Digestion in Stomach : Gastrointestinal physiology USMLE Step 1 

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Digestion in Stomach : Gastrointestinal physiology USMLE Step 1
In the stomach, digestion is primarily a mechanical and chemical process. The mechanical process involves the churning and mixing of food with gastric secretions, while the chemical process involves the breakdown of macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) by enzymes and acids.
The stomach has several regions, including the fundus, body, and antrum. Each region has a specific function in digestion. The fundus and body are responsible for the storage of food, while the antrum is responsible for the mixing and grinding of food with gastric secretions.
Gastric secretions include hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen (which is converted to pepsin), and gastric lipase. Hydrochloric acid helps to denature proteins, making them more accessible to pepsin. Pepsin breaks down proteins into smaller peptides, which can then be further broken down by pancreatic enzymes in the small intestine.
Gastric lipase helps to break down fats in the stomach, although most fat digestion occurs in the small intestine with the help of pancreatic lipase.
The stomach also plays a role in the regulation of gastric emptying, which is the release of food from the stomach into the small intestine. This process is regulated by several factors, including the size and composition of the meal, the presence of hormones (such as cholecystokinin), and the level of gastric distension.
Overall, the complex interplay of mechanical and chemical processes in the stomach plays a critical role in the digestion of food and the regulation of gastric emptying. This knowledge is important for the USMLE Step 1 exam, as it forms the foundation for understanding the physiology of the gastrointestinal system.
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