Cutting time can be greatly improved with a longer saw. Anyone who knows how to use a saw properly knows that long strokes are better than shorter strokes, preferably using even the whole length of the blade, and it makes a big difference.
The great pyramid was supposed to be built by Khufu in 25 years. Think you can quarry and cut all those rocks, transport, and then lift into place (avg 2.5 tons, up to 60 ton granite blocks) in 25 years? The logistics of such a project would require a million plus people working 24/7 (farming, to feed workers, planning, manual labor, etc.
@@freddurstedgebono6029 I am not against the idea of some techniques or tech being used that we are unaware of these days but that's just disingenuous. 6 minutes average would be if you cut them all serial. I can use the same serial logical about every mudbrick in the mudbrick pyramids and it wouldn't make sense either.
Wonder why all the people that believe in the "lost ancient/alien technology" are so emotional and defensive in their comments....Its a curious trend ive also noticed with flat earthers. And generally with anyone that believes only what they WANT to be true.
@@lancehobbs8012 Sorry even if Denisovans and Neanderthals try to demonstrate it. they would have amounts of copper and stone abrasion slick mud. indeed it will run viscous, left and right from the cut. it should be there visible and rose, also gleams red. no copper abrasion, in this case not any one, means fake.
4mm in 1h it's roughly 80 cm in 8 days, if they took 8 days to cut a block, let's imagine they had 50000 workers and the great pyramid has more then 2 milion blocks then each guy would need to cut 40 blocks, they are pars so its 80 blocks, that would be 53 years of NONSTOP cutting just to cut the 2 milion blocks, u have to level them and place them. Complete non sense
@@whosthevictim367 these are amateurs doing an experiment. Not professional teams of Egyptian workers with generations of experience. Only the outer blocks and the inner chambers are cut blocks the filling are rough cut rubble you can see it in the pictures of the pyramids. 20 years and 20,000 to 30,000 men is what is believed to be the numbers.
@@pranays mate, the entire pyramid is made of Cut blocks, Leveled blocks and each one around 1 to 3 tons, Kings chamber blocks are 500 tons and are from 500km away, the need to have cut those 500 blocks, Level them, and take them from the quarry 500km away and they didnt even used the wheel, try to scratch a window glass or any glass with your nails, go on ill wait, done it? u cant right? that's because the glass is harder then your nails, you cant scratch things with a softer thing, now imagine cuting those blocks that are lvl 6 to 8 in the mohs scale with copper lvl 3, It does not work like that, you guys type like you know anything but your only speculating on things with 0 knowledge on what you are speculating about
@@whosthevictim367 well they use wet send as the cutting agent. The copper is moving them around. Copper is soft metal and somehow works better than iron which is harder. There is some science behind it though. In India they use both chisels for cutting stone. They use it different times. It seems to me that copper is used with sand.
denver mason : Your argument is unbelievably STUPID!!! That's like saying, "Because I can't run a marathon, nobody else can". The people in this demonstration don't do this type of cutting for a living. They're not trained, and they don't have the muscles to do this type of work. In ancient Egypt they would have been very skilled. And, it's quite possible they would have worked in teams. When one set of people were tired, a fresh set would replace them.
kab kab theyre not trained? One studies these techniques for a living and the other says hes been using water with sand for 25 years.... they know more than the egyptians in general. Nevertheless, the point still stands: They were either around for a lot longer than people thought (and so had time to do this), They were more advanced than we think, They had a much larger population (so more work force to build these monuments), Aliens. There are other hypothesis, but in the current acknowledged time frame they had to build everything, and their population size, they would not have been able to do it. The exact man hours required to build the pyramids with these methods (excluding lifting the stones) has been calculated, and it exceeds the egyptians "life time". This is a big question nowadays, since new methods for the construction of these monuments are suggested every year, archeologists take into account how long it would take considering the methods employed.
Someone claim authority because they do something for a living is not necessarily a good thing. The question as to whether the truth is paramount rather than the making of the living must be answered and truthfully it has consistently been shown the answer is money first.
They do except after he proves it. That's called science low IQ clown. The use his numbers for the final calculation. Did you even watch the video before commenting?
@@censorduck you are right it doesn't disprove the video at all. they are just low IQ rascists making fake argument without watching the video first. So it must be white ubermench from Atlantis or mars or which ever nazi Thule society Mythology they believe today
I have been starting to find myself diving into this topic, and am surprised at how seldom any actual evidence is put up, and - especially - brought all the way to a plausible theory for the big picture. This video shows one of the few examples I have seen of somebody who tries to come up with and actually *test* an explanation, which is great. However, they only show a possible *principle* of cutting, and do not extrapolate to what the found performance implicates for the overall explanation. Here is a very quick attempt at doing that: get a *rough big picture* of their explanation. Please comment about possible miscalculations or erroneous numbers (especially such that would change the big picture dramatically). They show a cut which is perhaps 3-5 cm, which they state is obtained "after a few days". This is not an exact measure, but let's assume they cut 3cm in two days. Let's see where that gets us, just roughly, with simple calculations. This is what 3 people can do in their video: 3cm in two days is roughly 10 cm in a week 150 cm can thus be done in approx 15 weeks, which equals approx one side of a single block in the pyramide All 6 sides in a block can thus be done in 6 x 15 weeks = 90 weeks = roughly 2 years It is assumed that the pyramide was built in 20 years, which thus is a time during which these 3 people could have produced approx 10 blocks. One of the great pyramids consists of approx 2.3 million blocks, and the 16 outer layers are done of granite. I here assume that that implies that about half of the blocks, say 1 million blocks, are in granite. This implies that you need 100 000 groups of 3 to produce all the granite blocks, if they can work for the stated 20 year period. In other words, 300 000 slaves/workers worked for 20 years just to *produce* the granite blocks. Apart from this production, the 1.3 miljon limestone blocks also needed to be produced, all of the blocks needed to be transported to the site, they needed to be put into their place in the pyramide, all the workers need food, they need supervisors to organize the work, etc. I have no way of estimating the required work force for the transport and building parts (are their plausible theories for how this could even have been done?) but I would estimate that at least around 1 million people needed to be working exclusively with this project for 20 years. Did one million people even live in Egypt at the time? How many did live there then, and how large portion of the population could conceivable work on this construction? Anyone who knows? If that number is less than 1 million, the explanation in this videos falls short, and other explanations are needed. On a final comment, I do think that other issues with current official explanations are perhaps even greater, such as the crazy precision by which the cutting was done (see e.g. videos by Bright Insight or Brian Forster from not only Egypt but from all over the world). You still today can often not get in a razor blade between adjacent stones, which means that a mm precision and absolutely straight-line cutting was necessary. Their video does not demonstrate (or even concern itself) anything with this issue. All in all, I think that a plausible big picture is far from being present via this video. I personally do think that other not yet assumed ancient technologies is a more plausible explanation, but am open to wherever the evidence leads us. The numbers in my calculations come from www.cheops-pyramide.ch/pyramid-building.html which in turn has references to actual books
Iron was found in the pyramid of Khufu by J.R Hill in 1837, just throwing that out there. In regards to the saw, they showcased in the video, they could have easily have gotten the teeth wrong. I know from experience, a incorrect teeth set can make a job impossible even for something as soft as wood. You can look up modern masonry hand saws and see the difference in how the teeth are set, a vast chasm of time between now and then, but something curious to think about. I often wonder if the Egyptians understood mechanical advantage, with a simple pulley or block and tackle you can move a monstrous amount of weight with very few people... maybe a lot less people and labor was required. As for the precision, at least for a saw, it is possible to create wooden jigs to allow you to cut incredibly straight lines with hand tools. I guess i am of the opinion they were not hand sawing blocks and muscling them out of there but using pulleys, saw mills, jigs , and scaffolding etc.... Without some sort of manufacturing works in place there is no way they got it done, not with a mass of unskilled labor like a lot of people claim. I think they were a lot more advanced in logistics and manufacturing than we give them credit. Hell even with steel and power tools you are not getting anything done with out great organisation, logistics and manufacturing.
The pyramids are not made out of blocks they are sculptures, carved from 3 hills of sandstone. The granite blocks are not granite blocks but are in fact sheets of granite.
Gunnar Cedersund yeah the douchebag said 3-5cm in a few days but he didn’t specify how many hours they worked on it. In the beginning of the video, the scientist said 4mm an hour. In 12 hours that’s almost 5cm. You can then easily cut 5 cm a day with 2 people. Using your calculation with 5cm a day (which could have been higher with better technics and more energy) 2 workers could carve 20 blocks in 20 years if I am correct. Still that’s a lot of people you need to build the mass structures found in Egypt, but with efficient work technics, good organization (with work shifts, extended working hours of the time), the technics displayed in this video makes sense. Of course I’m open for other explanations
@@anyport8061 Maybe iron was found in 1837 but that doesn't prove the iron was ancient, it could have been put in there in 1836, i bet if it was tested it would prove it wasn't ancient. Why would they bring roughly 6 million (for the 3 pyramids) blocks from 500kms away when the Giza plateau is a plateau of sandstone ? If we are to believe the b/s stories then the so-called advanced civilisation must have been the dumbest group of people ever. There were standing on sandstone and in front of them were three hills of sandstone. As long as people want to believe in fantasy theories they'll never realize the truth and the truth is staring everybody in the face. The Sphinx is carved (no-one disputes that) so why not apply the same principal to the pyramids.
I am sure that they had a much more efficient way of using those tools. Also moving those blocks. When you are in business for years and traditions are passed on for generations you develop some shortcuts and tricks to get things done faster especially when you have plenty of money and resources. By the way they use the similar system in India even today when power tools are available. I saw cutting slabs with chisels and polish the edges with wet sand in a wooden tranch moving them back and front. They get very nice and straight edge.
This. If these displayed this technique to the ancient Egyptian laborers and engineers thousands of years ago they would concur with the principle but shake their head on the method.
@@insanetrickster Like the one guy said, "By the time we finished the 10th sarcophagus, we'd know the answer" I'm amazed how the Egyptians managed to do it at all!
I heard it was no slaves. it was workers. The only problem is according to papyrus Westcar Khufu was short of funds. No Problem if Mark Lehner comes to Egypt, he was looking for Atlantis and had no money too. just at this epic moment, the Edgar Cayce Foundation was helping him out.
I think it’s completely impracticle and it’s already been explained that if they built the pyramids in 20 years they would have had to cut, move and place a block in position every 2 and a half minutes which gets harder and harder the higher they get. Also cutting the blocks isn’t half as crazy as being able to encode pi, phi and the fibanacci sequence in to the structure itself also the fact that it’s actually eight sided as the face dents inwards and on the solstice you see the face split in half one side in light and one in shade to mark the solstice. Also it has the dimensions of our planet encoded in its structure too so whoever built it knew the earth was round and were able to measure its size. I think also when you look at the walls of sacsyhuaman in Peru as well it’s very clear that they were obviously much smarter and more well equipped to construct such structures
>achieves this small impact in a FEW days > estimates say the stones had to be cut at a hourly rate ??? Just say 'We DONT KNOW" but good proof of showing this isnt how it was done.
I agree. They seem to think they have reached some sort of conclusion that this was the method used. Let's see them make a 100 ton box out of andesite with the same tools.
Yeah they were in a hurry, because according to Egyptology they built each one of the pyramids in 20 years. Laughable. They could have been experts, but you are a dilettante.
You don't know what the hell you are talking about if you are cutting a 7/10 granite on Moh's scale with 3/10 copper. Just another youtuber commenting out of their ass.
In addition to what Drop said, they made the pyramids out of much softer limestone (hardness 3-4). The particular technology depicted here was used for smaller finer stuff like sarcophagi made of granite (hardness 6-7). I see no inconsistency.
Fantastic! Now let's see them do 100 blocks of rose granite weighing 20 tons each and 100 cores clean through some of those blocks. That'll show up those ancient tech skeptics! Come on, do it for real. Oh, and move them the same distance with no modern tech at all. It was easy, right? Do it people! Make those skeptics look like fools. But you have to finish it, like a real job, not a teeny sample. Then compare the results under a microscope to the ancient work, and NOW we're talking science.
Yeah and do one of those granite and basalt Serapuem boxes with a lid, both cut out of 200 ton solid blocks, with sides so smooth that one can see a reflection in it.
The Egyptian hijacked these structures..they were clearly not burial tombs that's ridiculous..this was an older civilization that was wiped out and the Egyptian inherited the structures and reshape the sphynx which was either a lion or a dog but more likely a lion in my opinion
@@SgtJoeSmith 1) to say that the pyramids exist because of a highly advanced civilization and that a highly advanced civilization is proven by the existence of the pyramids is a cyclical argument and therefore not valid 2) the existence of human bones does not prove the existence of a highly advanced civilization What's the point?
Once they have done that, They should cut 2.3 million stones. Then they should invent a time machine and go back to 4500BC. Then become a pharaoh. Then hire 40000 workers. Then actually build a pyramid. Then record a video and travel back to 2018 AD. Then come over to your house. Then show you the video. When you claim the video is doctored, take you also back to 4500 BC. Then build another frikkin pyramid to prove it to you. All these tasks have to be done to satisfy you. How about you try to cast a copper tube using primitive methods yourself and then we'll decide if that was NOT the case. Until then copper tube drilling is the way they did it
@@SF-li9kh The burden of proof ays not with us bu with Egyptology, which provided no answer, but bullshit stories no one buys. When Egyptologists like Vyse were blowing up stuff in egypt with dynamite and pushing a colonialist narrative, I didn't see you holding a candle. Any true person of science sees the Egyptology for what it is - a pseudo-science like astrology...
Idiots in the comments: *granite is only a tiny portion of the great pyramids* the *vast majority* is *soft limestone* . This is an AMAZING video that answers a LOT of questions!!
Look at the giant unfinished obelisk. It's practically finished and not even out of the ground. You think they cut that with a 5 foot saw? How did they cut off the top and underneath? On each side there is barely enough room for a person to walk around, and you want us to believe they either used a primitive saw of what length or round stones, lol. All the obelisks are perfectly square on all sides . Again, the unfinished obelisk is still in the ground and was cut right there in place. It is basically square from top to bottom, not to mention the perfect taper on all sides from top to bottom. Look at the finished ones. Micro precision of all sides from top to bottom. You can't even cut a small piece of wood on a table saw without a fence and joiner. Anyone can make a saw cut in granite. Let's see you finish one square block with micro precision on all sides and then cut out the middle and create a sarcophagus with microprecision.
Golden Darkness070 We have cut and transported stones for thousands of years it is nothing new. The largest stone known to be moved by man was done so fairly recently in the late 1700s it weighed 1500 tonne the thunderstone. Humans are awesome. Peace!
You need to look at log hewing if you think you can't cut wood without modern engineered kit. Europeans have been hewing trees into beams with nothing but some strings and a hatchet. You either a) have no legitimate experience with tradition wood working and the results possible with simple tools and time; thus trying to imply inordinate difficulty to ratify your claims about stonework becomes irrelevant. Or you have experience with traditional wood working and the possible results, but you are intentionally lying about them to ratify your claims about stonework. In other words, you're either ignorant or a liar. Either way, you expose your lack of credibility to speak about the matter, and are not to be taken seriously.
@@yonker1219 I get it, but not in the context of this video ;) It sounds to me like the OP thinks the mainstream is blinded by the illusion of knowledge and instead of testing rational hypotheses they should put more time into search for Atlantis and lost civilization who built the pyramids and evaporated without a trace ;)
This is only two people so of course it would take forever, but have you ever considered that the ancient civilisations were built by thousands of people together...
5 лет назад
Nice how the three white dudes watch the brown dudes do the work
Have a look at what is used to cut and polish diamonds. Copper discs. Ask any aircraft maintenance engineer what happens when a soft metal rubs against a hard metal for any length of time. The soft metal cuts into the hard metal. Why? Because bits of grit get embedded in the soft metal, not the hard metal, and the grit cuts the hard metal. Diamonds are not cut by copper, but by diamond dust embedded into the copper. Sand is a poor choice for cutting granite. Crushed sapphire or ruby would work much better. The ancient Chinese used crushed sapphire to cut jade, also a very hard stone. They even used string with crushed sapphire to cut jade!!
Agreed. this video never said that the ancients did it with these exact tools. it just shows that we haven't considered all the ways primitive people could have done something, the weight of the tube/saw, its shape at the cutting end/edge, the type of grit they use, the speed which they could do it, etc, etc would effect the finished look. I would really like some reports on analysis of the sand below ground that got covered up over the years to see if there is an overabundance of materials that might indicate the grit or tools used as the particles fell off the tools and stones. High copper particles would indicate copper tools and unaturally high particles of large quartz might indicate both sawing and quartz grit, etc, etc..
The big pyramid ( just 1) has 2.3m blocks. Each block has 6 cuts. The granite came feom aswan, hundreds of km away. All they did was make over 13.2 million cuts, some with 6 foot saws through granite( which have cut marks shown here over 1 mm per revolution (a ton of pressure?)), with laser precision, transport them, lift into place perfectly or it would easily be off, design the rooms halls and passages so they can take thousands of tonnes on top, make it align north, center of all land mass, and cap it with gold. Easy.
there is no proof of slaves being used in the pyramids, this is a masterwork, not something that a slave could do just because they have physical strength (and not that much btw) actually, there is no proof AT ALL of the building of the pyramids being done by the egyptians, no records of it being done, no description of the construction, and we're talking about the egyptians, people who used their writting system to write a lot of things, and they wouldn't do a single refference to it anywhere? even the sphinx has one, about it's restoration, so, why the fucking pyramids don't have anything?
The pyramids are not made of granite. Just limestone. I ve been to egypt recently and while the pyramids are very impressive... The black granite tumbs are super impressive.. They are flush cut and super straight. The whals inside the pyramids are also impressive but you can actually see marks of chisel. To be honest, nothing in egypt really looks the same, different techniques, different stones... Different ages.
I disagree. I don’t recall seeing this saw in the archives. How about the larger blocks? How do you explain the the circular saw marks? To simplified. Is he using copper or bronze? More research needs to be done regardless. Not to mention .... did he use the real tools to do these examples?
nonsense... you can cut granite with wet sand abrasion but you can not cut it precisely enough to create sharp angles and perfectly fitting (down to millimeter) mirrored pieces (which is also visible on what they cut in the video).
For even more laughs, let's see them try to recreate the pristine, perfectly joined, smooth and multi-angular megalithic stones in Peru (ascribed to the Inca but clearly predating them and obviously distinct from their style of construction). View from the start for comparison, but what I'm talking about appears at 4:30: ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-h4crQMt8Cbs.html
OK. They used copper saws, water and sand to make these precision cuts, like the box/sarcophagus at 0:32 So, please tell me how they carved the inside of the box with just as much precision. Tell me how well that saw worked on the inside of the box. This is the question that nobody will answer. "Oh they used copper saws or string saws to carved/cut these boxes." But they never tell you what they used to carve the inside.
The majority of the interior of the Stone boxes were hollowed out by cross sectional tube drilling,we know this as there are still tube drill marks present. the interior would have been shaped using a variety of bronze alloy chisels and then rubbing stones along with different grades of Aggregate for polishing.
What we don't know is exactly what the tube drill was made of and the aggregate employed eg Quartz, Emery or even diamond. We also can't be sure how the shaft was powered, we know they didn't use combustion engines or any power tools which only leaves man power, weights, pulleys, ropes, water or animals
@@tomburton1037 Surely you have studied the sarcophagus in the kings chamber at Giza.Tool marks on the inside of the granite Sarcophagus in the King's Chamber indicate that when the granite was hollowed out, preliminary roughing cuts were made by drilling holes into the granite around the area which was to be removed. These drill holes were made with tube-drills, which left a central core that had to be knocked away after the hole had been cut. After all the holes had been drilled, and all the cores removed, the Sarcophagus was then handworked to its desired dimension. The machinists on this particular piece of granite once again let their tools get the better of them, and the resulting errors are still to be found on the inside of the coffer in the King's Chamber:
Didn't see that one but I was fortunate to see the boxes at the Serapeum of Saqqara. The ones you could actually look into were as smooth and precision as the outside.
Hilarious. So, start of video, they show us copper chisels don’t do anything. So we move to a saw. They make sure to tell us that a saw alone also won’t do anything and we need an abrasive like sand, which can cut granite. But we need to chip a groove first. But they already established the chisel doesn’t work, so how do they chip this groove? Well we don’t know because they completely skipped that, and they don’t even show the groove they’re pouring into. After three days they get about 2 inches worth of a cut. I’d like to see a stone cut all the way through. The Egyptians didn’t stop after a few inches. They say that the cut marks are just like the ones on the original artifact but I guess we’re supposed to take their word for it as they only show a quick shot from a distance. Extremely hard to see anything. Onto the tube drill. They show a perfectly round circle already cut into the granite so as to help get the cutting process started. But they don’t show how this was accomplished? Whatever, they get on to drilling based on hieroglyphs depicting this method was used for cutting…. Wood. Sure I guess. Ok now time to pop out the core. Wonder if they tried copper chisels before resorting to harder metal ones at the end. Because those certainly weren’t copper. In all these documentaries, the end up resorting to modern technology at some point. This was thousands of years ago. We should have no trouble replicating this stuff if we know how they did it. In all these documentaries, we struggle mightily to get results.
One have to think like they must have thought. They became masters not only of fire, wood and rock cutting, sculpting, polishing and transporting rocks and igneous masterpieces. Only a few of us still think they used only bronze chisels wood malets alone without diamond and steel tips. It is a fact they used iron clips or anchors to hold rocks together thus they have steel in smaller quantities. They also knew water masterfully, steel, diamonds etc and their properties. One good for this and not good for that empirically. The arcs left on some unfinished cut rocks tell us that they knew the wheel and from records huge wheels at that, indisputably small wheels too. They sure used diamonds ( hardest rock), sand and steel. They also knew how to drill holes in rocks and for sure made tools with harder metals in smaller quantities. Sure they used these on the tip of their cutting tools. They also knew gold and other metals and knew their qualities. Only some still think that because wood tools that rot, diamonds, gold and precious tools were (stolen for sure) not found that they were not used. They made things with precise measurements because they were great observers of nature and space.
You know the new kingdom was iron age right? Egypt lasted from stone age through the iron age. Also flint and other stones can be used to chisel stone. Like cuts like.
In order to complete the work the great Pyramid in has 2.3 million blocks averaging 2.5 tons each. Over a 40 year. They would have to place 55000 Stones a year. From quarry, transport, Cutting, shaping, placing. The proposed idea that it's for a tomb becomes absurd and when you consider the man power. The numbers require a larger population than currently estimated for the time assuming everyone was working on it.
Assuming 10 thousand workers (which is several times fewer than there was, but let's be pessimistic), that's 5 stones a year for each worker. Astronomical!
@@petros_adamopoulos 5 stones a year using bronze chisels... good luck on that. You can't employ the stonecutting techniques the Scottish use with bronze chisels. You know what physically happens? You go through bronze chisels and the stones absorb the shock. Moh's Hardness scale would not be your friend. 4mm an hour (demonstrated in video) , average dimensions are 127 x 127 x 71cm (6 sides) that's 1625 hours to complete one stone without any polishing work or fitting, thats 162.5 10 hour work days. Thats 2.2 stones a year per worker if they can manage the feat of doing it by themselves. Additionally the mainstream claim is 23 years as Khufu reigned from 2551 to 2528 BCE. So the time has been cut in several ways. The technology as explained for cutting the stone is wrong.
@@samueldavila2156 people were never that stupid. If they regarded their pharao godly then surely he would have found a better way to do it. We simply "explain" everything with religious zealotry when we fail to have another logical explanation. Somehow people back then seem to only knew graves and temples and never built anything else or what ? Also for a grave the pyramid lacks decoration and wallpainting. Every other pharao grave has hieroglyphs all over and if it wasnt robbed alot of treasury as well. The great pyramid has none of both. Doesnt add up.
I see or hear no one who comments that people who have never done a particular kind of thing can learn ALL KINDS of tricks as they start doing something new. So, a guy who just starts to grind granite, in a few hours, will have several NEW tricks he can use that he didn't know about when he started. And the next day, he already has a headstart, using what it took him hours to learn the first day. Day after day of this, for a couple decades, and you wind up with pyramids that people thousands of years later look at and scratch their heads.
Please, explain how this method could be used to cut the interior of an andesite piece weighing over 100 tons to perfect angular accuracy. Something tells me you take things at face value without really thinking.
@@McShag420 Give me some time to think about that one. But while I'm at it, I got a simple math question for you to solve: On one hand you have the opinion of hundreds of professional scientists with decades and centuries of archaeological research at their backs and new exciting discoveries being made every year (including a 4,500 year old papyrus ledger written by someone who actually WORKED on the Great Pyramids) And on the other hand, you have the opinion of some old British guy who smokes a lot of weed. Which do you suppose is more credible? Fuck.
Oh, by the way, I've had some time to think about your query and I have an answer for you: Q: How could this method be used to cut the interior of an andesite piece weight over 100 tons to [near] perfect accuracy? A: Really, really slowly.
you know what I find entertaining! I have watched hundreds of videos on here about ancient Egyptians and their writings . on one hand theyl want me to believe what the ancient Egyptians wrote on the wall but on the other hand when the Egyptians talk about God's coming from heaven or pictures that look like spacecraft it's nonsense really there's so much history that we are being denied because of politics and religion
I think the main decider for me is the fact there's documentation of them using core drills on wood but no documentation on anything to do with cutting stone or building the pyramids surely this is a much greater achievement than drilling wood?
@@AustinKoleCarlisle no, but it implies that they could do that, and since we don't have evidence of other civilizations living in egypt at the time they are the best candidates
Thanks for the video. I cut and carve limestone blocks in my work making window sills, lintols and carvings etc but these cutting techniques take hours, days and weeks to carve and shape but the ancient Egyptains had the time and man power to do this work in the limestone quarries but the guestimated time of 20 years for the Great pyramids build time using the bronze chisels, saws and the bow/string methods would have taken a lot longer to have done the work. Now look at the Rose granite block work and those same mentioned bronze tools would have taken even longer to have got the accurate cuts that were achieved for the statues and perfectly squared off tomb blocks with the lids.
Peter Gambier stated: _"the guestimated time of 20 years for the Great pyramids build time using the bronze chisels, saws and the bow/string methods would have taken a lot longer to have done the work."_ You cannot possibly validate such a claim unless you knew all the exact techniques and the total number of men that were working on it.
zdcyclops1 I'm not sure why everyone always jumps to "aliens did it". Many people think humans built them, just with much more advanced technology. Meaning, we are not the smartest civilization to ever have existed.
And yet this advanced civilization vanished without a single trace of their life or tools? Only recently actual proofs of the theories for stone henge and easter islands have been successfully demonstrated, putting an end to their magical conspiracy theories. I hope with our lifetime the pyramids will be solved with proof.
@@SF-li9khAgain you are full of shit. Nothing at Stone Henge has been proven. Hughe sarsen stones that are 7/10 on Mohs scale were supposedly cut by a bronze age culture. Hardness of copper and bronze is 3/10 on the same scale. Same with Easter island blocks. You just don't know what the fuck you are talking about. I'd be embarrassed to be you.
@@G0rdonFr33man Do you not understand what abrasive sawing is? The copper is not doing the cutting. Quartz, corundum, emery or even diamond, these are all abrasives which are used in conjunction with bronze or copper saws or drills and have been used for thousands of years. The chinese favored bronze wire abrasive saws and emery for their jade work. Peace!
I laughed soo hard.. when he said.. we achived this in just a few days... just admit we have no clue how they did it...in stead of making a fool out of yourselves!
bigbluntt Hi: I begin my response by saying: "I am a human being. I cannot run a marathon therefore no human can run, or ever has ran a marathon." Obviously the above statement is false. One reason why it is false is because it overlooks "skill". Just like I'm not skilled in running a marathon, the people in the video are not skilled in cutting stones this way. Not even Roger Baker who is a stonemason cuts stones this way in his professional life. As a result, his muscles are not developed, nor his techniques refined to do the work this way. Also, if only three people worked on the cut, I might agree with you. Thousands of people worked on the pyramid and as one group of people got tired of cutting, simply replace them with a fresh group. Plus, granite stones in the pyramid represents less than 1.6 % of the amount of the stone blocks in Khufu's pyramid by mass. They're simply not that many to cut and they had a couple of years to do it. I have to agree the video is poorly documented, but I guess it's purpose was to demonstrate the basic technique. At the beginning of the video Dennis Stocks does mention cut rates of 4 millimeter per hour were obtainable, but he doesn't state how that was determined.
I'm not convinced yet. At the rate they were going, it would take years to cut some of those massive granite stones that weigh into the tons. Enjoyed the video thou.
They were cut to a small depth to the shape of a block and then wedges were tapped into the cut groove, water was poured over tge wedges to which they expanded and split the stone into its scribed cut shape. The wedges split the stone.
@@davidcorbett1713 20yrs just to buy the granite, then add to that the limestone, construction and planning - possible but would take generations (even though no good explanation is given how they placed all the bricks
They’re four guys trying something out as a test for a proof of concept. Take a family line of craftsman, give them a few generations to optimize their tools and techniques, and you’d have a much better output than what we see here using the same technique.
No way, in Egypt their are 8'x8'x12' foot granite blocks supports perfectly cut? No way in hell could anybody cut that stone with the tool's they had at that time! Nobody really knows ????
So that's maybe where all that copper mined during that era in and along Lake Superior that they can't account for more than a few hundred pounds went? The whole half a million tons of it was ground to dust sawing granite in Egypt.
The video left a lot to be desired. The question of wear on the copper saw was not considered or measured in the video. The before-sawing and after-sawing weight of the copper blade (without the weights and handles on the ends of the copper blade) should have been measured and reported. My guess is that a substantial amount of the copper blade was worn away as you suggest.
Interesting video I think your on the right track. Lapping techniques have been around far longer than is documented. Its a simple principal that you showed. A soft tool that can embed a harder cutting media. The really neat thing about it is that the process randomly wears the lap until all of the errors are removed and a perfect surface or cylinder has been formed. There is more to it than that but that is the high lights. Automatic generation of surfaces (takes 3 to do it with no reference) is the basis of all modern measuring and machine technology have been made. There is two kinds of accuracy geometric (Flattness, Squareness, Roundness) and what we think today of dimensional accuracy (Comparing a work piece to a standard measurement). There idea of a standard unit of measure and what we have today are very far apart. With the right tools and techniques matching parts is not as difficult as you might think So maybe they used a media different than sand. Maybe they used more water in the cutting process to clear out the excess. look up the book "Foundations of Mechanical Accuracy" the beginning covers allot of these topics and is a fascinating story of how we got from stone and black smiths to what we call precision tools today. Its all the same underlying principals that our ancestors had much much longer to master than what we have done in the past 150 years or so.
Most people commenting here about forgotten advanced technologies are the same people that 7,000 to 12,000 years ago would see these buildings and statues and fall to their knees assuming they were done by Gods. In the meanwhile, pharaohs, kings and rulers with their architects and engineers would be laughing, sipping booze and bedding their daughters. Most of these constructions spanned over generations. Thousands of workers were born and died working on them. Hundreds of machinery, tools and construction techniques could be created using only the materials from these ages. This video is a good and simple example of it. Just try and open your mind, multiply this 5 guys by thousands working day and night, take it to an industrial scale and maybe you'll get of your knees.
@@methylene5 yes if you rub it against a hard surface. but if you rub it against sand not much will happen since the sand will not strip the ductile copper off.
@@yosefyahu4778 What's so funny? Any craftsman is not going to master it on their 1st attempt. What it does show is a couple people can cut granite with a copper tool, sand and water and the markings match the cutmarking in the stones.
@@swirvinbirds1971 there is absolutely no way that the methods shown in the video can accomplish near perfect symmetry and right angles of 300+ ton blocks, statues and obelisks! ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-h6H13Mi6Kds.html - ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-6KUDu40BC5o.html - ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-YZFN29FdCM0.html
@@yosefyahu4778 why? Because you said so? 😆 What is the link for? You do realize we have Egyptian documents of the Construction of the Great Pyramid right? www.livescience.com/55439-ancient-logbook-on-great-pyramid-unveiled.html
There's not a snowball's chance in hell that's how they built the pyramids or anything else it would take decades to build a simple square room let alone an intricately cut pyramid or monuments
You COULD use transistor radios to make the internet, but it would be so huge that it would be the 7th wonder of the world.... lol see what I did there?
Let us not forget the concept of the learning curve. The success of the copper saw in this demonstration may have been limited but we should not see it as representative of what might be achieved by an experienced crew with a saw made by someone with experience of what works most effectively. Viewing any of the many RU-vid videos of crafts people will show you what experience and talent can achieve in terms of efficiency and speed. it would be interesting to see what would happen if the experiment were conducted over a longer period with time for the skills to be learned.
your missing that this are the older pyramids and the most recent ones are made of mud bricks and are mostly gone or basicly destroyed , by your statement the most recent ones should be even better then the older ones. 4mm in 1h it's roughly 80 cm in 8 days, if they took 8 days to cut a block, let's imagine they had 50000 workers and the great pyramid has more then 2 milion blocks then each guy would need to cut 40 blocks, they are pars so its 80 blocks, that would be 53 years of NONSTOP cutting just to cut the 2 milion blocks, u have to level them and place them. Complete non sense
@@whosthevictim367 The principle of the learning curve is that if the experimental archaeologists who have no experience of getting it right, can manage 4mm in one hour, experienced Egyptians would manage a lot faster as they would be higher up the learning curve. In terms of the second point you make; What dates do you attribute to the better made pyramids, and what dates do you attribute to the less well made pyramids?
@@simonthorneycroft1339 i dont atribute ages to them, mainstream midia does. you can not date rocks mate, there is no Hieroglyph's telling how or when or who build the pyramids, you would expect to find writen texts about the construction of the pyramids but there is none. they dated the pyramids from organic matter found around them, but i can drop an apple in front of your house and that does not mean that your house it's as old as the apple. They are aligned with the constelation, and the last time that constelation was in that spot was roughly 12000 years ago. You have to understand and grasp something, If you were alive in those times, how would you tell the future generations what year was when you built those things? jesus was not born yet so you dont have the 2023 counting years, so how would you tell the future generations the year that you build them? you had to use the stars, you had to align them with the stars because it's the only thing that will " record " the time, future generation can look up and understand when you built because constelations are a cosmic clock.
@@simonthorneycroft1339 and you are trying to dodge the question, if your learning curve opinion is correct, then why do the older pyramids are the greater ones and the most recent pyramids are the worst and weaker and not well done at all? shouldnt the most recent ones be the better? the greatest? if the learning curve was a fact then Why does the older pyramids are better? dont dodge the question
Yeah, the old documentary films about egypt are outdated. It turns out the pyramids were built before the great flood, there's why they are not documented anywhere. They also show signs of flood, even the sphinx base.
Some of the striations I've seen look like they were left by a circular saw. I wonder if a water powered saw with a spinning circular copper/bronze blade and sand abrasive would work. Something like that would be a lot more precise and faster than cutting by hand.
@Ian Duke I meant water powered as in using moving water to drive the machinery e.g. a water wheel driving the spinning blade. Not directly cutting with the water like a modern water-jet cutter. Of course there are other ways to spin saw blades, workers walking in a wheel, dropping weights, animals...
@Ian Duke Pure speculation on my part. Just trying to think of how they would have powered such a system. It's obvious they had some sort of method for powering the saw to relatively high speed just by the cut marks.
Assuming the egyptians built them which is in debate, they had irrigation pump designs so a Geared water wheel driving a circular saw with continual water and sand feed system isnt beyond the realms of possibility, plus it could be left running 24/7 to cut with minimal manpower, awesome accuracy and faster results
@@mowburnt Electricity aswell ?!? Using some kind of alchemical hydrogen pressure chambers. If there is any place i could imagine a bright white ship in the sky hovering above a pristine pyramids night sky it would have to be there- it almost seems meant.Or not.
The Great Pyramid is made of about 2 300 000 stone blocks. And it was built in around 20 years (according to historical sources). So the average time of cutting, polishing and transporting a single stone block = 20 years / 2300000 = 20 x 365 x 24 x 60 / 2300000 minutes = 4.57 minutes. And if I'm not mistaken, a guy from the video said that his method guarantees a cutting speed of 4mm / hour. So clearly the Ancients were using far more efficient stone cutting methods. Not to mention the precision they achieved.
many of the stones that were on the outside of the pyramid and have now fallen of are granite, and the ones inside the pyramids making the halls are granite. but even with limestone it could not be done using this method. not even in a 100 years.
"both methods work, and both methods produce the same edged line as seen in the old tombs" edged lines in the great pyramid? please show me mr. narrator. and just to leave a 8cm deep scratch over couple of days in a granite doesn't equal to cutting 70 ton granite blocks in *perfect* 3 dimensional accuracy. the results actually contradict the mainstream paradigm straightforward, since this nothing but confirms that they simply couldn't have achieved the egyptian or south american level of accuracy with copper or bronze tools. not even close.
While I "liked" this video because several people went to a lot of trouble to prove that copper and sand would indeed cut granite - it does NOT prove that it was how the ancient Egyptians did it. There's LOTS of granite work that required chisels - and it was experimentally proven that it couldn't be made from bronze or copper. The QUANTITY and MAGNITUDE of ancient Egyptian cut stone is staggering - they couldn't work several days to gain a blade's width through a block. Has anyone tested a sample of the soil from a stone workshop? Is there a spectrographic spike in the copper region to prove all that copper that was supposedly used? Or is the spike in the iron region? For some reason, iron artifacts are... dismissed. The precision cuts of ancient Egyptian stones show an absolute flatness that requires a metal frame for the gang saw - it wasn't always hand held, as in this demo. The quantity of work done and the scale shows that they took this basic principle and mechanized it somehow = possibly with water power and the same water gravity-fed over the cuts and sand fed into the cuts with hoppers. The problem with Academia is that they want to look down on people in the past. They think that people only evolved upwards in a single slow learning curve. Academia can't consider the possibility that the Ancients learned something that was lost - something that our scientists have yet to discover.
@@SF-li9kh Uhm.. diamond tipped chisels? No.. Diamond is hard, but very brittle. It can withstand lots and lots of pressure, and for grinding it is excellent. But for chisels intended for stone, it would be a waste.
Dude! They had TWO THOUSAND YEARS to build all of Ancient Egypt. Also... you can have more than one drill team (etc) working at the same time. Academia are very passionate about the people of the past. If you actually READ archeology you would know this.
"There's LOTS of granite work that required chisels - and it was experimentally proven that it couldn't be made from bronze or copper." No problem. A good, river-polished round stone is at least as hard as the material it is working on and is the right rounded shape to handle many impacts.
@@SF-li9kh One or two hits and the diamond is in pieces. Modern hard metal tools use silicon carbide or tungsten carbide powder cemented with a metal that is soft but tough and ductile like cobalt. The cobalt wears away, exposing only the hard grains of carbide to the impact. The small carbide crystals do not need to flex and bend, because they cobalt cementing it toghether can do this; you get amazing wear resistance. This is absolutely not necessary. Just some round, crack free river stones of a material at least as good as the stone you are working will slowly and steadily wear away at the rock.
@@o0zeroh0o Add in free food, free housing , and last, but not least, free beer, and they'll do it, if the alternative is starving to death in a sober state.
@@heisag that all adds a whole bunch of other problems you "fans of the official" theory are ignoring. You dont seem to care about the logistical problems of feeding those HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS of workers that all had to be supplied - according to official theorys - ALL WHILE BEING IN THE FUCKING DESERT YIKES. Oh and the 200km way of transportation as well doesnt seem to matter to people like you. Youre literally acting like your imagination is some sort of proof. "oh i think if its like this and this then they wouldve done it", sure dude. Btw the estimated population of ancient egypt is around 1 to 1.5 million. Some people already did the math. If the claims of the great pyramids (only that single one) being built in 20 years with those exact methods wants any chance to be taken seriously they had to at least have 300.000 Workers work at the pyramid at the same time. WIth an overall population of around somewhat of a million. Do you really believe they would occupy roughly 1/3 of their estimated population to build a FUCKING GRAVE FOR 20 FUCKING YEARS ? While supplying them all with food and beer ? Youre fucking delusional i say. Even if we pretend for your sake that the supplying of the workers wasnt a problem, i cant see a civilisation occupy 1/3 of their overall population basically 24/7 to build a fucking grave. You dont even believe it yourself if youre honest.
I did this as a 12 year old child.... And I didn't need anyone to tell me how to make it work.... I'm starting to think people are either just stupid or refuse to believe in common sense
04:25 "And we've achieved this in just a few days. ":D "This" meaning 1 inch or 3 cm. Meanwhile the academics claim 6.5 million stone blocks weighing 3-50 tons were quarried, transported, carved and put into the right position within 20 years LUUUULZ
Excellent proof of concept. With time and testing, the lubrication, abrasive type and grade, copper/bronze composition, saw shape, saw loading, etc. could all be perfected, and so vastly improving the performance. As with all technology, we see orders of magnitude improvement from initial concept to final industrial use.
alright now go do MILLIONS of perfectly cut stones. its literally imposible on a time scale. slaves eh? rotating continental shifts of just straight up cutting stones for their whole life? then stacking the stones in perfect order. it answers one aspect of a million problem question
yes i was there in march 2020 the assouan quarry is only Syenite type of weaker granite , the real assouan pink granite was not really discovered there is no way the so called Egyptian were able to do this kind of work
Yes! And also... In Saqqara there are underground tunnels carved into solid bedrock and there are huge black granite boxes. Their lid weights 30 tons and the box itself is 70 tons. There are not one or two of these boxes but many many more. One of the best smoking guns is that the one box is still in the middle of the tunnel, left there, unfinished. There we see that there are no wooden rollers under it, nor animals could not drag it inside the deep and narrow tunnels. How the hell did they even manage to take them down there let alone move it in a narrow pitch black tunnels that has sharp corners? 🤔
@@92Hilander agree Serapheum , original ground level was not levelled and is quite uneven , first boxes were carved in granodiorite rock , the unfinished maybe a door stopper less then 1 feet clearance, either the aliens used anti gravity lifting device or controlled force field
Everyone keeps saying this would take too long to build the pyramids. They're not demonstrating how the pyramids were built with granite. They're showing how to cut granite for a sarcophagus. The core of the pyramids are made from limestone which is way easier to cut. Granite was only used on the outside along with a rarer form of polished limestone. Also it's just one experiment so who's to say there aren't more techniques we don't know about (that don't include alien tech)
I think this does prove that abrasive cutting is the way they did it. Maybe not exactly as in this video. I imagine a complex wodden frame holding the saw perfectly level. It is not at all hard to believe because today, massive, MASSIVE granite rocks are cut easily and very smoothly using a diamond wire saw that uses abrasive sawing as its working principle.
Their whole demo falls flat against the FACTS. Archaeologists seem to be resistant or SCARED of FACTS. First of all they don't show you core marks on their tiny core. Its because their method makes horizontal marks, which are NOT on the real cores. Secondly the original cores show a fantastic feed rate that we can't match in our times. Thirdly, no copper TUBES have ever been found in Egypt. If you ever do art jewelry work, making tubing is a very difficult process. It took these guys DAYS to cut a really small length core. The original cores were cut in minutes. Fourthly, the amount of WEIGHT required using their method would grind the copper tube into dust, but more likely it would collapse as its been estimated to take a ten ton weight would have to have been used. This is PSEUDO SCIENCE they are using. Its the same kind of debunking Smithsonian used to "prove" the Mitchell Hedges crystal skull was made in modern time. Except they hired a Chinese quartz carver who used MODERN DIAMOND TOOLS, to create a completely fake crystal skull that had NONE of the documented features, such as the INTERNAL PRISM and perfect balance points on either side of the jaw. They also neglected to note that the ONLY "tool marks" on the skull were from a single tiny chip that Hewlett Packard PUT there to get a sample for analyses. Why are archaeologist so terrified of the TRUTH? That all over our planet there are examples of high technology in stone cutting and MOVING. We can't reproduce any of what exists in just about every continent on planet Earth. We KNOW that archaeologist who find examples of Humanity existing in time periods that aren't in their books, these guys are ostracized, fired, lose their livelihoods if they speak out, because they simply report factual evidence that their priesthood tells us can't exist. Prideful ignorance? Probably.
4mm/h means cutting 1m tall block in half in just 250 hours. 2m tall block in just 500 hours. Yes, more than 20 days of working 24/7 to do a single cut :)
well remember i wasnt just 1 ore 2 men building the pyramids,,, it was thousands. like when a few hundred years ago they made big wooden ships sawing the lumber with handsaws and axes..
@@samkom33 Yeah, but how many people can work on a single piece of stone at once? And I've only calculated the time for doing a single cut. What about quarrying, cutting a proper shape (the simplest blocks were cuboids with 6 sides), finishing, transportation, putting into place? Please note that the Egyptian kingdom lasted for about 3000 years and they build around 150 pyramids we know of (in total), so the avg time for building a single one is 3000 / 150 = 20 years. Assuming they were building nothing but pyramids (obviously not true, they build even more temples, shafts, monuments etc) and working 24/7/365/3000 with no pauses.
@@piotrkozka9151 well lets say they needed 1000 stones... 2 men probaly didnt make 1 stone and waiting for it to be finisd before starting on the second stone hehe... i bet there was 2000 people working on 1 stone each.. and lots of more people transporting the stones as they got finisd. if i remember correctly MOSES had at least 5000 slaves he led from egypt to israel. but its been decades since i opend a bible. hehe
@@samkom33 of course they were working on parallel. On multiple stones at the same time. Now please refer to the avg time they needed for a single pyramid and the ridiculous assumption I had to make.
@@piotrkozka9151 if i remember the bibel and the history books correctly,,, then an egupian pyramid got started as soon as a new farao was born ore came in to power.. the size of the pyramid depended on how powerful he was,,, AND HOW MANY SLAVES HE HAD. hehe here in norway, BIG VIKING KINGS got bigger burial monds with more gold in it than a lesser king
The pyramids took 20 years to build were told by historians but it takes a week to cut a single stone block! Somethings is not right. The maths doesn't work out. They would still be on the first layer of the pyramid!
When you take the number of workers into account, each one of the them would have worked on 5 stones per year on average. Including cutting and placement.
Ancient Egyptians did not even have saws this big just little hand held saws used for wood cutting as seen in Hieroglyphs not 1 Hieroglyph describes how they moved the rocks cut the rocks and putting the rocks up even 1 pharaoh explained in a piece of text the pyramids were already there when they arrived and the sphinx has water erosion proven to be 12,500 + years old hopefully people start learning the truth because hiding it is just pointless
Thanks for the proof granite can be cut with copper saws and tubes using sand! I wonder if they also didn't create some large flat granite grinding surfaces that newly cut blocks could be slid and spun around on to finish them and make them flat? With sand between the block and the 'floor' surface, these blocks could be ground to a fine flat surface, and different grades of sand could have been used to bring surfaces to a near polish. It would take a lot of effort to move these larger blocks around on a flat surface as well as understanding of how to do it so as to retain the 'floor's' perfect flatness by the pattern of movement, but I'll bet it could be done. That's your next experiment! Make blocks with perfect right angles and finished surfaces!.
well you could just do it with 2 blocks right? youve cut 2 blocks that both need smoothed, stack them on top of each other with sand between them and move the top one around to polish both of them at the same time. if you did it with the blocks that were going side by side into a wall im sure you could get those really tight fits too.
@@necaacen Makes a lot of sense. I've thought about that in the making of these stone walls with irregular shaped blocks that have delicate corners that fit perfectly. I think you could be correct and the people making these walls spent a lot of time and effort sliding, and even twisting, each subsequent block for a long time with sand, and with some serious mechanical effort, maybe using long wooden levers attatched to the "knobs", that's how it was done. I imagine people spending days and weeks pushing long wooden poles like oars back and forth to place each stone.
"A 5 ft by 5 ft block is 5 ft x 5 ft x 5 ft = 125 ft^3 = 3,731.5 m^3 Considering a rate of 0.4 cm of material extracted per hour, the time it would take to quarry the entire block would be: 3,731,500,000 cm / (0.4 cm/hour) ≈ 9,328,750 hours ≈ 1,122 years." This is a result I got from chatgpt and I also doubled the extraction rate from the original value. This is for a block of basalt stone which was used by the ancient Egyptian to make some wild stuff. I can't not believe they only used bronze tools and sand to make there 1000 ton statutes.
Why are you using volume in this calculation? You need to use cutting length. Your calculation might be somewhat accurate if you were trying to find out how long it would take to saw the entire 5x5x5 block into dust one layer at a time. Assuming the top is already exposed, so you don't have to cut out the top surface, cutting a 5ftx5ftx5ft cube would take five cuts of 5ft each. At a rate of 0.4 cm/hr (0.16 in/hr), that would take 78 days.
When you have an army of slaves finding people to push a saw back and forth 24/7 is pretty easy. Especially when its cut the stone or die. So get a few thousand slaves and have at er!
@@DayDrinkin Since they got about 4 inch in just a few days, and the stone is 50 inch thick. One cut would then take two persons only 2 weeks or so. Since you need a coupple of million stones for one pyramid thebcutting would then take 2 men only 75.000 years in round numbers. Man the saws.
@@Thestripper1 I was ready to call you out on the couple million bricks and then I googled it.. damn about 2.3 million of them used. I guess a far more efficient way had to have been used.
