I’ve almost never commented on a video but your channel is so small that I’m sure this will get heard. This was an absolutely brilliant video. High quality animations, fantastic explanations and highly intriguing. Keep it up.
I read the wikipedia page and tried a couple other videos in order understand how these things work. Yours was clearer than any of the others. There's an idea that if you can't explain something clearly, then your understanding of it is incomplete. You obviously have a great understanding of these things.
I love the fact that we don't know what we don't know yet. Even though these are in use, we cannot simulate them accurately. What other next generation propulsion methods are there that we are missing because the models say it shouldn't work or a least not work in the way that we predict. I honestly believe that the next major discovery in propulsion may be made in a more accidental manner than intentional because of this.
Almost everything we know so far was probably discovered by accident. A neaderthal chipping of a stone to make a new axe created some sparks which ignited the dry grass around him, and there was fire. Another guy, maybe a homo sapiens this time, tried to make a bonefire and he burned it so intensely that some of the rocks around the fire melted and oozed a liquid which then became solid and had a brownish appearance and was looking cool and could cut a lot, and hence came forward the bronze age. And the beat goes on to this day. Keep your eyes and mind open. Observe, compare and you may be the one finding something new!
Yeah, absolutely agreed! There is so much exciting potential awaiting because as you say, current models say certain things should not work when they just do. I feel the whole field of science would leap frog forward when we start focusing more at how the relationships between things effect them, instead of trying to explain things in isolation.
@@johndonson1603 no. Like the way LED diodes were discovered, a thing we now see in our lives. What is to be discovered in CERN still waits there in the shadows. Because for now, discovering new particles is mostly useless, and a way for some professors and science teams to show a kind of work, cause their "discoveries" are at first glance, useless. But thanks to their curiosity and need for acknowledgement, a good thing may come up. It seems more like a fishing game, something may be caught, or nothing may come out of it at all.
My inner space geek just drooled all over itself. This is absolutely amazing tech and you explained it very clearly. Now, my inner maker nerd wants to make one. Thanks.
Excellent video makes the Hall Thruster easy to understand. I have been reading about this technology for years and the visual explanations have been lacking. I am even more impressed with the Hall Thruster's now
It's always a Good day when you hear a Great Explanation Directly from someone on the field. Also love the fact that the Channel Logo is a Hall Thruster.
Didn't the USSR do it in the 70s? The Soviets were big on this tech, while the West focused on grid-based approaches. (Of course, I have no doubts that the Indian thruster is miles better than anything produced by the USSR.)
Your a nerd hero of mine. I once disassociated on "how many holes are in a straw" and it ended with "what's this asymptotic sensation on these bound wave states" and then anger cause the paper with the answer was $50. You seem like the kinda guy to enjoy nerd frustrations. Nice.
Figuring out those models will advance thruster design, but keep in mind that all previous engine designs were developed before we had working models of the science behind them.
Very informative video as I'm getting heads up for my final year project around hall thrusters, not sure if it's a good idea but the video really helped
Wow I feel like I finally understand on a deep level how ion engines work now thanks to this awesome video! Since you deal with plasmas what are your thoughts on electric sails and plasma magnetic sails can they actually work in space as predicted? They're extremely promising since you wouldn't need an onboard propellant for thrust
I have many questions. Wouldn't the electron eventually reach the anode even without colliding with anything? I remember their trajectories being spiral in shape when both an electric and a magnetic field are applied. Are photons produced by ionization considered as energy carriers towards the anode? Does electron capture produce photons energetic enough to ionize another atom that is closer to the anode thus producing a current?
This is a year old, so I don't know what improvements have already been found (RU-vid feed recommendation) but! What about pulsing pwm & electrostatic rail gun circuit approaches combined with a simplistic light wave interference model. I know they managed to use light pulsed in a given sequence top reduce quantum noise and randomness. Since electrons already carry momentum it then means we would be able to create a pulse frequency that improves, with the correct electromagnetic field reduction of flux strength and it's placement in the thruster (multiple coils, I'm sure it's already done but I'm the center and another in casing combined with smaller coils placed nearly end to end on top of those coils, outer diameter & inner diameter) worth electrostatic insulation, that can be switched on based on current and field collapse, that allows for electrons to be made to more likely hit certain gases fired in tightly controlled jets by the light and electrostatic forces. As the electromagnetic would help create a Lorentz force effect to them. The electrons then get controlled by which attractive or repulsive forces in a given area they are around, light enters such that photonic pressure occurs while having the electrons move towards the forces of the gases being charged or the given flux lines moved with pulsing various smaller coils to help the gases land in higher concentrations areas. It should them become a resonance acoustic thrusting pump using these fields effects and light pushing and pumping. Basically a inward bound pressure wave of electrons hits a gas pocket that then expands, it's then creates a gas pressure wave that bounces off a electrostatic wave that got moved towards the next electrons wave. My other channel has some programming upgrade ideas in it, but it would take even more writing, might check out the CPU combo playlist for that
PhD candidate describes the velocity of the electrons in the Hall current queuing up to propel some neutral atoms as traveling at or greater than mach 1303.323 (non-repeating, of course)... Also doesn't model the time dilation this causes. ' Claims that the current at the anode is greater than expected, and the model is unsimulatable because some mysterious physics don't work right. This effect doesn't happen to an obvious degree in wires, for example, because individual electrons in materials flow relatively slowly (but super-fast as a "1 in / 1 out" net potential system, a very common misconception in electronics). The electrons do, however, move relativistically around their atomic nuclei, as per usual, making magnetism a form of Frame Drag, most recognizable between opposite poles (spins). If these electrons are revolving around the magnet pole at around 1/600th the speed of light, and we're measuring electrical current (which is a factor of time), then the measurements will be inherently off from the perspective of the observer, as will all near-luminal machinery. Credit me in your thesis.
Thanks for your awesome explanation. Couldn't help myself but to generate sounds "pop-pop-pop" in my head when I saw full thruster animation. I know you probably tried that, but I must ask. Have you tried training predictive AI model for such purposes? I know AI works fine for chemical and bio engineering tasks. It might work for your case as well.
Esse motor poderia incluir mais uma etapa de aceleracao. Assim que o plasma e formado deveria ira para um outro campo magnetico e assim ser acelerado como são os eletrons, isso faria o plasma atingir milhares de milhas em velocidade em vez de apenas dezenas de milhas, devido a aumento de velocidade o empuxo seria maior assim como o combustivel teria uma autonomia maior
Na mesma linha de pensamento um acelerador de massa (Railgun, hyperloop) na lua poderia ejetar objetos a velocidades incríveis se acelerasse esses objetos em um circuito circular e só depois ejeta-los em direção a algum planeta do sistema solar. Vc consegue imaginar o qto isso seria benefíco para homem dominar o sistema solar? O qto isso poderia ajudar a entendemos melhor a física?
I would think Andy's multiphysics would be Abe to model this. Perhaps with a bit of Matlab code on the molecular side. Sounds interesting and worthwhile in any case. I'll look for your papers.
Thanks for breaking it down for us. I'm gonna be doing an internship about these thrusters this summer... could you please let me know what simulation techniques you use to simulate these anomalous electron transport.
You make the same mistake, beginner rocket engine designers. The actual thrust is not in the ejection speed, reaction force is not the propulsion. In ion thrusters the thrust comes from the molecules, either neutral or ionized that hit the anode or rear wall of the chamber. Nested IT have more power because more rear wall surface is available. The grid on IT has the property of enclosing more atoms in the chamber hence increasing the chances of hitting the rear wall. To test that hypothesis, design an IT with the Noble gas inlet radially, injecting the gas at 90º to the motion direction into the chamber (now the gas atoms enter the chamber longitudinally, in the direction of exhaust). With radial injection of gas, thrust may be reduced significantly.
How long will it take before we start making companies that manufacture electric thrusters for deepspace manned spaceflight? but anyways, graphics and animations were stunning in this video. You , man surely have got coolest PhD paper..
I wanna be clear, I'm not an expert but I like to try and guess stuff like this. The vacuum chamber used on Earth would lack the hydrogen ions found in space, and those ions are likely responsible for a higher current, as in you have the cathode and anode, and the electrolyte you can only measure with on Earth is higher PH, right? and in space there's more hydrogen ions, so the vacuum of space is sorta an electrolyte lower PH and so has less resistance.
Hmmm considering it knocked an electron off the atom that way. I wonder if you could reverse it to knock a proton off instead. If so I think I see the possibility of a process to turn lead to gold now that's possibly cost-effective
Protons are bound to the nucleus by strong force, much stronger than em force that holds electrons in the shells. If you want to knock out a proton you need much more energy like the amt. used in accelerators.
Saniyede 1800 km×5 ve 108000 km×5 hızıyla güneş sistemi olarak saman yolunda saat zembereği rotasında güneşler güneşine doğru Allah gezdiriyor dünyamızı.güneş rotasında silkinerek yani titreyerek gezdirilir
Why it's an argon that is used here? If it just loses electron and goes away at mediocre speed, the logic says that something lighter, like hydrogen or helium would be better, right? it can also lose an electron and fly away, but you can bring much more of them on your space journey, as the argon is quite heavy in comparison. Or this process doesn't work for hydrogen or helium?
The way i understand it, in helium or hydrogen the electron is tighter bound. Would be very inefficient. With larger atoms, its easier to knock off an electron than it is with small atoms. 🚀🏴☠️🎸
To get the same thrust out of a device using helium, you would need much more power. That is because the specific impulse (exhaust velocity) and thrust are inversely proportional for a fixed efficiency and power.
@@Plasmas1Thank you! So finding the optimal gas is harder than I thought, I will have to search for how it works. Looks interesting thing to think about, thanks for mentioning the key terms!
@@MichaelWinter-ss6lx thank you! I wonder how it would work with an access to thermonuclear reactor, allowing to produce much more energy from less of substance. But well, who knows what breakthroughs are still awaiting us!
This looks similar to something I am attempting to design in some aspects but on steroids. ha ha ha. Which software are you using to simulate it? I need something for physics.
I wonder if it would be possible to build one large enough to power a magnetic field that intercepts the stream of charged particles and slows them down enough to recapture and slowly bring back up to the expelling portion of the ion engine…
@R Hamlet how is there no change in momentum? The charge particles are slowed by magnetic fields far far down the line and reintroduced back up slowly. So say it’ll turn on for a day, and the gas is captured and stored and slowly pumped back up the structure. There would be no change in momentum because the mass capture is perpendicular of the mass flow of the engine, it will be pumped up slowly in a process that takes several more days and the reintroduction is done within the moving mass, thus it is not retarding forward motion.
So... what sort of thrust are we talking about here? Grams? And why must we use electromagnets when there are very powerful permanent magnets available?
Permanent magnets are available but they have stricter temperature limits than the insulation on some electromagnetic coils. Furthermore, in a laboratory setting you want to be able to change your magnetic field and once you find an optimum you could design a permanent magnet version
You overestimate the confinement power of the Magnetic Field, and excess e(-) move towards the anode. MCF cannot hold highly energized particles and will fail as a concept.
If we can’t simulate them, it’s probably advisable to avoid saying they are “widely used” in the first 10 seconds of your video. Other than that, great job.
"Hall thrusters continue to be used on Russian spacecraft and have also flown on European and American spacecraft." So yea, they're widely used, it explains very clearly *why* they can't be simulated, and never claims they don't exist
I really liked you desciptions but the music is way too loud. That makes understanding for impaired people and non-native english speakers much more difficult, if not impossible. Anyway I will never get the sense of underlying music in science and/or educational videos. 😕
The fact we know so little about this stuff is exciting. Surely we could make use of AI's to better model these things? And would quantum computers not speed up the calculations by testing all possible outcomes at once instead of one at a time?
ugh why use miles per hour, just a unit that makes no sense in most physics and space applications. can use ev for kinetic energy of small particles or even just something like kilometers per second which covers a great range
@@umichpepl6533 Hearing MPH was pretty jarring (American, not a scientist, saw your classified on ACX). Space/physics enthusiasts are cool with SI units; I actually felt my eyes roll.
@@umichpepl6533 dumbing it down for mutts, of course. but why? they have no interest or talent in science unless its building machines for death. this is why any great scientific acheivements in usa are made by immigrants
