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How Computer-Generated Animations Were Made, Circa 1964 - AT&T Archives 

AT&T Tech Channel
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NOTE: The film is silent, but still great.
This film explains how the computer scientists and mathematicians at Bell Labs created early computer graphics films, like most (though not all) of these films, made by Bell Labs employees E.E. Zajac, A. Michael Noll, Ken Knowlton, Frank Sinden, and many others.
This film, A Computer Technique For the Production of Animated Movies, from 1964, gives the basics on the process, from Ken Knowlton's BEFLIX programming language for a raster-scan (bitmap) output, to the hardware details (IBM 7094 mainframe, Stromberg-Carlson 4020 microfilm printer).
Footage Courtesy of AT&T Archives and History Center, Warren, NJ

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26 авг 2024

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Комментарии : 42   
@OPTIONALWATCH
@OPTIONALWATCH 10 лет назад
10:51 the first "like this" It beat facebook by 40 years.
@Erzahler
@Erzahler 3 года назад
Can you imagine having to program over a hundred thousand punch cards just to make a short movie like this? Then storing the program, the assembler, the VERY basic (by today's standards) operating system AND the compiler on multiple magnetic-core memory boards? I can! I learned both BASIC and ForTran on a Burroughs 6800 mainframe which used punch card readers and teletype machines to input the code line by line. It could take a couple of hours to input the code for a program which *might* run for ten minutes!! 😆
@RyanSchweitzer77
@RyanSchweitzer77 12 лет назад
I'm wondering how they were able to make bit-mapped/rasterized graphics in this film (and many other of Bell Labs' CG films of the 1960s), considering the output device used to write it to motion picture film (the SC4020) used a vector-scanned & "character stencil mask"-based "Charactron" CRT. My guess would be that the character stencil mask in the tube (used to shape the electron beam of the Charactron to display a character on-screen) had a "square" character to act as a pixel of sorts, no?
@leocomerford
@leocomerford 6 лет назад
Apparently they defocused the Charactron image en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BEFLIX&oldid=797023373 ; and by choosing different characters they could achieve different greyscale levels.
@RyanSchweitzer77
@RyanSchweitzer77 3 года назад
@@leocomerford Ah, I see, a bit of a Charactron "hack" then, interesting. Thanks for the info.
@leocomerford
@leocomerford 6 лет назад
Notice that there's no framebuffer! Probably a bitmap image of a whole frame would not have fit comfortably into the computer's memory; and there's no urgent need for one when you are writing to the film progressively using multiple exposures, anyway. Effectively the system is using the film as the framebuffer.
@play_history
@play_history 2 года назад
Bell basically invented bitmapped graphics. Prior to this, it was all vector or point-plotting. This was all memory-driven.
@boonorton7146
@boonorton7146 10 лет назад
Seems VERY primitive to our eyes, but we have what we have now because of this.
@waxedtaters
@waxedtaters 9 лет назад
imagine how long this film took with making and then feeding punch cards....
@neehgurg2111
@neehgurg2111 7 лет назад
11:50 the first anti aliasing ever
@Hwyadylaw
@Hwyadylaw 6 лет назад
That's not anti-aliasing, as the original graphics don't have aliasing.
@MadameSomnambule
@MadameSomnambule 6 лет назад
It's actually more like the smoothening algorithms used in some Super Nintendo emulators.
@typograf62
@typograf62 9 лет назад
It may seem primitive now, but the basic ideas are similar to later techniques. This lead to Jurassic Park!
@jmalmsten
@jmalmsten 10 лет назад
What I find strange is that it says that they shot these films on microfilm cameras... wouldn't it be easier at that time to get regular single-frame-advance 16mm or 35mm-film cameras? Or was it because they already had those microfilm-recorders laying around?
@SkyCharger001
@SkyCharger001 10 лет назад
I think it was a control issue with the exposure-time that precluded the use of regular SFA cameras. They required the entire frame to be available in a single go, which, if the picture-tube-animation is anything to go by, was not the case with this system.
@quantrad
@quantrad 2 года назад
RIP Mr. Knowlton. And thank you.
@jimmea6317
@jimmea6317 2 года назад
ahead of its time!
@elijahvincent985
@elijahvincent985 3 года назад
Huh. So the standard font for Closed captioning DOES predate 1976. Even with basic visuals, the techniques applied here remain unrivaled and extremely relevant! Sick effect at 4:56!
@MrWolfTickets
@MrWolfTickets 11 лет назад
Would there not be considerable Flicker if that were the case? Great question!
@artemiusz69
@artemiusz69 3 года назад
I wonder what we will be able to achieve 50 years from this film
@georgevalentin9230
@georgevalentin9230 2 года назад
This is one of the first CGI ever made.
@saskiavanhoutert3190
@saskiavanhoutert3190 6 лет назад
Disney movies are great in that order, good explanation of AT & T Tech Channel, Thanks.
@WatchingDude
@WatchingDude 6 лет назад
EPILEPSY WARNING! The end of the movie contains flashing screens.
@ornitorrinc999
@ornitorrinc999 10 лет назад
amazza!
@454brianbat
@454brianbat 8 лет назад
Cool
@RinksRides
@RinksRides 5 лет назад
so this WAS the very first "VCR", .. well to be more accurate, a Video Reel to Reel Recorder.
@AncientChess
@AncientChess 10 лет назад
My dad made this. Just sayin'
@DarthChrisB
@DarthChrisB 8 лет назад
+AncientChess No, my dad made this!
@AncientChess
@AncientChess 8 лет назад
+DarthChrisB No really, my dad is Ken Knowlton, early computer graphics pioneer. I'm Rick, his son, chess variants guy. Who's your dad really?
@CSGraves
@CSGraves 7 лет назад
Interesting... some time ago I'd refer to some of your videos occasionally to brush up on the rules of games like makruk and sittuyin... I was just checking out videos about John Whitney's analogue computer work prior and ended up here.
@AncientChess
@AncientChess 7 лет назад
Great! So now you know the whole family story. Find what dad's been doing lately at knowltonmosaics.com :)
@procactus9109
@procactus9109 7 лет назад
Was he deaf or mute ?
@MisakaMikotoDesu
@MisakaMikotoDesu 8 лет назад
10:55 Like and subscribe
@neehgurg2111
@neehgurg2111 7 лет назад
Misaka Mikoto you can't even put the right minute you fucking idiot
@MisakaMikotoDesu
@MisakaMikotoDesu 7 лет назад
Zephir il ventilatore chiassoso shut the fuck up anti-Semite
@neehgurg2111
@neehgurg2111 7 лет назад
Misaka Mikoto what
@MisakaMikotoDesu
@MisakaMikotoDesu 7 лет назад
You're a fucking antisemite you piece of shit. You berated me because I'm Jewish.
@neehgurg2111
@neehgurg2111 7 лет назад
Misaka Mikoto uhm ok now get your head checked
@richardthefox3412
@richardthefox3412 5 лет назад
It kinda looks like it was done on a Commodore Amiga
@Erzahler
@Erzahler 3 года назад
This predates the Amiga by about 20 years or so. The company itself, Commodore International, didn't enter the computer market until 1977, when it introduced its "PET" computer (I had one), and a chess computer a year later called "Chessmate." The PET & PET 2001 computers paved the company's way to introduce the VIC-20 in 1981 and the Commodore 64 (had one of those, too!) in 1982. The Amiga didn't come along until 1985, which I think was about the same time the Commodore 128 came out (I didn't have either of the latter two, but I had a friend who had both the Amiga AND the 128). The main feature of the 128 was its higher memory capacity and an optional 5-¼", 360-kB floppy disk drive (128 kB were a LOT of memory in 1985!), but in actuality, the 64 had more computing power, even though the 128 contained *2* CPU's -- the MOS Technologies MOS-6510, and a Zilog Z-80 running at 2 MHz (half speed). The user could switch back and forth between processors. The Amiga ran on a Motorola 68000 CPU and out-performed both the 64 and 128 (and even the IBM PC with its Intel 8088 CPU!). The PET was a good, entry-level computer; it was good for learning to program simple games in BASIC. In my personal opinion, the Commodore 64 was one of the best home computers of its day, short of the IBM PC and the Radio Shack TRS-80 (also had one of those).
@richardthefox3412
@richardthefox3412 3 года назад
To be fair, I wasn’t exactly knocking it down for that. In fact, it’s downright impressive that it was animation on par with a computer released over 20 years later.
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