How does this channel not have 1.5m subscribers??? This channel is an absolute WEALTH of knowledge, and has more production quality than even the high budget stuff!
As a CT Technologist, this was a very informative presentation and it did an excellent job of showing images of old scans and scanners that most techs never have the chance to see.
I'm due to have a CT scan soon, and this video shows the amazing progress of scanners over several decades. What a very modest man Mr Hounsfield was. A veritable genius.
As a medical physicist who has taught the physics of CT for many years I really want to complement Dr. Kiloze on a job well done in terms of accuracy, great animations and really cool video footage of Sir G. Hounsfield. One omission is the mentioning of Dr. Doug Cormack (originally from Cape Town, South Africa) who, independently from Hounsfield, was also instrumental in the development of the first CT scanner, and they both received the Nobel Peace prize for this work in 1979.
Dr. Daniels is spot on. Dr. Cormack did share the Nobel prize with Sir Hounsfield in '79. The omission was intentional for brevity but I thank Dr. Daniels for giving credit where credit is due...
Any similar video on ultrasound and the first machines ? I can't find info anywhere ! I would like to see an early schematic or block diagram and how they did it without computer processing.
Great video. I'm a Radiologic Technologist (X-ray Tech) currently taking Computed Tomography program and this helps me understand the Machine and the pioneers that made this possible to see the internal organs and Bones in 3D images. Transverse ,Sagittal ,Coronal and oblique views. Thank for posting this great video.
Due to a medical condition which I have, and also because of childhood neurosurgery that I had MANY years ago, I have relied on CT scanners to track the progress of my child hood surgery. Because of the advances in technology, I am confident of it's reliability each time.
Fabulous video and history Doc! I’ve just had s CT scan today and was full of wonderment at the technology. Your presentation was awesome & thanks to the amazing people behind the development 🤗
Wow, i watched this entire video, and the entire one of the history of X-rays, and it helped so much with my class assignments. Thank you very much Dr Klioze.
As an inventor / Artist, i totally understand how filtered-back-projection works.. its all about overlapping speed. i recently discovered this technique while inventing my own 3D scanners.
The best part of this incredible journey is Dr. Godfrey's words. "People who had scans came and thanked me". So heartntouching. Glad he was awarded to. But so so many years after this I'm sad to say that developing countries still don't prescribe CTs and MRIs enough.. Cost being a factor. But even though one can afford it, a doctor rarely prescribes it. Dye based methods are still widely used in India. It's sad. The greed of the manufacturers have not helped the poor
Thank u DR for best Knowledge you share with us thank u again.... I had repaired lots of siemens Ct scan but i have not seen such old machine thank u heartly once again....
This is really a wonderful video . It is fascinating to see the old photographs and equipment. Alas it blows my mind how the great researcher Houndsfield came up with the concept - what a leap ! Lets scan his brain . Finally The Beatles connection puts this video in my A+ category !!!!
I am currently studying for my CT registry exam and decided to take a break and see if youtube could share some more info, I'm glad I found your video. It's nice to hear a lecture instead of the boring reading, seeing the generations broken down, and background info on Hounsfield is great. You've also cleared up some fogginess I had on back projections, and translate rotate. Thank you, I will be back to watch more after my exam-
Great video with super graphics. If memory serves me correctly there was a 4th generation, which was also a helical scanner, with a continuously rotating X-Ray tube but a stationary 360 degree detector. Very complex and expensive - was replaced by the 5th generation within a short time period. Another observation is that data for each slice is typically acquired through a 360 degree rotation (3rd - 5th generation).
Thank you very much Dr. Kiloze for your time and your interesting and insightful video. I spotted a little issue which may cause confusion to your audience. From 1:15 to 1:20 the analog film scan shows the bone appearing dark and air white which is in agreement with the fact that X-rays are attenuated (absorbed) more by bones. However, further on you said that bone absorbs a lot of the X-rays and thus it is gonna show up white (image 2:23 to 2:30 bone white/ air black). I know that it is the norm in radiography to invert X-ray images whereby the background (air) becomes black. Anyhow, well done and thanks for this great video.
I loved it, thanks very much for this video, it helps me a lot. I just had some doubts about the generations number due to i found in an article, they were 7 generations, I guess now they were refering to the technological advances of ct
Hi Monica. I don't want the video to mislead you. The first through 3rd generations are as stated. There was actually a 4th generation that came out when I was just finishing medical school that basically functioned identical to the 3rd generation except there was a complete ring of stationary detectors around the gantry that reportedly eliminated some motion artifact associated with the moving detectors in the previous generations. In practice, the improvement was negligible and the 4th generation quickly went away with the introduction of what we would call the 5th generation or helical scanners. From there, we went from 4, to 16, 32, 64, 128, etc slices on the helical units which allow true volumetric imaging of fast moving structures like the heart. Never heard these multi-slice helical scanners referred to as a separate generation but I guess it's possible. Hope this helps!
I wish someone would post more videos about the old fashioned systems, like the philips polytome. I cant find ANY information anywhere online on how those things worked.
Very well done. Best book on this topic is "Naked to the Bone". (I highly recommend the book.) Hard to believe doctors would X-ray pregnant women for up to 8 hours to make sure there baby was healthy.
Excellent point! Basically an enormous x-ray tube that encompassed the entire inferior back half of the system. Electrons were produced at the cathode and guided with an electromagnetic field to a series of anode targets on the lower half of the stationary gantry. The detectors ran across the upper half of the gantry and would detect the x-rays generated from the bombarding electron beam. With no moving parts, the system was capable of ultrafast scanning and was marketed as a cardiac CT mainly for calcium scoring. Revolutionary in the late 90's when most institutions had 3rd and 4th generation scanners, they didn't gain widespread acceptance due to the high cost of the equipment, relative large size of the machine and limited advantage over a standard 3rd generation scanner elsewhere in the body (basically a dedicated, expensive coronary artery calcium score scanner). With the advent of the mutlislice helical scanners, temporal resolution was comparable to EBCT and only a few EBCT scanner were ever installed. Thanks.
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This video is really informative and i liked it especially different generation scanners. kindly tell me from where i can get its literature and i need it.....
please help me ,I have a research project about ct scan and my Supervisor want from me to bring a copy of the internal CD of the device and i could not find it so plz tell me where can i find it or give me a link.
Would I be able to screenshot your reconstruction of Hounsfields first prototype for my university history of medicine essay as it is much clearer than his own photo in the 1970’s?
Hi there, i would like to know more about the radiation to the patients, and potentially causing cancer to some patients who are expose too much to many CT Scanners, PETs, ?
Hey Jack. I have the same concern as you! As a practicing radiologist over the last 20 years, I have seen what I believe is an over utilization of advanced imaging in the Unite States, especially CT. I think the issue is multi-factorial including pressures in the ER for rapid patient through-put and the increasing utilization of physician extenders that may be less inclined to trust their physical exam and history to narrow down a differential diagnosis of the patients issues. It's much easier to just scan the patient top to bottom and search for any contributing pathology. There is also a litigious component with healthcare providers fearing legal ramifications if they miss pathology that could potentially be discovered later on when the scan is ordered by another doctor/institution. Unfortunately, this paradigm, in my opinion, is resulting in tremendous over exposure to the cancer inducing ionizing radiation utilized in CT scanning. The cancer inducing effects of ionizing radiation are what we call stochastic which means we have no known threshold dose for inducing cancer in a particular individual. In the general population, however, we know the probability of inducing a cancer from radiation exposure goes up proportional to the dose exposure and the severity of the disease is independent of the dose (when you get a cancer, it can be very aggressive or relatively slow growing). Unfortunately, we may not know the outcomes of what I consider irresponsible imaging for many years - possibly decades. My advice to you as an individual, if your doctor want you you to get a scan, have them give you a good reason why. In many clinical situations, the scan is necessary and can be life-saving. If he/she is just trying to "cover all bases", I would respectfully decline or ask if the information could be obtained from a different diagnostic test such as Ultrasound or MRI, neither of which use ionizing radiation.
I have never heard of the insufflogram technique - May someone shine any light on when they used it and eventually the full name so I can look it up further?
Hi Dr. Klioze. Before 5 days i have done chest scan in the new generation of CT scaner. It's my first CT scan, i am 46 years old. Does i am exposure of any risk or damage of my health from CT scan ?
Genius no. 1 ct is alright. More than 5-6 might cause issues if in 1 year only but if spread out it is alright and if u have 10+ in 1 year then it will do damage. Hope I help!
Dude, there is nothing wrong with FORTRAN. It is still used all around for high performance computing, even on your cell phone or desktop. In fact it is usually faster than other languages when doing such computations, due to simplicity of the language and compilers using that simplicity to optimize the code better than other languages and compilers. One of the primary reason is a concept called pointer aliasing, which FORTRAN does forbid in many cases, and that is a serious performance boost.
I apologize. You're right! FORTRAN was the second programming language I learned back in 1983. Still great for intensive computational problems but I think somewhat limited for bit operations that may be required to coordinate the machine movements and actual data acquisition. Is there a FORTRAN emulator in C++? I learned C in the early 1990's to do some programming for a digital atlas I was working on in residency but never really grasped C++. I'll talk to our applications team and see if they know what language they use to program our modern CT and MRI machines. I'll let you know...
@@DoctorKlioze Fortran doesn't require an emulator. It is execute as a machine code just like c, or c++. I bet they current software uses a mix of C, C++, Python and FORTRAN, and possibly Java for UI. Btw. Great videos. I enjoyed learning many things for your videos.
The thumbnail shows a lordotic projection and the chest xray shows a normally positioned chest xray but in positive rather than negative. Radiographers know very little about the technology they use. For instance, 75% of radiographers don't know what happens to the projection if the tube angle is changed. They think everything changes, but in reality, only collimation. Here is the error ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-mZPD_gLs5Dw.htmlsi=22dNe-agXosfbrT0
impressive you have to realize xrays and all our modern society is only 100 years old.. thinnk about it back in the old west they didnt have cars cellphones... we right now are in the begining of modern society.. another 100 years omg well be in space flying anti grav cars.. another 100 visiting planets.. boy i wish i could be born 500 years from now or more...
Great video... except that there is no Queen of England and there hasn't been for a good many years. Her Majesty, Elizabeth the Second is the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain:)
