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Electrochemical Gradient

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In this video Paul Andersen explains how the electrochemical gradient is a combination of the chemical and electrical gradient of ions. As ions move across a membrane the potential change creates a hidden force that isn't always apparent.
PhET Simulation with membrane channels - phet.colorado....
ASU Nernst Goldman Simulator - www.nernstgoldm...
Music Attribution
Intro
Title: I4dsong_loop_main.wav
Artist: CosmicD
Link to sound: www.freesound.o...
Creative Commons Atribution License
Outro
Title: String Theory
Artist: Herman Jolly
sunsetvalley.ba...
All of the images are licensed under creative commons and public domain licensing:
Basis_of_Membrane_Potential.png (2673×1876). (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2016, from upload.wikimed...
File:Potassium-chloride-3D-ionic.png - Wikimedia Commons. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2016, from commons.wikime...
GIBERT, J. P. (2016). Français : SalièreEnglish: Salt shakerDeutsch: SalzstreuerEspañol: SaleroItaliano: SalierePortuguês: SaleiroΕλληνικά: Αλατιέρα. Retrieved from commons.wikime...
Häggström, B. W. using this image in external sources it can be cited as:Blausen com staff “Blausen gallery 2014” W. J. of M. D. 15347/wjm/2014 010 I. 20018762 D. by M. (2014). English: The sodium-potassium pump and related diffusion of sodium and potassium between the extracellular and intracellular space. Retrieved from commons.wikime...
Navarre, Z. I. of. (2016). English: A 3D rendering of an animal cell cut in half. Retrieved from commons.wikime...
Somepics. (2015). English: Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in the thylakoid membrane of plant cells. I redrew and formatted it for a better quality SVG file. Retrieved from commons.wikime...
The Nernst/Goldman Equation Simulator. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2016, from www.nernstgoldm...
Villarreal, L. M. R. (2007). English: Example of primary active transport, where energy from hydrolysis of ATP is directly coupled to the movement of a specific substance across a membrane independent of any other species. Retrieved from commons.wikime...
Basis_of_Membrane_Potential.png (2673×1876). (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2016, from upload.wikimed...
File:Potassium-chloride-3D-ionic.png - Wikimedia Commons. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2016, from commons.wikime...
GIBERT, J. P. (2016). Français : SalièreEnglish: Salt shakerDeutsch: SalzstreuerEspañol: SaleroItaliano: SalierePortuguês: SaleiroΕλληνικά: Αλατιέρα. Retrieved from commons.wikime...
Häggström, B. W. using this image in external sources it can be cited as:Blausen com staff “Blausen gallery 2014” W. J. of M. D. 15347/wjm/2014 010 I. 20018762 D. by M. (2014). English: The sodium-potassium pump and related diffusion of sodium and potassium between the extracellular and intracellular space. Retrieved from commons.wikime...
Navarre, Z. I. of. (2016). English: A 3D rendering of an animal cell cut in half. Retrieved from commons.wikime...
Somepics. (2015). English: Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in the thylakoid membrane of plant cells. I redrew and formatted it for a better quality SVG file. Retrieved from commons.wikime...
The Nernst/Goldman Equation Simulator. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2016, from www.nernstgoldm...
Villarreal, L. M. R. (2007). English: Example of primary active transport, where energy from hydrolysis of ATP is directly coupled to the movement of a specific substance across a membrane independent of any other species. Retrieved from commons.wikime...

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22 авг 2024

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Комментарии : 112

@puffersparadise481 7 лет назад

i love it when you talk science to me we need thousands of you in our schools

@upandatom 7 лет назад

Best teacher ever

@olgavillamizar 7 лет назад

He´s amazing! hands down

@queena7672 3 года назад

period

@chironbbaq Год назад

this video really helped me! the demonstration was simple and the commentary was very straightforward which really helps :)

@TheFujiwuji 7 лет назад

This guy is awesome. Blows Kahn Academy away.

@Bilbus7 5 лет назад

Racist

@hussnainali2738 4 года назад

@@Bilbus7how tf?

@ilin314 4 года назад

@@hussnainali2738 he has a different point of view, its in his profile name

@lovepinkpeace15 6 лет назад

you are the best teacher ive never had

@geezerdombroadcast 6 лет назад

Apparently my skull is quite thick, but that was refreshingly understandable. No matter how old you get science never stops being interesting.

@jessespringer6653 2 года назад

I'm a UPenn student and find your videos so helpful. Thank you!

@esauer25 7 лет назад

I had the flu the day my professor was explaining this, this helped a bunch! I don't feel so behind anymore.

@isaacdouglas1119 3 года назад

Thanks for making this helpful video! I wanted to clarify my understanding of the underlying physics so I would appreciate if you could correct any misconceptions I have. Statements such as "the chemical gradient pushes ions from regions of high concentration to low concentration" and "the electrical gradient pushes positive ions from regions of high positive charge to low positive charge" (paraphrasing) seem slightly imprecise (but I understand the didactic necessity for abstractions). It's not that there is a physical law that the chemical gradient pushes ions from regions of high concentration to low concentration but rather that, due to Brownian motion, it is more likely ON AVERAGE for particles to move in the direction of low particle concentration regions. Thus, the "force" exerted by the chemical gradient is just an emergent property of Brownian motion. It could happen by chance that a group of particles in one region move into a smaller region and become even more concentrated. But, over time, this situation is less likely to occur than diffusion. I would similarly press the abstraction of the electrical gradient exerting a "force" as well. Since the electromagnetic force extends infinitely (and decreases proportionally to 1/r^2), every charged particle exerts an electromagnetic force on every other charged particle (and this abstraction can be broken down further to the subatomic level but I don't think that's necessary for this topic). Thus, there is not an electrical gradient that pushes the K+ ions towards the other side of the membrane. Rather, as the concentration of K+ decreases in the bottom side (and the ratio of Cl- to K+ increases), there is, ON AVERAGE, a stronger electromagnetic force exerted on the top-side K+ ions toward the bottom side. But, this is not necessarily always the case. Let's imagine this situation: momentarily, due to Brownian motion, the remaining K+ ions in the bottom side moved right against the membrane (top of the bottom side) while the Cl- ions (all on the bottom side) moved to the bottom of the bottom side. At that moment, for any of the K+ ions in the top side, the y-component of the vector representing the summation of the forces of all the other molecules on that K+ ion would point away from the bottom side. When we say the electrical gradient "pushes" the K+ ions toward the bottom side it is rather that, on average (over time), the moment-to-moment average (over all the other ions) force exerted on each top side K+ ion points toward the bottom side (not directly toward it per se but I mean the summated forces vector's angle (where pointed exactly left = 0 radians and pointed exactly right = π radians) is more likely to be between π and 2π than 0 and π). I.e., much like the chemical gradient, the "force" exerted by the electrical gradient is an emergent property of many individual electromagnetic interactions. I just had the thought that perhaps the membrane has an effect on the electrical gradient somehow (negligibly?). Anyway, thank you for reading and I would love to hear any corrections to my understand of the underlying physics.

@sophiac1560 3 года назад

Best video on youtube hands down, clear concise descriptions of mechanisms and how they function under differing environments...

@SkuldVi Год назад

The best teacher who made me love physics

@halibutsalmonbeaver Год назад

Why can RU-vid videos from 5+ years ago always explain concepts so much better than my current professor.......

@user-mn7or3pe1k 8 месяцев назад

wIth full confusion from edx but now everything works out within 6 mins. Thank you so much

@paolavasquez2607 Год назад

Best explanation I’ve ever been given 😮

@noahdogwarrior2332 7 лет назад

Mr. Anderson, you're the best! We watch your videos all the time in biology and chemistry!

@imperiusss 7 лет назад

Sir please make a human physiology playlist. That would be amazing with you style of teaching. thank you.

@poojaagrawal6836 5 лет назад

Thanks for explaining tough topics in simple words.... was helpful

@shumetesam7407 4 года назад

you're the BEST!! This is the most helpful way I have ever learned it and finally....got it :) I seriously love you, I watch you all the time when ever I need a bit more clearer explanation, keep it up, your making a difference, a huge difference!! :)

@dude10432 5 лет назад

Thank you! I've been confused by this concept since grade 12 and I'm in my second year of uni right now

@nadyaamalia4101 3 года назад

thank you so much! it is the best explanation I've got so far about electrochemical gradient

@user-ed9id6gd7z 6 лет назад

This is the best site. Finally I found!

@user-gy7zc2ns4c 7 месяцев назад

you explained this so well, thank you for making this video

@minervasanchez-tenorio3531 3 года назад

Amazing teaching!

@teshtanzsharma2257 2 года назад

This was so helpful. So well explained and clear. Thank you

@shradha870 3 года назад

Amazing video! Thanks a ton!!!

@larrysizemore2891 3 года назад

Something I think you should note is that when potassium is entering the cell in your example, the inside of the cell is potassium filled, (like is attracted to like), therefore it moves down it's concentration gradient (simple diffusion). If it were to enter a cell filled with hydrogen ions, it would require a channel protein and would move up it's concentration gradient because it's simply not attracted to the hydrogen ions. This is the electrochemical gradient...

@cb9493 2 года назад

Thank you for the explanation, I finally got it, best ever!!!!❤️

@nazift.3728 6 лет назад

I LIKE WHAT YOU GOT. GOOD JOB.

@LucasSousa-yc4pr Год назад

Thank you so much for this, It was really helpful

@felipeandresbustamante4013 Год назад

Thaks!!!! from Chile!!!

@yvonneg3046 4 года назад

Thank you for all your work!!

@candislopez2095 7 лет назад

Thank you. Great explanation.

@oriole9815 5 лет назад

This is great, really helped, Thank you!

@rkpetry 5 лет назад

*_...where does space, fit into your equations-when K⁺ gets across the membrane it's going to spread out (you implicated this already), but how far, does it go, equationally, and what-becomes of the chemical and electrical gradients and potentials near, far, and-farther..._*

@marihanbadr1271 5 лет назад

Thank you so much, i never quite understood the electrochemical gradient before watching this. However, something is confusing me. What's the difference between the equilibrium potential and the resting potential?

@leletaylor7647 Год назад

Very helpful. Thank you!!

@ninathedentist3948 3 года назад

Wow! Thank you so much for this!

@saunyboy123 7 лет назад

Excellent explanation

@MamechaSalatoSalato 7 месяцев назад

thanks really! best demonstration

@reinkameryu9836 7 лет назад

Hey Mr. Anderson, do you know if Tyler Dewitt is ever going to come back and make Chemistry videos for us? Or does he have some other work outside of RU-vid he has to attend to?

@stelamajetic5365 6 лет назад

thanks! that was really helpful; nice animations

@francescafennell7789 5 лет назад

I’m confused as to why it’s 37/13 are we supposed to know how many on each side exactly or just a general ratio

@ME-hr9vu Год назад

Fantastic , thank you 🙏

@user-vz6jp4xh2r 3 года назад

That was very helpful, thanks alot

@faridalam798 6 лет назад

Thanks a looooooot .best explanation

@kega4062 2 года назад

mind BLOWN

@Ht0wn.143 3 года назад

HOT DANG! Finally makes sense 🙌

@firasbaroody 3 года назад

That was helpful, thanks!

@nandiganavishal 3 месяца назад

characterize membrane needs permittivity, charge regulation with time, ion-ion, particle-membrane interactions only some membrane journals publish them numerical are few I suppose

@angelicarodriguez4557 3 года назад

That was so useful.

@mexicansage 5 месяцев назад

I could've saved myself the past 2 hrs of staring at my professor's slides (and still being confused) by just watching this 5 min. video. 🤦‍♀️

@chibichan1791 2 года назад

this is very helpful thank u sm

@jagathpottathil7931 6 лет назад

Nice presentation 👌

@biomechanicsone1883 6 лет назад

Thankyou Sir really helpful.

@rayyanismail1508 Год назад

i am an Mpharm student that was helpfull such a legend

@eng.maimonahkhader3311 3 года назад

the best one in the whole world

@hala_mazid 3 года назад

woow! great , thank you very much 🌸

@rkpetry 5 лет назад

*_...p.s. Why is, the Nernst Equation-it obviously doesn't work at quantum levels where a single atom has a chemical gradient to cross the membrane, but once across it has the same to go back-so it's not-really a 'gradient' but maybe a 'half-gradient',-and why log when log 1 = 0, and log 0 = -∞, for that one lone atom ('wee-haw, giddy-app')..._*

@abbymello7518 4 года назад

thank you so much very helpful

@EVRLYNMedia 7 лет назад

how does that sand that dosent get wet in water work?

@vincentquach3839 4 года назад

thanks m8 u explain pretty good

@suriosha 6 лет назад

not just help... it was awesome

@seemaqueen8034 7 лет назад

you are great 💜

@yazeedzuriaqat4592 5 лет назад

Thanks a lot very helpful

@nickkrstic3466 2 года назад

When is an electrostatic gradient the strongest during the change in a neuron membrane potential?

@Boney257 7 лет назад

Love your work sir! Can you upload a video on Krebs Cycle please?

@DrEvil-uw1ju 7 лет назад

Yes that was very helpful

@jiagreenhouse3114 7 лет назад

thank you.

@weekendrad405 6 лет назад

Thank u so much

@talaahmed1737 6 лет назад

Thank you !

@offrednatalie7887 6 лет назад

thank you so much!!

@TS-mu7yi 3 года назад

Very nice

@lauraraexoxo5628 4 года назад

Okay so I have been struggling with the fact that the overall concentration inside and outside the cell stays the same, bc of electrostatic force, yet if more ions leave/ enter the cell to reach their equilibrium potential, doesn't the concentration change at least for a short period of time? Like I get that it is pulled back into or out of the cell bc of electrostatic force, but still? I feel so dumb for not getting an intuition for this sorry

@zaatayaa 6 лет назад

thank you so muchhhh

@makykwa 7 лет назад

nice video!

@sollinw 4 года назад

GREAT!!!

@pranshul3887 4 года назад

Thank you

@alexrodriguez1008 5 лет назад

does water molecules enter cells by electrochemical gradient?

@MrRTFirefly 4 года назад

fantastic, even I understood this

@carloss.182 6 лет назад

If the cell membrane were hyperpolarized to a resting potential of -110 mV, what would be the effect on the potential opening of K+ channel?

@oson3061 6 лет назад

assuming the equilibrium potential of K+ is -90mV, the K+channels would open up to release more k+ions outside the cell in order to bring up the resting membrane potential of "-110mV" closer to -90mV.

@marwa5834 6 лет назад

Thank youuuuu!!!!!!!!!

@fritzkramer8570 3 года назад

You are amazing

@bothainaadel9956 5 лет назад

It was thank you very much 👍

@RT-py5sh 5 лет назад

How can we have potential when all fluid compartments are electroneutral(anions= cations) ? Can anyone help!! So confusing

@damiengeiger8256 2 года назад

thanks !

@thakarartee5442 2 года назад

It's helpful

@Crack_Neet_2024 4 года назад

it's awesome

@Sarah-bw5ne 3 года назад

thanks you

@gracinovack9192 2 года назад

perfect

@robinmaikle9212 6 лет назад

Hey could you try this software? Pin Point: 'Circuit Solver' by Phasor Systems on Google Play.

@ghadeernajim310 7 лет назад

In the start I would like to thank you very very much for this great doing and secondly I would to ask you 2 questions because I did not know how to solve them the first is why when we sleep for hours under cover in the bed we donot die what is the cause please sir answer me I need your help and the 2 question depend on a photo but I didnot know how to send it for you thank you again