Dr. Klioze, I'm a licensed X-ray and MRI tech, but I've been in the veterinary field for about 15 years. All my trainees that pass through radiology (which is basically all nurses who get hired here) have the pleasure of watching your video. Very informative and entertaining as well, thank you for taking the time doing this!
Well, I'll be darned! After almost 72 years, I finally know what that motor sound is when I received X-Rays (having never had the courage to ask the X-Ray Tech). Watched the whole video and loved the history and the theory. Oh, and BTW. I remember the thrill of the foot X-Ray machine at Florsheim in the 50's and OKC. But now I wonder about its latent effects. Thanks for a great lesson!
We call it "rotating", which is done by pressing the exposure button only half the way, we do it often when we need to be quick to take the picture, since it takes some time (about half a second) to get it rotating, and the exposure can't start until the anode is spinning at full speed
Awesome!!! Thank You so much for this video. As a second year X-Ray student I have watched this video more than once. I was stationed in Giebelstadt, Germany from 1999 - 2002 which is about 15km south of Wurzburg where Dr. Roentgen's lab is located. I wish I would have known that I would eventually become an X-Ray student. I would have stopped at the University in Wurzburg and taken the tour in person. I drove by the University countless times on the way to the hospital where my daughter was born and throughout my tour in Germany. Just knowing I was so close to the birth of my new profession will suffice for now. Thank You Dr. Klioze for this fine presentation!!!
Dr. Klioze, how thoroughly I enjoyed this video. Thank you. What amazes me is how quickly his discovery spread around the world. It wasn't till the 80s the cause of peptic ulcers was a bacterium, not stress. The medical community tried to disregard the doctor who discovered this. Today I believe knowledge of something even more simple and basic is readily available but it's disregarded by both the medical community and the lay public. I won't say what it is, but it will be interesting to see how it plays out in the future. Again, thank you for this.
I remember the x-ray machines in shoe stores back around 1950. They were really fascinating for a kid. During the early days of x-ray development there were terrible cases of overexposure. I heard that Thomas Edison refused to have an x-ray of himself because he knew a man who had been badly injured by overexposure.
I read in Röentgen's Biography that he first noticed in a closed drawer fotographic paper or plate that had been exposed. He wondered why, and finally discovered that it was the X-ray that were responsible for it.
I'm very grateful for this video, as someone that doesn't usually understand these kinds of things it explained tremendously well how everything worked in fine detail. Thank you so much for this Chris England, UK
That radiograph of the foot is more interesting than let on. That is the "shadowgraph" Nikola Tesla sent to Wilhelm Roentgen shortly after he went public with the xray discovery in 1896. Tesla had been pursuing and experimenting with xrays at the same time, but had developed it far enough to impress even Roentgen.
BTW. A first Nobel Prize in Physic was received by Wilhelm Röntgen in 1901, for his research on X-rays. Also, Röntgen also studing and finished his PhD at ETH Zurich, Switzerland. He also met his wife here. I live just 30 seconds from a street named after him, Röntgenstrasse, close to Limmatplatz, Zurich, and a Röntgenplatz (converted from X intersection in 1984, which was due to a local population opposition to make it a high traffic road, and the opposition was named X-ray square festival :D) , which I visit daily because it is so close to my favorite coffee shop and grocery shop. Unfortunately I don't know if he lived in some apartment / house close by, but it is a possibility. But not entire, as I think the region was mostly industrial in nature at the time, and had some railroad there.
Nice video. The book, "Naked to the Bone" goes into a lot more detail. Hard to believe we once X-Rayed pregnant women to see the pelvic bones. The exposure time was typically 8 hours. No mention of The Beatles? They had so much money they funded the development CAT scanners.
A standard chest xray is 0.1mSv of radiation, panoramic dental xrays are 0.025mSv, about 4 times less. A single shot of the chest is equivalent to 10 days of background radiation, panoramic dental xrays are equal to about 3 days of background radiation.
You could have added the double side coated x-ray film and the luminescent back plate placed below the film that glows for some time after the exposure is stopped. This greatly reduced the exposure time to safe values. Great video. Regards.
Thank you for posting these videos! I have watched this video and the CT video and found them most enlightening. I currently live in Germany and what is interested is that Mr. Röntgen has a verb also in his honor "ge-röntg-t" means to have an X-Ray done.
To combat the XRay output of a CRT, at least with color CRT's, was to have the faceplate of the tube be made of thick lead glass. and in general the entire tube was made of lead glass if i recall. Early black and white tubes where less shielded and most definitely emitted X-Rays. Not fully sure if the relatively thin faced oscilloscope tubes also produce significant amount of xrays, ill have to check that. In general, in terms of shielding X-Rays up to the 125KV range, (about double the voltage used in large color CRT's) a roughly 1cm thick lead glass pain is enough to reduce the exposure down to basically harmless levels. Though this also depends on the beam current, and amount of lead in the glass. The leaded glass i am talking about has a yellow green tint to it, which is a rather bad thing for color CRT's, so lower levels of lead are used. I can write more about this if anyone is interested
Wonderful job. As a retired radiologist I thought you did a great job. I would love to see more videos of the fantastic devices over the course of years. The best example that comes to mind are the complex motion tomography units in the 70s and 80s, such as the Phillips Polytome and CGR tomography units. They were the epitome of mechanical engineering marvels.
In regards to television CRT tubes, for the most part you're correct, but you neglect to account for the fact that Cathode Ray Tubes were made of leaded glass (Which is why CRT's are so heavy); This practically eliminates radiation exposure, not much higher than background radiation levels.
FANTASTIC! As you so expertly expounded, everyone wanted to fool around with Xray machines when they first came out -- including the daughters of Tsar Nicholas II, who fancied themselves as nurses and got their daddy to buy a machine and install it in their palace.
Great video. As I understood in English speaking countries they called it X Ray's where X stands for unknown. Mr Rontgen was a dutchman born in Apeldoorn. Now in the hospital where I was treated they just call them photons.
Great documentary (although I would have liked if it explained how the images are created [what's going on when the x-rays impact the blank target image made of I don't know what]), thanks for making them.
With classic film-screen technology, the x-ray hits a screen coated with a fluorescent material. The x-ray is absorbed and the fluorescent chemical emits a small light with an intensity proportional to the energy of the original x-ray. This visible light then exposes a standard sheet of film which is subsequently developed into the x-ray image. Computed Radiography or CR uses the same fluorescent screen but the light is captured on a solid state matrix which stores the image in digital form which can then be read by the computer. Great question!
So that image at 11:01 is actually the very first radiograph not the other one in the beginning of the video. Also that radiograph is of Roentgen's wife Bertha.
the radiograph of Bertha's hand is not shown in this video. It can be seen in this video: ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-PTGmmipTjkc.html
+Zephlex I do 99% of 3D video animations. Those were done with an old program called Ray Dream Studio's. Fantastic consumer level animation package but, unfortunately, is no longer available. I'm not sure what's the best and easiest to use now but I've been dabbling in 3D-Studio Max. Excellent platform. Very versatile and produces fantastic 3D images. Because of all the available features, a little tough to master, however.
+Doctor Klioze Thanks, i'm playing around with 3Ds max right now :). I've actually got another question, you mentioned that x-rays at the time took a long time to generate due to the inefficiency of the crook's tube. How does that tie in with Professor Rontgen being able to see the bones of his hand in the lab? Did he hold up his hand for 20 minutes?
+Zephlex In the lab, Roentgen simply saw the glowing phosphorescent plate near the Crookes tube and when he placed his hand between the tube and the plate, he thought he could see the bones of his hands. However, the image was very blurry with poor spatial and contrast resolution. That's why he wasn't actually sure what he was witnessing. Over the next 8 weeks, he worked out the details of his new ray and developed a technique for recording the phenomenon on a sheet of film for presentation purposes. With the inefficient Crookes tube and lack of a good phosphorescent screen (now standard on any film-screen cassette), the process required many minutes of exposure to produce an image with sufficient anatomic detail.
Today we look back at how dangerously X-rays were used 50 years ago and are shocked and appalled how carelessly humans were exposed. People alive 50 years from now will look back on 2021 and will do the same. It's hard to believe X-rays are used for non-emergency uses today.
Very interesting, however, of its about rays coming from electricity, where does the harm come from ? I know the Radio was a new element discovered by Marie Curie, is there a connecting?
But wait a minute - don't modern X-ray machines instead now use a radioactive source (as in, literal lump of radioactive material) - & the machine then operates a shutter, to control exposure time? Which is why X-ray machines have strict protocols around decommissioning & disposal.
Good question but no. The electrons on the heated element are not in a strong magnetic field so they don't accelerate through the bulb with enough force to produce x-rays (unlike the old TV tubes that did produce some low level x-rays)
The accelerated electrons must hit a metal target (anode) to make onto this an energetic jump of internal (more energy) electrons orbit level forward another (external)orbit and when return to previous orbit release this high energy (secondary emission) kind radiation with short waves (high frequency).
Hello Doctor Luis Sorry for disturbing you for small business 4 x ray tube is given with different kind of antikatod (Mo,CU,Co,Cr) rank this 4 tube by the work performance based ont he thermal conductivity? Best Regards.
Youcef - I was an electrical engineer before going to medical school but, unfortunately, I don't know enough about materials engineering & science to answer your question confidently! From what I recall during my training, most of our current x-ray tubes for standard body and CT imaging have Tungsten anodes because of their durability under the harsh environment of a hot cathode ray tube and the fact that the characteristic x-rays emitted are in the perfect range for body imaging. On the other hand, breast imaging or mammography uses an x-ray tube with a Molybdenum anode to produce the softer, less energetic x-rays necessary for this type of diagnostic work. Good luck!
One thing that you skipped is that taking an X-ray is done in two stages. Stage one, the rotating anode builds up speed while the (positive) element heats up. The anode is not negatively charged during this stage. No xrays are being created at this point. During stage two, the anode receives its negative charge in a timed manner. For a chest xray, it took around of 1/100th of a second. Positive ions slam onto the very briefly negatively charged anode, and boom, the magic happens. I spent a lot of time explaining to radiation paranoid people that the only time any xrays actually happened in the room were when my finger was pushing the stage two button and that the exposure was controlled by electronics. By the time you hear the beep, the exposure is long since finished.
You're correct that, in a modern tube, x-ray production is staged as you described. However you're incorrect regarding tube polarity. At the moment of x-ray production, the rotating anode is positively charged and the heated cathode element is negatively charged.
at 10:46 is that Thomson on the right ? I read he was not there in 1895 so it could not be him (and long white beards where not uncommon back then) He supposed to had his hand Xrayed (by Rontgen ? ) in 1896. If it is lord Kelvin then this picture is from 1896. I'm interested in Xray for electronics trouble shooting not in medical stuff but I do like your video.
I assume you are referring to Sir JJ Thomson, credited with the discovery of the electron. Great question but I doubt it's him. This scene took place in Wurzburg Germany in 1895 and, while professor Thomson was alive during that time, being an Englishman, almost certainly was not in attendance at Roentgens initial presentation.
No, not JJ but William Thomson, aka Lord Kelvin ( degrees Kelvin is named after him). I have read his biography because he also did a lot for my field of interest, electronic measurements. He invented f.i. the electrometer, but he did a lot more. From math to thermodynamics, telegraph over sea, etc. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin Kelvin was indeed not there at Roentgens initial presentation. If I remember well, he was invited but did not believe Rontgen. He had contact after the presentation with rontgen who sended him information. A year later they met and Thomson had his hand Xrayed by rontgen. Thomson had contact with most of the great minds in that area and traveled "often" to the mainland.
Most people leave out the contributions in this area and the very, very important photoelectric effect of Philip Lenard. Lenard has become an unperson because of his horrendous behavior in wholly and enthusiastically embracing the Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party, the Nazis. It was Lenard's development of a very high voltage Crooke's tube that helped Roentgen. In fact, Roentgen borrowed Lenard's tube for his experiments. Even more important was Lenard's amazing and very detailed photoelectric experiments, which provided such precise data that Einstein used to show that light behaved as wave packets of electromagnetic radiation, later to be called, photons. I mention this because I found it amazing that no Physics book would say who did the photoelectric experiment that gave Einstein his insight into the workings of light. It took me a long time to find out.
@@DoctorKlioze No problem. After learning about Lenard, I happened upon the "Kathy Loves Physics and History" RU-vid Channel. In that channel, Kathy recounts stuff " You never learned in school". Her videos are really good in going step by step (and I really mean step by step) on the history of electricity and technological developments. I find them very informative and entertaining, just like your video. ru-vid.comfeatured
Someone correct me if I’m wrong because I stopped at 152... please don’t tell me this guy glossed over the fact that the first x-ray machines were used two treat women’s skin to improve beauty and ended up having horrifying consequences. Not to mention the fact the exposure to radiation was off the charts from these early machines.
X-rays cannot be redirected or focused. When any x-ray tube emits radiation the radiation propagates in every direction. The angle of the anode is there to control the size of the effective focal spot not direct the rays. Otherwise an excellent video.
I have a pile of X-rays more than 4 inches thick and hold the unfortunate honour of having my hospital file labelled 'Do not X-ray' as after more than 30 major operations I've exceeded my safe lifetime dose of X-rays.
I injured both of my ankles yesterday. Had you seen the accident, you'd sure as hell x-ray my ankles (and we had it on video, so I was able to show the doctor), but the dumb guy who did the x-ray questioned why I would X-ray both of my ankles when I was able to walk and that it’s so dangerous and that it wasn’t necessary at all. The look on his face when he saw the X-ray pictures of my ankles tho…
Isn't mAs, just mC (milli Columb)? A product of current and time, to tell how many charges were transfered between electrods. Ampere by definition (originally) is Columb per second.
It's been a while since my electrical engineering days but I think coulomb is simply the magnitude of the charge and ampere is the amount of flowing charge. So if the time is fixed (as it would be in this situation), I would say you are correct with regards to the flow through the heated cathode. They would be equivalent. Anybody else?
Fortunately, the strength of x-rays and gamma rays drop off proportionally to the square of the distance from the source. So, as long as you didn't have your face right on the screen, you were probably OK.
TVs emitted very little xray when working properly. Iirc color tv used leaded glass faces. They did emit some xrays off axis but their 30kv soft ish xrays could clime to higher energies as components degraded and voltage climbed. Not even close to the shoe machines or continuous emission imaging machines.
Always interesting to see these presentations of the early discoveries and just how crude their ‘tools’ were. I am not being picky in my comments but would like to correct a point. Just a note from a medical scientist who in his much younger days, recreated many experiments based on those early ‘electrical’ devices and vacuum tubes, etc. I actually obtained a used X-Ray anode like that shown in the diagram, that angle is 45 degrees, which means that the electron beam is reflected at 90 degrees, straight down, not at the angle shown in this presentation. The angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence, a fixed law of physics.
They do not. X-rays and gamma rays are both uncharged ionizing radiation and therefor are not deflected in a magnetic or electric field. Alpha and Beta particles/radiation are charged and will deflect in an electromagnetic field
No they don't. Unlike alpha and beta particles, X-rays and gamma rays do not carry a charge and, therefore, will not deflect in an electromagnetic field.
As a history, don't you think it is necessary to tell us why Roentgen just happened to have barium platinocyanide paper on hand and why it was developed and who developed it. Anything with platinum had to be expensive.
