How Anthrax Changed Infectious Disease

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In this video, Patrick Kelly guides you through the microbiology of anthrax disease before telling the story of Robert Koch, whose research on anthrax helped establish the germ theory of disease, a cornerstone of microbiology. Learn how early discoveries paved the way for modern antibiotics and revolutionized our approach to infectious diseases. Whether you're a microbiology enthusiast or just curious about medical history, this video offers a comprehensive overview of anthrax from its origins to contemporary treatment methods.
☠️NONE OF THE INFORMATION IN THIS VIDEO SHOULD BE USED AS MEDICAL ADVICE OR OPINION. IT IS FOR GENERAL EDUCATION AND ENTERTAINMENT☠️
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An annotated version of the script can be found here: / 104362006
CDC History of Anthrax www.cdc.gov/anthrax/basics/an...
Human Anthrax: Update of the Diagnosis and Treatment (2023)
www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/6/1056
Biostats Anthrax articles www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NB...
Baylor Anthrax article www.bcm.edu/departments/molec...
CDC Anthrax routes www.cdc.gov/anthrax/basics/ty...
Ins and Outs of Anthrax Toxin (2016) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Anthrax: A Disease and a Weapon (2005) citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/documen...
Fournier 1769 book www.google.com/books/edition/...
Koch’s Original 1876 paper archive.org/details/beitrgezu...
Koch’s 1877 paper with first anthrax images
archive.org/details/beitrgezu...
Pouilly le Fort Experiment (FR 1881 / ENG 2002) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Robert Koch and the ‘golden age’ of bacteriology (2009) www.ijidonline.com/article/S1...
The first live attenuated vaccines (2020) www.nature.com/articles/d4285...
Anthrax vaccines at the PI (2024) www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/16/2/66
Anthrax and the wool trade (1902) www.researchgate.net/publicat...
John Henry Bell (2002) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Brachman Vaccine Paper (1962) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Combinations of Monoclonal Antibodies to Anthrax Toxin (2013) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Raxibacumab approval from FDA www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsa...
Obiltoxaximab (2016) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27085...
Anthim (obiltoxiaximab) anthim.com/what-is-anthim.html
Antibodies against Anthrax Toxins (2022) www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/3/172
💻 C O N T A C T 💻
I am not taking sponsorship offers at this time: patkellyteaches [at] gmail.com
⌛T I M E S T A M P S ⌛
0:00 intro
0:57 Microbiology of Anthrax Disease
4:27 Early History of Anthrax
6:28 Nicolas Fournier
8:15 Davaine and Rayer find bacillus anthracis
10:10 Robert Koch's work on anthrax
18:37 Modern treatments for anthrax
14:56 Louis Pasteur, Pouilley-le-Fort, and the anthrax vaccine
#historyofmedicine #medicalhistory

Опубликовано:

25 июн 2024

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Комментарии : 182

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

Check out part 2 about anthrax's role as a bioweapon on Patreon: www.patreon.com/posts/104341246/

@nothanks9503 Месяц назад

Anthrax is one of few infectious diseases that my first reaction to is “that’s not fair” like Ebola it infects your immune cells not fair

@redwoodii6226 4 дня назад

I seriously doubt you’d get demonetized. If you’d just be honest, saying “Hey guys, I need to make some money so I’m putting half my content behind a paywall”, it’d be a bit more palatable than the whole “they’re gonna de-monetize me” bit. It’s a shame too, because you made an otherwise excellent presentation. I’d never seen your channel before, and I was impressed up until that point.

@jinxedpenguin Месяц назад

oh man, my favorite youtuber just dropped a video on anthrax. my mom was a nurse at a rural health department a few years after this happened and she had an obsession with anthrax (as well as ebola, go figure) so this just reminds me of my childhood lmao

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

Your mom shares her focus with the protagonist of this video! Koch might not have done his work on anthrax if it weren’t for his rural setting

@ConnorNolan Месяц назад

I was eight years old in 2001 and my mom was a postal worker. I was so afraid of her getting an anthrax envelope, but she helped me research it and figure out how she could avoid getting sick. You make amazing work that helps us all understand the world a bit better. Thank you!

@Julius-lw4dp Месяц назад

showing how you annotate the papers helps a lot in retaining the information. smart thing to do and effective.

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

I'm glad you appreciate it! I mostly do it so that people know where the information comes from and can follow up if they're curious

@Relesy Месяц назад

Underrated channel. You’re an incredible teacher!

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

I appreciate that! Plenty more videos coming this summer

@seanaugagnon6383 Месяц назад

My mom is a principal. We live in Napa valley. Back when anthrax was going on she got an envelope addressed to her as school with a bunch of white powder in it. It was supposed to look like anthrax but wasn't. Still wasn't funny to learn my mom was possibly infected with the deadly disease and then only learning you know a few minutes later well wait no it's just a joke.

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

In the Patreon video, I looked into the anthrax pranks, but never realized how many there were. Over the course of like 3 months, the CDC had literally thousands of false alarms from the pranks

@Cloudsurfer69 Месяц назад

holy smokes!! i live in bradford england. wasnt expecting to hear my literal street name in this lol. shout out manchester road! been nasty for 100s of years haha thats gotta be a record :')

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

Ayyyy small world! Shoutout to the wool mills of Bradford

@Cloudsurfer69 Месяц назад

@@PatKellyTeaches i know right?? gotta love it :) never thought id hear you say that but ill take it on behalf of Bradford haha! thanks for the great video, you have a wonderful way of communicating things i have no business understanding lol. Lots of love!!

@quintecence 28 дней назад

Oh snap, not too far from where my mum lives 😂

@drbinxy9433 28 дней назад

When I read this I thought you meant “street name” like a rapper name

@ATeamBrown Месяц назад

I have never been one to be interested in diseases/biology, but I love these videos! Keep up the great work sir.

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

Thank you!

@cthellis Месяц назад

“…needs spore cowbell…” ಠ_ಠ

@stevengill1736 Месяц назад

thraxadelic baby!

@Bhatakti_Hawas Месяц назад

Can you make a video on MUSCLE RELAXANTS ? Starting from Curare to the modern day. Its very fascinating

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

Oooh, I haven’t done muscle relaxers specifically, but I did mention them in my recent video about antihistamines. TLDR, the invention of Benadryl was kickstarted by a search for a better antispasmodic

@Bhatakti_Hawas Месяц назад

@@PatKellyTeaches Antispasmodics and Muscle Relaxants are entirely different Antispasmodics are mainly used for pain relief. Muscle Relaxants are used for surgeries & emergency procedures

@bevinboulder5039 Месяц назад

I just discovered your channel within the last week and have been bingeing ever since. This is the single best informative channel I have ever seen. I've learned so much about the history of medicine! Thank you! Thank you for all your work. Subscribed and joined Patreon. Your work is well worth supporting.

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

Such kind words, thank you so much for commenting. And of course, thank you for supporting on Patreon 🎉🎉

@bevinboulder5039 Месяц назад

@@PatKellyTeachesYou're very welcome!

@nikevisor54 Месяц назад

Will be imagining the metal band instead of the disease whenever possible in the scripting

@m.streicher8286 Месяц назад

I never found it weird enough to look into, I've always felt like anthrax is held in a different sort of regard, compared to other infectious threats.

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

Totally. I think the early 2000’s terror threat definitely elevated everyone’s anthrax anxieties

@m.streicher8286 Месяц назад

@@PatKellyTeachesI think whatever got chosen for the attacks would've gained infamy, but after watching, I know why anthrax was chosen.

@hedgehog3180 Месяц назад

It's also just one of those diseases that sounds terrifying even though you know you're at no risk of catching it.

@hcblue Месяц назад

Only just found your channel. Thanks for the dive into a fascinating topic! (And kudos to pronouncing all those long drug names lol.)

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

And thank YOU for the Super Thanks! Neither of those monoclonal antibody pronunciations were first try, I’ll tell ya that!

@arghleblarghle Месяц назад

15:05 I'm a disease biologist, and was absentmindedly listening (not watching) when you mentioned Avian cholera and attenuation of the cholera bacteria. I immediately came to comment about the etiology of avian cholera (Pasteurella) vs human cholera (Vibrio), and was SO pleased to see that you beat me to the punch! I appreciate how well-researched this video is, and the order in which you presented the information is pretty much exactly beat-for-beat what I would have done myself. What a treat!

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

Thank you for such a nice comment! Admittedly, when I was younger, I assumed that the same pathogen caused cholera in both chickens and humans.

@littlegrabbiZZ9PZA Месяц назад

The envelopes were always funny, every single one we got at our unit back in the day had a perfectly white powder in it. Sure, send "anthrax" letters to a CBRNe unit. Fun fact: Powderized Anthrax spores aren't white, they're more beige. Pure white is not anthrax. As for what it was: Mostly flour or baking soda, and one knucklehead sent us powdered sugar, which of course arrived quite damp.

@Wellokayig Месяц назад

AHHHH I cannot believe you did one on Anthrax! You have become my new favorite medical YTer (I binged watched your videos within 2 days) and I love this discussion. TYYYY!

@djkb125 Месяц назад

As someone with just a passive interest in this kind of stuff I almost clicked off when I heard you outline what this video would cover. I decided to keep watching and I’m really glad I did! You presented this in a way that was super interesting for someone that doesn’t have a reason to know this stuff. Lol. I really enjoyed learning about what it must have been like for those 18th and 19th century scientists. That must have been such an exciting time.

@whatwhat9519 Месяц назад

A guy I know who I guess do to joining the military back in the day had to get the anthrax vaccine He said it still kicked his ass

@hedgehog3180 Месяц назад

In this case it was actually his immune system making him sick (though really that's always the case), though that's a good thing it means his immune system reacted strongly to the percieved threat. How everyone's immune system reacts to different potential threats varies enormously since our immune systems are one of the things that vary the most between people, like I didn't feel anything from the Covid-19 mRNA vaccine but my sibling and dad got quite sick.

@Cloudsurfer69 Месяц назад

Come back to watch this again and I must say: you genuinely are one of the best teachers on RU-vid. people like Hank and John green have always held the title as best but you really do come close if not exceed them both! Thanks for sharing with us:)

@CELLPERSPECTIVE 19 дней назад

The annotation of your references is such a nice touch!

@Beardqt Месяц назад

the cowbell is what we call an "apex instrument"

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

Up there with the kazoo and vuvuzela

@stevengill1736 Месяц назад

That release of anthrax in the USSR when that biological warfare plant leaked was so gnarly....imagine going from "oh, there's a few bacilli in that blood sample" to "OK, five thousand gallon culture tank number three is ready to harvest!"...and then that fateful day when a small fire in the drying plant spread and then breached the walls...

@m.streicher8286 Месяц назад

Why would John Joseph try chemicals before heat? Was chemical attenuation just more popular in France?

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

Good question. Both Pasteur and Touissant were French, and both were some of the first to intentionally attenuate a germ for a vaccine, so I don't know if we can answer the popularity question

@hedgehog3180 Месяц назад

Might just be about previous experience, Joseph might have had more experience with chemistry so that's what came to his mind first while Pasteur is obviously famous for his working using heat.

@elnombre91 Месяц назад

Great stuff, as always!

@masterimbecile Месяц назад

3:11 In Chinese we call it 炭疽 (tan4 jü1), which literally means “coal gangrene”.

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

That’s so interesting. I love when the etymologies share so much in common

@tanyadrochner2105 28 дней назад

Yes! So happy to see another video from you. One of my favorite channels on RU-vid by far. I always enjoy your deep dives, explanations, and graphics. :)

@LoyalFriend62 Месяц назад

I do not have the expertise necessary to declare the veracity of what is presented here. That said, I am impressed with the focused and 'no frills' presentation. Thank you, sir. I subscribed.

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

I appreciate that! I take the veracity very seriously and include all my sources in the description of the video. There's also an annotated script linked on Patreon (not behind a paywall) where you can find a line-by-line fact checked copy of the script.

@gamereditor59ner22 Месяц назад

Interesting....🤔 Thank you for the information and keep it up!

@theturkeychild Месяц назад

I love the new bump in production value with all the paper effects!

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

Glad you liked them! Truth be told, they’re easier than animations, so I may use them in the future

@joeshmoe8345 Месяц назад

Great stuff Big Dog, thanks for sharing

@jukes_tv Месяц назад

Love your videos dude. Keep it up!

@mmmmmmmmaria Месяц назад

your talent for teaching and production level are insane. the fact that i can’t pay for any international purchases and therefore am unable to subscribe to your patreon physically pains me and you’re the only creator i can say that about. can’t wait for new videos.

@CinnaChee Месяц назад

It's such a treat when you upload. One of my favorite informational channels out there. I thoroughly appreciate the research you put in and the depth you explore! Btw, coming from a pharmacist, we hate pronouncing some of those mabs as well :P

@ruthcole909 2 дня назад

A beautiful video. Thanks so much!

@yura2424 Месяц назад

Very interesting!

@billthorton6388 Месяц назад

Ok..... I'm making a German Anthrax cover band......... SPLEEN FIRE!

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

MILZBRAND!

@billthorton6388 Месяц назад

@@PatKellyTeaches I think that will be our own band brand beer! Lol

@zachhh-zf1rb Месяц назад

great video!

@paraboo8994 Месяц назад

Koch's life is what got me into reading biographies. I was reading up about the history of vaccines and the snippets of his life discussed in there, were so interesting, I picked up a biography of Koch. He was such an interesting man!

@stylisticus Месяц назад

Scientific principles are so much easier to understand when explained in a historical/developmental context. Much extra work for the teacher. Your description of the subject matter is clear and understandable. I wonder if your students realize how lucky they are.

@masser1a77 Месяц назад

The moment I’ve seen the pole on the first antrax vaccine my day was made. Most underrated RU-vidr I know

@markieannexplores Месяц назад

Didn't know a single thing about this topic. Thanks bro.

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

My pleasure. The stories are so fascinating and I'm stoked people like them

@gxxthicflower Месяц назад

i have a really weird intense obsession with anthrax (likely a product of morbid fascination) so seeing this in my recommended absolutely made my night

@ethandudeman8359 Месяц назад

0:32 that 1800s lady be like: dafuq is this shit??

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

Exactly. It’s a famous old illustration called « Monster Soup », in reference to a filthy River Thames in London

@petehall1900 Месяц назад

Thank for history and story about experimenting

@TheArcherette Месяц назад

It’s amazing how far we’ve come!

@StephenMortimer Месяц назад

Thanks!

@sharelessonresources Месяц назад

Always interesting

@ugurdinc4696 Месяц назад

3rd time watching it 🙈 still not bored thanks Patrick

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

Thank you!

@bronte826 Месяц назад

We recently discovered your channel. It is very interesting. Actually fascinating. Curious what your background is.

@seraphemcamille 12 дней назад

my moms side of the family were all postal workers at the dc location that was affected, i only found out when i was prescribed a medication they use for anthrax lol

@MinhVu-zq2sm Месяц назад

Great video as always 🙌 However, unrelated, where did you get that blue camp collar shirt? 😬

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

Thank you! Just about all the clothes I own, including that shirt, are from @jcrew these days

@hedgehog3180 Месяц назад

Miltbrandt is more like “Spleen burn” than “Spleen fire”, like if you have a burning throat. It sounds less like a deadly infection and more like an annoying cough.

@IM2awsme Месяц назад

Cool, now do a video on crisper and gain of function, back in 2012 it was hailed as the future of vacation, from cancer targeting diseases to mass production of rare materials/proteins, but I don't see very many videos talking about it as often, 2019-2021 most videos where immediately flagged and buried when they start sighting certain sources.

@elizabethpemberton8445 Месяц назад

Because I was a kid in the 70’s and we got the rise of UHF TV, when I hear “anthrax” I think of the 1947 Ronald Reagan movie “Stallion Road,” which is mostly about anthrax. They knew what audiences wanted back then!

@alanaschreier9115 Месяц назад

I recently discovered your channel. Excellent ! How about a video about monoclonal antibodies. I was a biochem post-doc during the seventies when the first monoclonal antibodies were developed . There was a lot of hype about their medical treatment possibilities then. However, it took decades to develop. Why ? Now, I see monoclonal antibody treatments everywhere.

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

I've gotten a few requests for MCAs lately! They're on the list

@ellemarr7234 7 дней назад

Obsessed with everything you upload. I guess I’ll be tucking into bed with a little anthrax lesson. Cheers 🥂 😂

@therealdavelloyd Месяц назад

A NEW VIDEO!!! F+$k YES! I'm about to sit in a corner at work and risk getting fired for the next 26:26 to get this in my brain. Lol

@DW_25 Месяц назад

Your videos have been better than my med school professors at teaching me about the history of medicine and epidemiology lol

@nexaentertainment2764 Месяц назад

Holy shit the level of spite writing he died due to his negligent employer... what a fucking king. Did for workers rights what all of us think we're gonna do to stick it to them in the shower lol

@Tinil0 Месяц назад

That reminds me, as someone who unfortunately has multiple autoimmune diseases, do you ever plan to make a video on monoclonal antibodies? It feels like they "came out of nowhere" (To a layman obviously) within the last few decades and have absolutely EXPLODED as a method for treating all sorts of stuff. Everything is a -mab these days!

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

I do! My next series is about blockbuster drugs like Lipitor, Prozac, and Ozempic, and I'll go into the history of MCAs during the rituximab story

@Tinil0 Месяц назад

@@PatKellyTeaches Since I am starting Risankizumab whenever the infusion center gets back to me, I appreciate it! Can't wait.

@aguysaid5457 Месяц назад

Is this the kind of video that if yoy watch more than once you never get to see the light of day again?

@StephenMortimer Месяц назад

GREAT HIGH SCHOOL COURSE

@jonathanthomas2613 14 дней назад

Is the fatality of the gastrointestinal infection over half or 750%?

@haileybalmer9722 Месяц назад

Oh man. I was just reading that Hernan Cortez died of Dropsy. Lots of people did back then. I guess, at the time, they really thought Dropsy was its own illness, rather that pulmonary edema with complex causes. Did he die of anthrax infection? We just can't know that right now. It sort of makes you wonder what we're mistaking as one disease that's actually a symptom with complex causes.

@actuallyapathy Месяц назад

when is Nebula gonna add patrick kelly?!! genuinely surprised he isn't with them yet!

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

A couple folks have commented this recently! I like Nebula and am friends with a bunch of their creators. If you’re a Nebula subscriber and want to see me over there, send them feedback and let’s make it happen!

@actuallyapathy Месяц назад

@@PatKellyTeaches I reached out to them and they let me know that they typically expand via recommendations from creators already on the platform. If you have any youtuber friends who are on Nebula it may be worth reaching out to them and letting them know you are interested in joining!

@actuallyapathy Месяц назад

@@PatKellyTeaches i reached out to Nebula and they said they add creators based on recommendations from the creators already on nebula, so if you have any friends or people you know on there you could reach out to them and let them know you're interested!

@actuallyapathy Месяц назад

@@PatKellyTeaches I contacted the folks at Nebula and they said they expand their creator base through recommendations by creators already on Nebula! So if you have any people you know who are on Nebula or in a similar sphere (i.e. Chubbyemu) it might be worth letting them know you are interested!

@actuallyapathy Месяц назад

I contacted the folks at Nebula and they said they expand their creator base through recommendations by creators already on Nebula! So if you have any people you know who are on Nebula or in a similar sphere (i.e. Chubbyemu) it might be worth letting them know you are interested!

@CaptainBarb-jz4us Месяц назад

I cant afford patron im being helped from homelessness by a friend to get back on my feet. Will the 2nd video be uploaded to RU-vid?

@mr.mistoffelees7188 Месяц назад

Come to Nebula :)

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

I get this comment every now and then and always appreciate it. I’ve got mad respect for the Nebula creators and admire what they’ve created. If you’re a subscriber and you’d like to see my videos over there, send them an email!

@nightowl_ap Месяц назад

"They eliminated the workers who already contracted the disease." 22:52 This is some The Walking Dead // Resident evil stuff right there...

@stanthebamafan Месяц назад

I got at least 3 doses of the anthrax vaccine when I was in the military

@johnobrien6415 17 дней назад

How come there is nothing about early speed metal or rapcore in this video?

@quintecence 28 дней назад

Oh shizz, Bradford gets a shout out in an anthrax video.. it's where I'm from lol

@iPsychlops Месяц назад

Can you put your second video on Nebula? I think you'd do well there.

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

I admire the folks over at Nebula! If you're a subscriber and want to see my stuff over there, email them and let them know!

@iPsychlops Месяц назад

@@PatKellyTeaches done!

@LVCKN- Месяц назад

Kinda surprised that the animals didn't die when injected with a foreign blood, regardless of containing the bacteria or not Is there an explanation for that??

@nikitabehera5639 9 дней назад

Stem cells please

@mgclark46 Месяц назад

First thing I wonder when I hear “anthrax” is how naughty Zoot and Dingo actually were.

@josephbaker9932 Месяц назад

I thought using the envelope as a literary device to outline the subject matter and generate interest was very good.

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

Thank you! I wanted to try something new that wasn't my routine computer animations.

@33elkyeet91 26 дней назад

Man I love my Milzbrand

@Sugar3Glider Месяц назад

There was a band?!

@andy_c Месяц назад

YESSSSS

@hailholyghost Месяц назад

9:05 did he know about sheep blood types?

@BenJamin-rt7ui Месяц назад

Spores? Didn't know that was a thing.

@red.aries1444 27 дней назад

To translate the German word "Milzbrand" as "spleen fire" is somekind of misleading. A better literal translation would be "spleen inflammation". There is also the German "Gasbrand" - which is gas gangrene in English, a serious inflammation of soft tissue, the word is composed with the same logical concept. As the spleen is heavily engaged in the immune defence of the body it maybe turned nearly black "burned" in an autopsie of an animal or person who died of Anthrax.

@Stevie-J Месяц назад

Trivia tidbit - The powder form of Anthrax was produced by the company best known for creating viagra. Armament treaties with Russia resulted in Russian scientists inspecting two of their facilities in 1994: the Vigo Chemical Plant in Indiana where bioweapons were manufactured, and their main research center in Groton Connecticut

@countertenor1girl Месяц назад

We need more vaccine effectiveness spectacles

@oddsman01 Месяц назад

Oh, ok, anthrax, not Anthrax. I was thinking they’re probably not the first 80’s metal band to change infectious disease.

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

Joey Belladonna did so, so much for society, but discover a pathogen was not one of them

@kay0tica Месяц назад

Id love to see a collab between you and Joe Scott. I think you guys would have great synergy. Also, rock paper scissors to figure out who's the Walmart version of who.

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

Joe is a great creator. I'd be thrilled to make something with him.

@all3ykat79 Месяц назад

Crocodiles are immune. When the water levels get low in Africa the spores infect hippos and the crocs have a feast on the hippos and the anthrax no problem.

@JDSeaside Месяц назад

The band?

@PatKellyTeaches Месяц назад

Mhmm, big time American metal band

@fantasywiz54 Месяц назад

Does your anthrax as a bioweapon talk about the US dropping anthrax coated chicken feathers and sea shells during the Korean War? That gets forgotten by a lot of people. The US has done many things like that all over the world.