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The Alhambra is Granada’s - and Europe’s - love letter to Moorish culture. Set against the brooding Sierra Nevada peaks, this fortified palace started life as a walled citadel before becoming the opulent seat of Granada’s Nasrid emirs. Their showpiece palaces, the 14th-century Palacios Nazaríes, are among the finest Islamic buildings in Europe and, together with the Generalife gardens, form the Alhambra's great headline act.
The Alcazaba is situated at the western tip of the Sabika hill, a promontory projecting from the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. It is a natural defensive position and was fortified from the 9th century onward.[1]: 23 A fortress (ḥiṣn) named Ġarnāṭa (also transliterated as Gharnāṭa) existed on the south side of the Darro River.[3] The settlement here had a mainly Jewish population and thus was also known as Gharnāṭat al-Yahūd ("Gharnāṭa of the Jews").[3] During the first Taifas period in the 11th century Granada became the center of a local Zirid kingdom whose rulers lived in a citadel and palace on the Albaicín hill known as the al-Qaṣaba al-Qadīma ("Old Citadel" or "Old Palace").[3][4] It was connected to two other fortresses on the Sabika and Mauror hills to the south.[4] The fortress on the Sabika hill was known as the al-Qasaba al-Jadida ("New Citadel").[5]: 149 [2]: 81, 293 It was probably of modest proportions compared to the present Alcazaba.[6] Its water supply was guaranteed by a cistern on site as well as by a wall with towers that descended down to the Darro River, allowing soldiers to safely collect water and bring it back up to the fortress.[7]: 179-181
In 1145 the fortress on the Sabika hill was used as a refuge by forces opposing the Almoravids. It was used this way again in 1167 by opponents of the Almohads. After capturing it, the Almohads undertook some repairs to the damaged fortress.[7]: 181 In 1238 Ibn al-Ahmar (Muhammad I) made Granada the capital of a new emirate. He initially settled in the old Zirid citadel on the Albaicín hill, but after a few months he moved to the Sabika hill, where he founded a new citadel and began construction of the Alhambra. He re-used some of the foundations of the earlier Zirid fortress and built the new Alcazaba over them, enclosed the rest of the hill with a perimeter wall, and completed an aqueduct in the same year, which enabled the area's subsequent development.[6][4][1]: 23 Ibn al-Ahmar did not have time to complete any major new palaces and he may have initially lived in what is now called the Torre del Homenaje in the Alcazaba, before later moving to a modest house on the site of the current Palace of Charles V.[6]: 129 The Alcazaba is now the oldest surviving part of the Alhambra.[1]: 25 Some of the foundations of the Alcazaba's northern inner wall probably still date back to the Zirid period.[8]: 154 Among later Nasrid additions, Yusuf I (r. 1333-1354) added what is now called the Torre Quebrada ('Broken Tower') to the eastern wall of the fortress in the 14th century.
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16 окт 2024
