hear more about this at some point. It seems relevant to the questions surrounding, trans-uranics, but also more generally to how nuclear physics *actually* works (including the weirdness of the weak force).

@AhmedRazaAli_2009_pk 15 дней назад

Neutrons and protons consist of triples of quarks, fundamental particles bound by tunnels in the gluon field, so they are in more sense than not individual particles. Although sometimes the quarks in a nucleon attract quarks in another nearby nucleon, resulting in the strong nuclear force. BTW the strong nuclear force is a quasiforce caused by the strong force.

@oceanicdrop 26 дней назад

Transuranics sound like a pretty rad metal band

@andreass2301 21 день назад

A transuranic element is a heavy metal...

@LenaRaleigh 6 дней назад

All difficult things have their origin in that which is easy, and great things in that which is small.

@memberwhen22 22 дня назад

if you guys haven't already figured out that we are akin to the electrons and the planets and galaxies gravity is just a scaled up version of the WNF/SNF, and galactic clusters are akin to cells, and we just live somewhere on an infinite scale, then you aren't doing "theoretical science" quite right yet.

@patoleloo1660 26 дней назад

timming with my pizza is perfect

@TurntableTV 26 дней назад

One day, our civilzation will discover Unobtainium.

@hsdsaunders 26 дней назад

We will never be able to obtain it though, unfortunately 😢

@jamesmnguyen 26 дней назад

Once we do, we will be opening Pandora's box.

@handeggchan1057 26 дней назад

"I know writers who use subtext, and they're all cowards" -James Cameron (probably)

@jameskirkland3187 26 дней назад

Unobtainium always struck me as a temporary name for an element. So if Unobtainium was ever found and then named something else you'd never be able to get Unobtainium.

@thirstyviaduct 26 дней назад

o7 CMDR

@the_eternal_student 26 дней назад

I have thought of new subatomic particles in particle accelerators, but not newly discovered atoms. This was suprisingly interesting.

@garethdean6382 26 дней назад

You may also be interested in the recent detection of antihelium in space.

@Narmacil427 26 дней назад

Bobby Broccoli had an amazing video on this

@verhataz5672 26 дней назад

Perfect shirt for the video

@tommiller1315 26 дней назад

Have predictions of the spectra of super heavy elements been hypothesized? That would determine the products of observed supernova, I suggest.

@garethdean6382 26 дней назад

No, they're quite complex, to the point that we're not even sure of the spectra of elements like Californium. We MAY have detected them in Przybylski's star, but cannot be sure.

@Davepotnoodle 26 дней назад

Is it just me... or is the periodic table incorrect in this video? The symbols are correct, but Na & K are both labelled as sodium... 5:24

@Mathadder 26 дней назад

It’s a conspiracy!!!! (Or a poor graphical designer had a busy day)

@helpimlost137 25 дней назад

Titanium and thallium are both labeled as Ti. Someone probably had a long day

@CyberFreaked 26 дней назад

I love the shirt haha!

@RendallRen 26 дней назад

I love how the camera pans would be lightyears long, going by the perspective shift of the background nebula eg 10:57

@THE-X-Force 26 дней назад

I need an island of stability in my life.

@IncoGnito-ji5du 12 дней назад

Cook here, Does absolute zero affect zero point energy? Like, when particles pop into existance in "absolute" vacuum, do they move at full speed, or are they slowed due to the "cold"? And if so, can't we use absolute zero during elemental bombardment to prolong the resulting elements' existance?

@AluminumOxide 26 дней назад

Anyone notice his Periodic table of Minecraft t shirt!

@MonkeysEmperor 19 дней назад

I always watch PBS Space Time at my coffee break and I'm not sure to this day what wakes me up more of the two

@jssamp4442 26 дней назад

The definition of Coulomb Force on screen at 3:12 is sloppy. It uses "respectively" incorrectly (the order is reversed) and seems to just give up at the end talking only about opposite charges. Other than that, great video.

@user-fj2hp3lb5 26 дней назад

Minor need for clarification at 15:48 . Beta decays (and most other decays) leave the new element in an Excited state. The excited state provides enough energy for the isotope to decay, without that energy the isotope would be stable and with a much longer half-life.

@kefhomepage 26 дней назад

This interests me a lot.. I idea of new elements, is very intriguing

@bigJovialJon 26 дней назад

What keeps a nucleus from getting a lot of neutrons (Hydrogen 8 for example)?

@Mernom 26 дней назад

Neutrons are unstable, unless they interact with protons through the strong nuclear force. And with how short ranged it is, you run into a packing problem.

@lukabozic5 26 дней назад

I will make a gross simplification here. Weak decay. Neutrons decay outside of the nucleus in about 15 minutes and the only reason they are stable in the nucleus is because the sum of energies between proton and neutron is less than the individual energies of two particles. You add too many neutrons to a single proton, you violate that law and it becomes more energy favorable for a neutron to decay to a proton via beta decay or if it's above the neutron drip line via neutron emission. Your hydrogen-8 is above the theoretical limit of neutrons (above the neutron drip line) so the neutron emission should occur

@tylerharry6319 26 дней назад

Neutron decay. They'll turn into protons eventually through the weak force.

@grah55 26 дней назад

Sphere packing and quantum chromodynamics. Hydrogen 8 with minimal atomic mass change would probably end up being Lithium-7 quite quickly. So for the sphere packing part of the example we just need to count up for the configuration of balls. 1 ball is just 1 ball. 2 balls, form a line. 3 Balls form a triangle (and would much rather be a line and a single ball). 4 balls form a triangular pyramid, also known as a tetrahedron (very stable). 5 balls create a triangular bipyramid. 6 balls create an octohedron-like shape, or just 2 triangles of balls pushed together with an offset of 60 degrees (by shape: square of balls, a ball above and below the square in the middle). 7 is with a pillar ball ontop. The pillar ball is always the a proton to isolate the charge as much as possible. Each of the triangles therefore has a single proton in them. The idea is to create balanced shapes and even distrobutions of protons within the shape. "Add neutrons as necessary" to help with the balancing... when you can. Also remember, protons do not undergo spontaneous decay on their own so that if a proton ever leaves, it means it's just no longer bound by the original group and has now become a free proton, or a hydrogen ion. (there is a plausible way to decay a proton on its own, we don't talk about it).

@lukabozic5 26 дней назад

@@ParadoxProblems For his Hydrogen example you are correct but in general this is incorrect. For higher Z you need isospin symmetry broken as the Coulomb force grows, you need way more N to interact via strong force to counteract the Coulomb force

@FrancisPowell-c8y 6 дней назад

Kind words can be short and easy to speak, but their echoes are truly endless.

@TheMrGuyver 26 дней назад

This episode gives me Bob Lazar's element 115 vibes!

@MrTuneslol 26 дней назад

in that moskovium type beat

@l0lLorenzol0l 26 дней назад

Stable Transuranics are the dream

@Baronlvan 6 дней назад

The noblest worship is to make yourself as good and as just as you can.

@flyingsodwai1382 26 дней назад

0:31 Nerd Hippies!? I thought I was the only one.

@OKingSizeTv 26 дней назад

Nah, we out there

@Hi_Im_Akward 23 дня назад

I typically can barely understand these videos. This one was a lot easier for me to understand. Very fascinating, but I'm curious what the motivation is to finding the heaviest possible element or finding the island of stability? Maybe i should rewatch the previous episode about the island of stability. Also just want to say how cool it is we have LIGO and how this new development in science happened within my lifetime. Gravitational waves seems pretty mind boggling.

@williamcousert 26 дней назад

Could we someday use femtotechnology to create new exotic forms of matter that don't involve atoms?

@RoZaxTheGreat 26 дней назад

how would you have matter without atoms?

@williamcousert 26 дней назад

@@RoZaxTheGreat Are atoms the only thing that can create a solid surface?

@drdca8263 26 дней назад

@@RoZaxTheGreatif muons didn’t decay quickly, maybe a mixture of anti-muons and electrons? I guess that wouldn’t have a very complex structure, as I guess it would largely resemble hydrogen? I don’t think muons stick to other muons, so you wouldn’t get heavier nuclei.. For it to count as “matter”, I think it needs to have Fermions? So, would need to have either quarks, leptons (electrons, muons, tauons), or neutrinos? (Well, of the fundamental particles currently known…) I guess neutrons by themselves aren’t stable, so maybe considering only hadrons that are approximately stable by themselves is too restrictive? Could some of the other hadrons be stable enough if bound to some other hadrons? I don’t know. If so, maybe such a nucleus, with electrons in orbit around it, could be considered “not an atom”? Hmm.. could some other arrangement of protons and neutrons be stable other than “a nucleus”? Like… a nucleus can be excited, with there being internal motion within the nucleus… maybe if you had multiple excited nuclei, there could be some interaction between them that keep them from going to individually lower energy states?? Idk

@JosePineda-cy6om 26 дней назад

There are exotic atoms formed by an electron and a positron orbiting each other, as well as a proton and an anti-proton orbiting each other. They have chemical properties vaguely similar to hydrogen, but both decay very rapidly (the proton variety more so) as both members emmit energy while they move so they spiral in until both annihilate each other. Probably throwing in some pions or some weird combination of quarks and anti quarks could stabilize the thing, then you'd have a form of "matter" with very different properties to regular one

@Appletank8 26 дней назад

The main reason you don't fall through the floor is because your body's electrons repel the floor's electrons. All known interactable matter is some combinations of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

@enire8477 26 дней назад

5:18 there are some weird copy paste errors in that periodic table? cobalt is iron potassium is sodium

@kibble-net 26 дней назад

Underrated tee shirt!

@RazvanMihaeanu 23 дня назад

YES! "We are allowed" to have 137 elements. Fine-structure constant.

@ObeseChess 23 дня назад

2:16: “they ensure they don’t get so close together that the repulsive tendencies overwhelm the strong attractive force?” Sounds like I needed some of those in my last marriage!! Heyyoooooooooooo

@jakefromstatefarm1405 23 дня назад

Who's seen the BobbyBroccoli vid, and knows about the mythic island of stability? 🙋🏼‍♂️

@JamesR624 26 дней назад

"Thank you to Raycon for supporting PBS...." We truly live in the darkest timeline. If the Public Broadcasting Station needs to take money from sketchy companies that slap their logo on cheapo no-actual-brand earbuds (that's what Raycons are), then something is *seriously wrong*.

@frtzkng 26 дней назад

See also DankPods's videos on why the RanCans are rather poorly received. The RoyJoys aren't super bad sound quality wise, jsut bad value for money

@etunimenisukunimeni1302 26 дней назад

When you have to deal with money, revenue or loss, things tend to get complicated real quick. I'm not saying I'm happy about it, but - sigh - it seems to be how things are, and have been for a long time.

@tabularasa0606 26 дней назад

That's why I have the expensive Sony ones, that test out as the best on the market (At least they did when I bought them)

@shayan-gg 26 дней назад

@@tabularasa0606 you dont need 1500 usd sony earbuds, 20$ moondrops sounds just fine and for 100$ you can get very good audio quality if you buy wired IEMs.

@tru7hhimself 26 дней назад

welcome to capitalism.

@CatMane1214 26 дней назад

I always thought some kind of high momentum/neutron star collision would produce so more more energy for heavier elements, this is one of my favorites so far on PBS Space Time

@clashblaster 26 дней назад

There's an error on your periodic table in this video: it says "sodium" instead of "potassium".

@draketungsten74 26 дней назад

That's some heavy sodium. 😅

@MattSmith-yq3rr 26 дней назад

The graphics guy saw it and just said, "K, I made a mistake. Can I be bothered to fix it? Na."

@Jarda_B 22 дня назад

Finally another video on this topic 🥰😊 it seems like you are almost only one covering this topic on YT which seems wierd but fascinating at the same time

@sinachiniforoosh 26 дней назад

I hate the "new element" sci fi trope because we have a literally infinite space of possible chemical compounds, and beyond that we also have infinite ways of arranging different compounds into materials and meta-materials with amazing properties, and sci fi always goes for the implausible "new elements!" that would either half a half life of 1 femtosecond, or if they exist, they'll just be extremely heavy metallic nothings.

@goldyguns9545 25 дней назад

incredibly insightful and humble words :) i hope that the next killa nova doesn't get away from our scientists!

@user-ft3ed5wv7w 26 дней назад

Funny, you showed the elements "to come" from 121 up to 131, but I was told in the school, the maximum element would be 127 there ever can be, because of the "fine structure constant". This means electrons on the outer shells of above 127 must have speed greater than light to keep and as you know that cant be. So I believe there are still still some elements missing, but never above 127.

@smilingbear8676 26 дней назад

Thia ia way out of date! This article covers the subject in detail and includes extensive references en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_periodic_table

@quillaja 25 дней назад

I thought the max was 127 because the universe programmers used a signed byte for the proton number.

@weakmindedidiot 24 дня назад

@@quillaja Yep. It runs from -127 to +127 inclusive. So that antimatter can exist. It helps with the compression algorithm the simulation needs. It allows most simple calculations to all be done without float mathematics which requires more processing.

@Kneedragon1962 23 дня назад

Thank you. I have learned so much from Space Time.

@realDonaldMcElvy 26 дней назад

I declare Element 168 to be a Noble Gas, the *LAST ELEMENT*

@skypatrol250 26 дней назад

Then the fire element attacked

@rozmanslava 23 дня назад

This idea is so elegant! A cool perspective would be the transition from quantum mechanics scale to cosmology and hence qravity and GR

@drstone3418 26 дней назад

We talk about Physics creating Gravitational quantum vortexes in a jar with super critical helium. Can this be used for travel

@_robinmc__-thesteve5380 26 дней назад

Beautiful episode as always.

@maidros85 25 дней назад

I know i am going to sound like some spoiled modern age conformist, but that loud noise at the end of the video (starting at 17:26)really disrupted my attempts at falling asleep while listening to the rest of the video. Any chance it could be done away with or just reduced in volume? 😅

@markholm7050 25 дней назад

Great job explaining this. This is one of your easiest to understand videos.

@anthonyfamularo8875 26 дней назад

Is there any way to predict the actual physical properties that, say, the hypothetical super-stable Element 180 would manifest? Like, what would a gram of it look like, or feel like in your hand?

@null-0x 26 дней назад

I think you can predict for something like 120, but I don't think for 180.

@Mernom 26 дней назад

Chemical properties are determined by the outermost electron shell.

@Flesh_Wizard 26 дней назад

IDK but most of the elements past the periodic table would likely feel like a nuke going off in your hand

@lukabozic5 26 дней назад

You would need to know first about nuclear physics, whether it's stable or not. For that you need a robust theory where as inputs you would have 2 inputs (number of protons and number of neutrons) and it would give you the properties of the nucleus. Such robust theory doesn't exist, it's a dream of low energy nuclear physics to have such an equation or set of equations. Nobel worthy dream. Now that we are done with the nuclear physics part you need an atomic physicist to look what kind of electron shells would be formed, look at the behaviour of electrons in the outer shells, especially considering, using your example, 180 protons would imply large electron orbitals and consequently heavy relativistic effects. Much easier job to do than the nuclear physicist mentioned above but still hard

@garethdean6382 26 дней назад

To some extent. For example, the element below mercury should be a liquid. Melting points, boiling points and appearance are reasonably easy to guess, as well a some chemistry. Of course their intense radioactivity changes everything.

@netdragon256 25 дней назад

We should keep watching the kilonova remnants for half lives we don't recognize since there could theoretically be island of stability isotopes with half lives of hundreds or thousands of years (and these would probably be super-useful to us as well)

@Dustin_Platt 21 день назад

I pretend that I'm taking random elements that aren't on the periodic table every time I take my Flintstone vitamin everyday. Me: *Opens Flintstones bottle* Oh yes.. my daily dose of Extremium, catium, cyclonium and pandemonium supplements. I'm 39.

@picobyte 22 дня назад

We need to try. In theory we can avoid gravity forces on those. Gravity is an pretty solid hold on deep space exploration.

@CamGoldenGun 26 дней назад

where was this video when I went down this rabbit hole a month ago? lol. I heard some tiktok story about a 3rd-generation star pumping out super heavy elements and that was what the alien species humans encountered were using for their FTL whereas we had to go a different route due to lack of naturally occurring elements of that nature.

@breethurston9946 26 дней назад

8:35 "to at least prove the existence of The Island"... Daniel Faraday?

@Confessor555 25 дней назад

Californiums' radiation has been known to cause humans within the vicinity to decay into a pile of needles, human skat, crack tents, and broken dreams.

@kidmohair8151 19 дней назад

there was something about the visualizations of the toroidal nature of the colliding, collapsing neutron stars that got me thinking about earth based fusion...

@VestedUTuber 7 дней назад

I mean, we've done it before. Pretty much every element beyond Uranium had to be created in a lab, either via heavy element fusion or proton bombardment. The big problem, however, is that beyond a hypothetical element 120, there's a bit of a gap until 126 where stable elements cannot exist, and then there's another even larger gap from there until 164. We may be able to cross that first one but the second would most likely be too big to cross with our current methods.

@frtzkng 26 дней назад

My perfectionist brain won't accept some 129th element tucked beneath the nice complete Periodic Table. Not as long as the entire next period is discovered or at least a majority of it

@SayAhh 26 дней назад

Maybe in extra dimensions?

@GamesFromSpace 26 дней назад

It's just a chart.

@TlalocTemporal 26 дней назад

The last two periods are already split apart to make them fit nicely on a page, and the next period is going to be a lot longer with even more elements in the middle.

@stanieldev 24 дня назад

With the research I'm doing in Binary Neutron Star Collision simulation, I was able to keep up with a lot of the BNS terminology a lot better than I expected

@drstone3418 26 дней назад

Wormholes opening and closing faster then the speed of light. But long enough to Link areas of gravity and alter gravitational paths 10 billion % explains dark matter

@yalexander9432 26 дней назад

Dark Matter is just primordial black holes interacting with sterile neutrinos in a higher dimension of dark energy wormholes trust me bro

@michaelconnor3560 26 дней назад

10 billion% ?

@Antifag1977 26 дней назад

How could anything happen faster than the speed of causality?

@ParadoxProblems 26 дней назад

"link areas of gravity" you mean the same gravity that propagates at the speed of light?

@DixiitMC 26 дней назад

Bro came from the future to post an obscure comment on a random video and do not elaborate further

@dansihvonen8218 День назад

You say kilonova, I hear killa'nova. Astrophysic's all gangsta now?

@timotheeandres324 26 дней назад

15:28 The beta decay should change the number of protons, but not the total number of nucleons, right?

@Octa9on 25 дней назад

correct. beta decay changes a neutron into a proton, or vice versa

@zacharywong483 20 дней назад

Superb video, as always! And love this episode's shirt!

@openperspective 26 дней назад

I finally get the realness of the big fuss of trying to tune our "optical" telescopes in to the region where mergers come from. Maybe with the addition of another Graviscope, or LISA, we'll really be able to hone in on these things, possibly even before the Big Event.