Compound Modifiers 🔗 Advanced Grammar with JenniferESL 👩🏽‍🎓👨‍🎓 

Thank you for posting your comment. It's a very good one, and I'm going to pin this to the top because I need to clarify an important point. You're actually right that "a brightly lit" room is often written WITHOUT the hyphen (even before the head noun). It probably wasn't the best example to give. I apologize. However, you still may encounter its use. For example, look at the caption of a photo published by USA Today. They use "brightly-lit" as a compound modifier. www.usatoday.com/media/cinematic/video/2936287002/las-vegas-snow-makes-brightly-lit-strip-look-dreamy/ I also think it's hard to come up with rules that use the word "never," such as never use a hyphen with adverbs that end in -ly. How do you explain these dictionary entries if that rule is true? www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/tightly-knit www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/slightly-built My instinct was to hyphenate the compound: a brightly-lit room, but I can't find many other examples in published works confirming this pattern. It's mostly about trying our best to be consistent. I also have read the rule about using the hyphen when the compound modifier comes before the noun, but not when it follows a linking verb. (It's a brightly-lit room. / The kitchen was brightly lit.) In general, when it comes to grammar rules, one resource may say DO and another will say DON'T. That's when I look through the search results of trusted sources (major newspapers, etc.) to see what the standard is. Your examples look good overall, but I'm not sure what a "space-backed fighter" is. I'm also not familiar with "street-cleaning man," and it seems more natural to say "a street cleaner." Remember the difference I noted between present and past participles? If a team won a game, then "game" is the object. We can focus on that in a passive sentence: The game was won. We use the past participle because it carries that passive meaning, so the better description, in my opinion, is "a hard-won game." With the example about the teacher, I'd use a different structure: a great teacher. Otherwise, it sounds too repetitive. I'd also keep it simple in the example about the sky: a bright sky.

One more short note: I'd personally use "tight-knit" as a modifier, not "tightly-knit," but again it's about trying to be consistent. www.learnersdictionary.com/definition/tight-knit

@@Englishwithjennifer Thank you, Jennifer for the thorough explanation. 👍

I'm sorry I wasn't more accurate to begin with! My bad cold has likely affected my judgment this week. LOL Well, I'm happy I can try to clarify here. :)

@@Englishwithjennifer many thanks for replying, I really appreciate it. About " space-backed-fighters It is an imaginary expression, and it means fighters supported by the space. I know it's ridiculous to say that , but i wanted to know if it's grammatically correct, the same thing with " street-cleaning man" and ' great-teaching teacher". I will chick out the websites you mentioned in your response. In the end, i think that there are many expressions we have to take or accept them as they are like Well-done.... Hard-working.... Blow-eyed..... Etc...

Good luck!

I'm grateful for the chance to share my lessons. Take care and see you on Simor soon!

Thank you for studying with me. Here are more videos to choose from. www.englishwithjennifer.com/students/yt-videos/

Thanks for visiting my channel. :)

Thanks for studying with me. Note: Remember that most of the time adverbs will be adverbs, and you won't need hyphens. If you look at the pinned comment on this video, you'll see a discussion about adverbs ending in -ly. So you can talk about watching things regularly or regularly watching things. We don't need to use a hyphen with a verb phrase like "regularly watch your tutorials," and many would not hyphenate the noun phrase "regularly scheduled programming." But other adverbs in a compound would use a hyphen consistently: a well-behaved child, a well-read person, etc. Hope that makes sense.

@@Englishwithjennifer Got it, You are great !

Thank you for the kind comment.

Glad we could clear up that doubt. :)

Hi. (1) Compound modifiers with body parts aren't all that common, but the general pattern is to use the -ed ending: a one-eyed pirate a three-legged table a one-armed soldier a web-footed bird (2) Again, let's talk about patterns and not rules. I was taught to hyphenate compound modifiers before a noun, but I recently took the time to look at many results online, and I see the general trend is not to use hyphens in compound modifiers with -ly adverbs. Do a Google search for "heavily armed soldiers" and filter for News. The first 10 results include some major news sources, but only one (ABC news) chose to hyphenate the modifier. Here are results from the British National Corpus. www.just-the-word.com/main.pl?word=heavily&mode=combinations Look at the first cluster with adverbs as part of the modifiers before the head noun. Click on a phrase like "heavily armed" to see it used before a noun.

@@Englishwithjennifer thanks for the clarification

That's wonderful, Sergei.

So happy that you're happy, Andrea. Have a beautiful weekend! :)

Thank you for studying with me.

Happy to hear that, Marcelo.

Thank you for the support. The important thing is to reflect after watching lesson and ask any questions to clarify. Please see the pinned comment to this video. There's a short discussion about adverbs ending in -ly. I should have been clearer about this, but I think the discussion has helped.

@@Englishwithjennifer do not worry about ıt ,of course ıt is,jenefer,bye now

Thank you for the kind words of support. I'm glad you're here with me today, Aparecido. Take care and enjoy the weekend!

@@Englishwithjennifer Hi Jennifer you're awesome thanks a lot and have a lovely weekend you and your family 😉🇧🇷

You're welcome, Anil! :)

Hi Nima. I'm going to try to keep a balance in 2019. I'd like to offer both basic and advanced lessons. There's a need for both. I hope to expand on this lesson because there's a bit more to discuss. If you come across a specific structure that's confusing, let me know. It might lead to a new lesson topic. ;) Happy to hear you're reading authentic texts like The New Yorker.

@@Englishwithjenniferyou are right and thank you for further teaching this topic in detail. I have a difficulty of understanding the meaning of the sentences with the following structure: 1) Past participle ----, independent clause. (Example: Prepared for the exam, he watch TV.) 2) ing ---, independent clause. (Example: doing his project, he go to the stadium.)

I have a 4-part lesson on reduced adverb clauses. That might be useful for you. :) ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-ZmwWGcXA7us.html

@@Englishwithjennifer Hello dear teacher, I have watched these four videos, however, I am also not really understand the following question: 1) How could I know what was the original sentence (i.e., before reduction) ? How could I tell that adverb clause was Time clause or Reasoning Clause !? 2) How could I know the adverb clause words (like as, because, since, after, before!) after they have been omitted? How could I tell that the word was after or before or since !?

Reducing clauses can happen when the subjects in both clauses are the same, and the relationship between clauses must be clearly understood. That's why in some cases we keep the adverb like "before" or "while": While taking a walk this morning, I came up with a new idea for a video. Before going to the dentist, you should brush your teeth. BUT Sitting by myself in the park for a whole hour, I had plenty of time to think. (The relationship is clear enough. It doesn't really matter whether you see it as a time relationship or a cause-effect.)

I love your long-lasting enthusiasm, Mollie. :)

Thank you for the kind words. I hope you found the lesson useful.

Happy it's useful. There's more to talk about...more patterns to consider and some punctuation rules to discuss. I'm glad we made a good start!

Thanks for watching the lesson. :)

Hi. I noted these earlier requests, particularly the modal verbs and prepositions. Little by little, we can address more grammar. :) There are many decent grammar books out there. Do you want one for self-study? I think you might also like a detailed grammar reference book, one that teachers use. Many teachers turn to The Grammar Book and Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English.

@@Englishwithjennifer Yes Jennifer, I want a grammar book for self study. ☺☺ If you know one, please give me a link to download it. Thanks ☺☺

Try looking on Amazon. Not sure if you can find PDFs of these.

@@Englishwithjennifer I find one is called grammar in use by Raymond Murphy. Do you know it?? Actually I like it.

Yes. Many students and teachers started out with a copy of Murphy's book. If you have an answer key, that's good for self-study.

I hope you also watch my short videos on Instagram. I target listening, speaking, and pronunciation there. :)

You're welcome. :)

You're welcome. :)

Enjoy your time in Dubai with your son. :) I hope you read the pinned comment on this video. The discussion continues. One video is never enough to address a topic. I need the opportunity to clarify and produce more examples. An interesting point came up with adverbs ending in -ly. Language is indeed malleable, and we're also not always consistent as a global community, and this causes some disagreement. But as long as we try to have standards and we are open to variation, then communication should be successful. :) Thanks for adding more examples: ready-made, hot-selling.

You're welcome.

It's good to note the different between compound modifiers and a sequence of adjectives. Thanks! :) Maybe we can have more fun playing around with adjectives at the next live stream.

@@Englishwithjennifer Yes, I think this subject has a lot of mileage in it. I really like the lesson. Jennifer, what is your opinion of this: Given that adverbs modify adjectives, verbs and other adverbs and are not known for modifying nouns, why do they act like adjectives in these examples: There are some people here. I will take a few things with me. Can we say that in these examples the adverb is acting as an adjective?

In the first: "There are some people here." Are you focusing on "here"? I'd recognize that as an adverbial. It does get weird when words can have more than one function. That would be a special live stream for grammar nuts. ;)

@@Englishwithjennifer Right. The questions the adverbs ask and answer are: how, where, why and when, but they also acts as quantifiers. So, 'some' is acting in unison with 'here' in my first example (There are some people here) and 'few' is acting in unison with 'will take' in my other example (I will take a few things) There are? There are what? There are some. 'Some' would act in unison with 'are' in this example: There are some people in class. This would vary from these example: 'There are three people in class' and There are helpful students in class.' It doesn't stop with 'some' when we look at adverbs of quantity: loads of, plenty, enough, many, few, etc, etc. We could say that the adverbial quantifiers are giving a vague quantity; whereas, the actual adjectives like three, twelve, thirty are giving an exact description. Having said that, collective nouns can be a bit vague also: 'There is a crowd outside' and 'I will take a bunch.' Now for my next question...Only kidding :>)

The tricky thing about teaching/studying grammar is deciding how much to focus on at one time and when it's worthwhile to digress. Ha ha. You're getting into expletives, a fun homonym, by the way. I took a quick glance at this. You may like the discussion. www.cjr.org/language_corner/expletives.php

My pleasure.

Hi. I have grammar videos on perfect modals (would have been, etc.) and pronunciation videos on reduction. Here's the playlist for Fast Speech. ru-vid.com/group/PLfQSN9FlyB6SEBVnec8LYuyLRvq3OcT-x Look for the lessons on reducing sounds. I explain why "would have been" sounds like "would of been" or even "woulda been."

Compound modifiers are like adjectives, so we don't talk about plural or singular. However, if you build a modifier from a noun, then usually the singular is used: a computer program (not "computers program"), teacher training (not "teachers training"), etc.

You're very welcome! 🎉Happy New Year!

You are most welcome!

The past participles modify the following words: What kind of nursing? Skilled nursing. What kind of living? Assisted living. (No hyphen needed.)

@@Englishwithjennifer It means that they are working as adjectives because they're modifying nursing units & living facilities. Am I right? One more question, you mentioned skill nursing. Should it be skill nursing or skilled nursing? Thank you

Typo. Sorry! I fixed that. Yes, I see them as modifying the following nouns.

Thank you, Saloni.

Always my favourite teacher 😊 May God gives you so many happiness with success in your life 😊🎁 Keep Smiling 😊✌️

You're welcome.

You're welcome. :)

"Leaf through" is a phrasal verb. The object is "the book." BOOK = head noun/ THE = determiner

@@Englishwithjennifer thnx Ma'm ..

My pleasure.

A light spray of cologne or perfume is nice. :)

@@Englishwithjennifer Thanks, Jennifer. 🌹💝

Sometimes we make up new compounds, but mostly the patterns here are to help you understand how compounds are formed when you encounter them.

@@Englishwithjennifer thanks

Hi. We usually write OK and "okay." The periods are unnecessary. I usually respond within 24 hours, but some comments might be missed. Once I approve them, some disappear from my view as I go back into the list of public comments. YT can be strange that way. Thanks for your patience. I do my best. There are a lot of comments each day. ;)

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My pleasure, Odair. Take care.

You're welcome!

You're welcome!

Hi. Do you want to find video on reading? You can search for "phonics" or "learn to read." Good luck! I have lessons on the alphabet: ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-WhE8Qi0y9gY.html

أعتقد إنى ممكن أساعدك. أنا رائد من مصر. إذا بتقبلى تواصلى معى.

Thank you.

Hi. I think a subject is missing in your statement. Who created them? I think it's logical to use the passive: They were created in the image of God. Or use "God" as the agent: God created him in His image. "Create" is transitive; it requires an object.

@@Englishwithjennifer the subject is implied from the context. What I want to know as it stands, what classification would you give it interms of the verb? However I am working on the Hebrew verb Bara (to create) in the first five books of the Hebrew Bible. I am trying to put each occurrence in transitive ditransitive or intransitive in order to classify them for investigation. I am using cognitive semantics as my methodology.

You're welcome!

Participles are most often used in verb forms and as modifiers (adjectives).

Not all sources use the same terms. Some use the same terms, but definitions can vary. Why don't you search for one of these terms: participles participial adjectives verbal adjectives participial phrases participial phrase as modifier

@@Englishwithjennifer thanks Ma'm ..

Thanks, Eva.

That's a passive construction. subject = the family was entertained = passive verb by the clown = prepositional phrase to name the performer (agent) SVA

Happy you're studying with me.

Adverbs are modifiers. There single-word adverbs and adverb clauses. Does that make sense?

@@Englishwithjennifer Yes Ma'm ..

Warm greetings to you from Massachusetts, USA!

Sending a warm virtual hug back to you from Massachusetts, USA!

Please look here: www.englishwithjennifer.com/students/yt-videos/ I'll share a new basic English lesson next week. :)

Thank you for the kind comment.

Hi. Most think of adjectives and adverbs being modifiers. We can also have noun modifiers and prepositional phrases as modifiers (acting like adjective or adverbs). Not all agree on terminology. Did you see my 3-part lesson on the parts of speech? See my grammar playlist. Quantifiers are often grouped under determiners. I think it's helpful to separate determiners from modifiers, but again, not all sources agree. Useful links: dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/determiners/determiners-position-and-order www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/modifier

@@Englishwithjennifer I love your answers. Thank you so much.

It can be a future topic for a lesson. :) Use a learner's dictionary to confirm usage. www.ldoceonline.com/ www.learnersdictionary.com/

The prepositions are "unlike" and "like." One might argue the adverbs modify the verbs, by the way.

@@Englishwithjennifer Thank you so much Ma'm ..

Thank you!

Thanks for the support.

@@Englishwithjennifer Teacher is not me👍👍👍😉😉😉☺️☺️☺️☺️😙😙😙😙

Hi there! Have a great day.

Feel free to post questions after watching a lesson. I do my best to answer them. I'll share a new basic English video next week. :)

That's a very inspiring view. May we all have enough faith in ourselves to make a positive difference. :) 🌻🌻🌻

Thank you dear jennifer 😊

Hi Alexandr. Have a good weekend!

Thanks!

Hi there!

Where are you today sand me WhatsApp number please ok

Doing well. How about you?

I'm good

Hi! Hope this was useful. :)

Love Captain Jack Sparrow!