End of the silicon era. Processors of the future 

Quantum computers are NOT a replacement for the classical computers, holy hell

I love these dual language channels, I don't know Russian and would have never have been able to understand your phenomenal video otherwise. Thank you, truly.

Very good content. I just find the desync between your video and sound a bit annoying.

So glad RU-vid recommended this video. Nicely done, great balance of information and presentation without coming off overly optimistic or pessimistic.

A very interesting compilation, the RU-vid algorithm recommended this hidden gem.

You mentioned photonics use in communications but didn't mention photonics switching. They've been trying to make purely photonic chips for decades, and it's always just around the corner much like fusion. It's that research that led to photonics being integrated into silicon chips. It seems like that research was very close to yielding results but focus and funding got taken over by quantum computing. From all I've read purely photonic chips would run 100-1000 times faster than silicon at far lower power and heat. Hopefully as silicon reaches it's limitations there will be renewed funding and research for it.

also worth considering in the mean time, their are computers that can run on trits (-1, 0, 1) which requires some fundamental changes, but could theoretically be more effective. This could even be extended further though it gets less practical the more you add.

Re: "silicon being near the end of its life cycle," this is just sensationalistic journalism (or an uneducated remark). It's not going anywhere in our lifetimes due to the deeply entrenced and highly refined manufacturing process. More advanced materials will have a much higher and impractical cost of scale. The most certain outcome is slowly more advanced materials will be used in conjunction with silicon, but it isn't anywhere near ending its life cycle, not for a hundred years or more. We can even do photonic and quantum compute on silicon.

oh boy, quantum computers are even further out than tfets, optical compute, or memristors and you still need a von-neuman silicon computer to work with it. thanks so much for the great video, fantastic questions and background material. much appreciated

Silicon photonics is what I have the most hope in for in the next couple of decades. Imo, transitioning from electricity to light is just the most logical step forward. It will set moores law back by quite a bit, but the insane clock rate of the processors will make up for it. Most modern keyboards already use light to transmit signals.

Silicon carbide is used in power transitors, handles high temperatures and very high frequencies, well above silicon. It already has a supply chain, and looks like a candidate.

This video is more informativ than I thought. I love the web for channels like this.

I just saw this is a dub channel of another. I didn’t know I was looking for content like this and I love it. I’ve only seen dub channels go to other languages from English so it’s really cool to see that it actually does work!

Really good run down of the limits of silicon. Great research and presentation!

Ayyy I am your 1000th subscriber! Great video

Great video I found today I don't know if it's just me but the video and audio was out and not synced

Very informative and explained in very interesting way. Thank you.

Thanks. I enjoyed your fascinating journey into the chip realm, exploring the potential future.

Quantum computer will *NEVER* happen. Forget that *FANTASY* !

RU-vid recommendations at its finest. Keep up.

"that is, if it continues to exist for us, in this line of events" that hit hard

Great information and you are very carismatic you can give tones of information without feeling overwelming.

The biggest problem with Quantum computer is the lack of software. Writing code for them is so complicated it practically eliminates 99% if not more people who currently make their living by writing code. That means less developers and thus less development. Unless coding will become heavily AI assisted.

only ~800 subs oO such high production, nice video man cant wait to see more!

Nice job researching and pulling all these alternatives together.

4:56 Not quite true. I have some Germanium transistors here which were used at 10.7 MHz, and some other low power ones which were used at over 100 MHz. They were expensive, but very capable at low currents. Bipolar Silicon transistors have been made which would amplify at frequencies close to 20GHz (I made some of them, back in the 1980's.) For higher frequencies, JFET, then MOSFET, IGFET and other types are needed. But yes; Germanium transistors are definitely very limited at higher frequencies, in comparison to Silicon devices. Leakage currents are very problematic, and they lead to high noise levels. It would still be interesting to know how a Germanium MOSFET would perform at somewhat higher frequencies, however.

finally yt algorithm doing his job well

hey i realy liked the video nicely balanced and no stale moments, i got the random recomendation video in auto play and didn't regret a BIT XD

What I like about quantum computing is it could eventually be used to work the problems we face much faster, like disease cures, and silicon limitations.

Great video. Thanks for posting.

Thanks sir. I never knew this information... Amazing developments..

First time I've ever seen a channel translated like this, cool

The next frontier will likely be 3D chips. We already do build them with a few layers, especially memory chips which are dozens of cell layers thick now. We will need to do the same with processors, and also switch to more thermally efficient materials to help avoid the increased heat per sqr unit as a processor gets thicker (building heat exchange tubes into the design itself can also drastically help combat this). A 3D design also opens up pathways for much more optimized computation methods that a chiplet design does not really lend itself well to as it scales. Chiplets primarily communicate to eachother through side channels, whereas a 3D chip would simply be one single complex chip of interconnected logic in all directions. The potential performance gains as we add layers is insane to think about, when you consider how thin a given layer of a processor is. You could have hundreds of thousands of layers eventually. A single processor rivaling billion dollar super computer warehouses of today.

Thank you. That was very informative with a thought processing progression that was spot on without someone knocking on your door. I've been imagining crystal tech ever since I learned about piezoelectric when I was 5. Magnetic cooling, heating and generators are my insanity. It's all about switches and ball bearings. Space and Storage. I still don't know why they just didn't cut the 0 into an 8??? Cheers

Thank you! We support you.

Superb man👍💐👌♥️ #Mycomputer

I don't see quantum processors replacing processors but if they become cheap enough I can definitely see them becoming a new component of the computer. If they do replace anything it will probably be graphics cards. All in all, we probably won't see quantum computers hit mass market until probably decades. What is more likely to happen than most theories is the integration of supercomputers, powered by more rare metals, that use the internet to give you your computer as a service rather than owning a computer. The system we have will be a lot more stupid and only decode the sent information.

We still got some ways to go with classical architecture, you can also gain some performance by improving how quickly we can access memory and how much of that fast memory we got, there are also architectural adjustments with concepts like RISC, bigLITTLE, vcash, new schedulers in OSs etc. so both on hardware and software level. With many new technologies being developed like Quantum, DNA-computing and Optical-computing, I don't think these will replace classic computer but with interconnects between them then they can work in tandem in the tasks they are best at.

Good video but the video and sound is not synced and it's annoying but other than that it's 10/10

good content. i really enjoyed it up to the end

Well-Done, summary: SILICON: Above vs below a 5nm gate width silicon is discrete on eor off vs statisticial on&off (aka tunnel field effect) GERMANIUM: Germanium Has much better lab performance but silicon is extraordinarily more pragmatic/practical (availability/cost, heat dissipation/tolerance, oxidation, freq band, etc). However germanium might be modified to improve its characteristics (ex: Molybdenite in development, lab germanane, etc). CARBON nano-tubes (in development): Graphene is a one-atom-thick layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. A carbon nano-tube is a tube of graphene GALLIUM NITRIDE: has some better performance than silicon & can be manufactured with silicon based equipment/industry Better CMOS: design based on statisticial on&off (aka tunnel field effect) instead of discrete on eor off to lower power/heat. Only work for graphene & at super low temps. MEMRISTOR: A memristor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in a circuit and remembers the amount of charge that has previously flowed through it. Memristors are important because they are non-volatile, meaning that they retain memory without power. OPTICAL COMPUTING: QUANTUM COMPUTING: In theory quantum computing can find least-worst solutions to problems no-matter the number of potential candidates (ex: NP problems like the traveling salement, decryption/password breaking, etc)

Good new channel subbed. Well done.

Years ago, I did a calculation to determine when the speed and power benefits of process scaling would no longer offset the process variation. I got 5nm for that number as well.

Goood video man, best wishes from Switzerland

I wholeheartedly disagree with the concluding section of this video. It insinuates that quantum-cloud-compute backend reliant hardware, which are about as functional as a storage device with some added connectivity, but mostly hollow toys which will serve as GUIs is the future of computers. I reject such a plane of existence, even if there is simplicity, or even necessity, in it; such a paradigm shift would basically mark the end of personal computers and ownership of anything related to computers. Quantum computers may as well exist in their own space and continue to get more sophisticated; they will still require close-to-0-Kelvin temperatures to even function, so an average person cannot carry one such device, let alone drive one in a home setting in today's society. I cannot visualise a future in which these devices become so compact, efficient, easy-to-manage and affordable as to be the de facto standard for computers because somehow, for some godforsaken reason, they are the only way going forward. How dreadful.

Very nice reporting. I subscribed immediately. Thank you!

Dear Ivan. At 9:05, there's one frame where the cmos construction steps are shrinking, and the diagram there is not translated from Russian. Please enjoy it!

Dam man you need to give credit to Eugene Khutoryanski for using his graphics

Very good video, but I have two questions: -I wonder if it took around a half a century to reach this performance on silicon/CMOS doesn't it mean that it would take around the same time for others technologies to catch up or do improvements already discovered accelerate the rest? -After the huge rise of chip price in the last years can we expect before others technologies are catching up, let's say in the next decades that chip prices will decrease a lot because of the silicon limit that meanwhile we will see a comeback of dual CPU and SLI/crossfire for PC to keep improving performances?

Awesome video, thanks.from India.

Very good ... subscribed !

Can't wait to get my own silicone chip manufacturing system for cheap in a few decades B)

Bro amazing content!

i think just coming up with better architechture and firmware is the easier route for now than finding a replacement for silicon

amazing video. made me subscribe. ill watch more

Very good and interesting content. Thank you

great video, keep it up!

Silicon is also relatively easy to work with and process.

According to some scientists, quantic computer may never become real fully capable computers and instead became at best some kind of accelerator or limited to very specific tasks.

Look at it this way. Human DNA is 2nm. To achieve human DNA size would be not only astounding but also open the potential for micro robots. At some point all manufacturers will have no choice but to develop more cores to handle more tasks. In addition to this, it might be possible to develop cybernetics and simulate human nerves.

as an old viewer of yours, i'd like to wish u luck with ur new channel :D

Silicone has so many uses. Pretty soon humans will completely turn into their favorite element.

Silicon era will continue for at least another century m8, anything else will most likely be 10x-1000x more expensive and used in niche applications.

very good video, this truly is a hidden gem

Thank you, I was lacking any news about memristors for about 8 years, so I stopped looking for updates. It is great to hear there is finally some progress

What version of knock knock on heavens door it is bro? Thnks

Very GOOD !!!!

Thks again & request you update your most excellent video once a ~quarter.

This thinking is what we humans do 🤔 and how we achieve it! Just by solving problems one by one. Then we wait for another or more problems and we solve them again, and again. That's the beauty in science and what our world represents.

Great video bro

Excelent channel, you've got a brazilian subscriber here

There's good news coming out of georgia tech this week about silicon epigraphene transistors, compatible with current manufacturing methods 👍

Quite informative

Nice video! I thought you would have 90k subs at least, but only 900!

Loved the information 🐱

Amazing content 🥰

Cool, but the audio is badly skewed relative to the picture in this video.

Thanks for the info

Overheating becomes less of an issue with the reduction of transistor size. The only reason modern transistors are emanating more heat than older models, is because manufacturers make use of that reduction in heat output, by increasing cores, core frequency, and core complexity (more transistors per core).

If I were to guess which one would become the first step in a post-silicon CMOS world, it would probably be a room temperature tunnel field effect transistor.

Even if Moore's law may not apply to Si applications, they are still very useful in solving many of our computational applications at 16 and even 32 nm technologies.

Glad i found this channel premium content

Quantum computing can't replace existing systems, but it can be an add on for some special types of problems. What was really missed here, in my opinion, is (1) true 3D chips, like a solid 1" cube, and (2) wetware which uses living cells, DNA, RNA, and proteins.

When it comes to silicon being a pillar of computing, that will never really go away. Why ? Mass computing. Basically, when wanting to do computing en masse, given that power usage is not a problem with enough silicon-based photovoltaics in mind, computing can still use mostly silicon-based computing for when computing something that requires so much computing power that using the more scarce resource based computing options become prohibitively expensive. It's like creating a very large computer that can be like a workhorse, while using the more scarce resource based computing option for small applications. The workhorse can be used as an off-site computing 'monster' to offload work on. This may seem rather inefficient, but given that electricity can easily be farmed with solar voltaics, the power requirements are a lesser drawback, while the mass computing becomes cheaper over time, and can yet benefit from increased performance. Once people go into space and build space stations, remote computing this way can be much cheaper than supplying the more scarce resource based computing options for all/everyone. The problem is not one about creating a few million small computing options that require scarce resources (and thus becoming expensive), but once the newer options need to be created by the billions, yearly. The amount of mining required to get enough of the scarcer resource would be bad for the environment in such a fashion that humanity would 'compute' itself to death. Since, computing to death does not compute, en masse computing with the cheaper silicon option makes more sense. Also notice that en masse computing is much more efficient. When a resource isn't used by someone, someone else may be allocated more computing resource aiding his or her task to complete more rapidly. When it comes to remote computing for things like gaming, this may also work well. Silicon will always stay the best and easiest resource for computing, since it's most abundant. Also, the new computing options will have their own size limitations, albeit somewhat smaller. This would be a fixed factor. 4:28 Yes, the cost of fabrication of non silicon processors is much higher due to the scarcity of the required materials. This will never change. Also, due to the limitation of availability the newer processors would be fabricated in much smaller quantity, while being much more expensive. Due to rising cost of scarce materials the cost over time would rise, not become lower. For regular silicon-based processors, these would become cheaper over time. Combined with photovoltaics the increased power usage would not be the limiting factor. 13:56 Photonics are best used for transfer of data, not computing. Extreme short relays, let's say between chip layers and external to chip pathways would be an option, since these can transfer data really fast, and yet use very little power, which results in less heat release. Photons travel light so to speak while electron travel is heavy. This means less heat release. There's one problem though, the creation of very small light emitters/receivers and very small fiber optics or such is much harder than a regular circuit. It's at this point in time at least not very useful. A similar thing is with the wattage per computing. If the wattage becomes low enough, further reduction of such becomes less useful, and with that only extreme high end computing purposes would be served by further reduction. Let's examine an example, where you can have a fully capable processor using a 10 cm by 10 cm solar panel for continuous usage. What would the difference make if it's then operable by an 8 x 8 cm solar panel instead, by increasing the cost tenfold ? It would mean less power used, yes, by as much as 33%, but then the tenfold cost ? So, at some point in time the resource cost will define the computing solution, rather than its capability, once again referring to the scarcity of materials. 14:46 Photonics will not remove the limitations of distance. Any signal will still be limited to the speed of light, whether electronic or photonic based. Latency stays the same no matter which of these mediums are used. Basically, the best way to make processors smaller and faster, currently, is to provide on-chip memory, with comparatively slow memory being used for the externals. On chip memory would increase processing by removing much of the latency of memory instructions, like cache does, but then used on a larger scale, with only one cache and larger memory area. Then you'd have 16 GB base memory on the chip, with like 4-8 megs in cache. When a large-scale external reference would occur (like writing to SSD) the memory controller would copy the on-chip memory to the external one, subsequently transferring it to SSD, while optimizing the transfer speed, between on-chip and external memory. On chip the memory could have the same latency as regular cache, but transfer between the on-chip memory and external (DDR) memory would still be many times greater than the transfer speed between regular memory and SSD. Also, when using stuff like virtual memory on an SSD, this could then be replaced by the external (DDR) memory, increasing computational output per unit by that much as well. Knowing that most of the CPU's and GPU's time is wasted on waiting for memory return, you know that this transfer of operations from external memory to on-chip memory can make a big difference, even when the computational output of the processor is yet smaller. Solving each bottleneck in turn is also a way to speed up computing, in some cases making a bigger difference than making it smaller.

I was watching how atom's are being controlled and manipulated on 2d materials. That would suggest we have a ways to go, regarding Moore's Laws future.

GE is used in military industry that's why. + Gallium arsenide is used in military because chips made from that materials has lowest fail rate and extended temperature limits.

Photonics can also do prossessing via constructive/distructive wave interference

How does one remember which position all those switches are in ?!? Either On or Off. Well that is what computer glitches are, the chip is forgetting where, what, who and when the switches are doing at any given time. Software errors can multiply these error glitches.😮😊

thanks for the vid. what's the outro song thanks

During the video I was thinking what if we make a superconductor chip?

Is it possible to combine all the tech using graphene carbon nanotubes transmitting light instead of electrons in memristors/neuronmorphic architecture?

Legendary content 😮

I really think that graphene is the right way to move forward, we don't know how or when, but ultimately they will be the solution

I think the "next thing" will be photonic cpu or/and ai neuromorphic chiplet, which both are extryemly fast. The issue is still a silicon as a substrate. I heard that specific "glass" can be used even more better than silicon

Interesting, keep an eye out for Biphenylene I believe this will have a wider application field than graphene.

I really enjoyed this video!

Hi there, it seems that the audio and video aren't synched.

Check into computing with Ternary. It is mathematically more efficient than binary and requires just one extra voltage level. This could lead to more efficient and faster CPUs than we have today and some are already being built. All good wishes.

amazing

your audio isnt lined up with the video.