How Keeping a Diary Can Save You 

A diary can be your best friend . One that knows all your secrets and you don't have to cover your flaws but be your real self

"Looking back at what we have written should be embarassing" Yes, it definitely is. And it's a process of accepting and forgiving our messiness too. It's impossible to look polite and beautiful in our crises.

When I was a kid, I kept a journal. One day I brought it to school with me and one of the boys in my class got his hands on it. He broke the lock open and read my diary to the entire school. It didn't help that he was one of the boys on the "boys I like" list I had in there. I was devastated and once I finally got the diary back I ripped it into pieces. I've tried to keep a diary since then but have never been able to, even though roughly 30 years have passed. Today I have both physical and digital diaries with locks and passcodes, but to this day I haven't been able to write more than a few pages a year, and I can't sit down and write without getting very emotional and thinking about that evil little boy. I'm sure he didn't understand what he was doing, but I can't help but feel like he robbed me of myself.

I went through a breakup recently and this video is 100% correct. I wrote all my thoughts down whenever I got too emotional and not only was this an incredibly cathartic experience, but I also arrived at insights about my relationship that I never even considered before. You know how it's easy to give relationship advice to your friend as a third-party? We don't have emotional attachment to the relationship, so we can think clearly. To me, writing was like an exercise of looking at my own relationship as if I was a third-party.

Ive been working on my journal like a madman these past couple of years. It saved my life, given me advice I'd forgotten, and been an allied friend. Something I have been doing is looking back at long old text messages, homework assignments, and social media posts and putting them in it as well too. Having my past self from all the ages encourage me is by far the most liberating thing Ive ever done. I cannot stress this enough, it gives the best advice for myself. Cannot recommend more

Writing diary was (next to therapy) the most helpful skill in overcoming my major depression!

When you put your thoughts and emotions into the dairy/journal, you are no longer alone

Having suicide thoughts throughout my childhood while deciding to do so at 16. I found myself fighting for my will to live. Having my diary once read and punished for my thoughts once when I was 7, I was terrified of putting any thoughts out side of my own brain. Finally had the courage to brush aside the fear of being spy upon by my mother and I've been writing daily diary since then. It saved me from actually committing suicide

My favorite thing is flipping through pages of my diary and seeing each ending with 'I love you so much'

I am 20 rn, started maintaining diary after reading Anne Frank's 'Diary of Young Girl' at the age of 10. And boy! what a pleasure it is to leaf through pages of my life. Makes me realize how beautifully I have evolved, been stuck at some areas and degraded at few. It helps me get aware of my toxic patterns, my triggers and helps me understand myself better. Reading past entries is literally my favorite thing to do, they prove to be source of strength on dark days knowing I have overcome far worse in past, and at times amaze me by making me aware of wisdom of my past self. Diary cultivated gratefulness in me by showing how divinely things can turn out through manifestation. Unfailingly, it has been my greatest ally in my euphoric honeymoon phase to dismal break up days, it was there when I was fighting suicidal thoughts and also there when I was celebrating my victories. I feel gratified for 'writing my way through life' and will continue doing so! Thank you for this video.

If you feel worried about writing a diary again, try using code names for people and also when referring to events. It can even be various signs instead of words that only you know the meaning of. For instance, an 'O' can be code for mOm, an 'A' can be code for dAd, and 3 can be code for a wife/husband, girl/boyfriend or crush

My only problem with a physical diary/journal was that people would read it without asking for permission. I’ve always been that quiet person and it’s hard for me to communicate what’s in my head without people misinterpreting most of it in a negative way. If people were to read my diary (mostly my family), it’s like letting them in on the real me and I absolutely hate it. I want to let in who I wanna let in. I don’t want them to know my personality or how I interpret the world if I’m not close to them? What gives them the right to know me on that deep level if they don’t work their way to even befriend me? I hate it ;( my thoughts and genuine feelings are in there and ppl will just read it like it’s nothing and would even use it to embarrass me at times.

In 2014, I began to audio journalize on my phone, using the voice memo app. It was a distressing time in my life, and I would simply talk to myself most days on the drive to and from work. It definitely helped to crystallize my thoughts and feelings, which to that point were little more than nonsensical ruminations in my head. Idk if it saved me, but it certainly helped me.

I kept a diary when I was younger, and it really helped me to vocalise and assess my feelings. I must start it back up again. 📝

Journaling really is an excellent way to self-reflect and off-load all the jibber jabber in your head. This video is such a great demonstration of that. Keep up the great work.

I’ve been keeping a diary/journal since I was a little kid and I believe that was how I developed my intrapersonal intelligence. Despite growing up in an emotionally abusive household with a narcissistic family member who controlled us, I was able to keep myself sane by “talking” to myself through writing my thoughts and feeling. (No friends, wasn’t allowed to hang out.) And the way I connect the dots in my head from writing for so long helped with my therapy process. Plus, I developed my English writing skills and expressing myself in English since it’s my second language.

I want to show my gratitude to the work you all do to help others live life

"'Writers' in the true sense are those who scribble - as opposed to drink, exercise or chat - their way out of pain." "We may not quite know what we want to say until we've started to write; writing begets more writing." "Looking back at what we've written should be embarrassing" I love this ❤️

I started a diary in college. It was after a series of setbacks, failures, and humiliations that I now call "the collapse". I just wanted to state my thoughts and views without a filter. 10 years and 10 volumes later, I'm still writing.

Without my diary, I don't know in what situation I would have been now. My diary listens to me, so I don't search for people to share my feelings... ❤

I have 10 sketchbooks, 9 of which are fully finished and only as of Sketchbook 9 did I finally realize I wanted to live. These sketchbooks are sketchbooks, but also journals. Filled with mad ramblings and hopes. Many many times these sketchbooks were supposed to be that sort of "letter" a family member reads when their kid has ended it all. They in many ways were me trying to explain "why I did it". They were also meant to be, like any sketchbook, a place to scribble, do life studies, or anything else. I realized something at one point, putting something down on paper is it's first steps into becoming real. It's no longer just in your head but physically represented in the real world as words or a drawing. A sort of sketchbook journal (or even a normal journal) Is really something special. I never thought that I'd want to live, that this pain would go away, but each new page added a physical piece of time. Each new sketchbook was a sort of "wow, somehow I lived to finish it" thing. My sketchbooks are my best friend, something that always helped even a little to ease the pain while every day not knowing when I'd be gone. It's wild entering a new sketchbook without that thought of "maybe this one will be the unfinished one", but now it's happening and those sketchbook journal things weren't just a friend, but a home to escape to when where I was living was hell. So... uh, keep a journal, or a sketchbook that also has incessant screaming and quiet prayers. Cannot recommend it enough. To keep a sketchbook you really don't have to be "good at art", just scribble, record the world in pictures and even the worst little scribble can transport you to a better place

I've started journaling my experiences this november because of my anxiety relapse 😰. It helps me manage my emotions and see them in a clearer picture. It makes me feel happier and I felt that my stress and anxiety is slowly fading away because I can express myself however I want🙂. I keep messages for my future self to answer in it too 😁. I highly encourage it for all people. Even if you don't have anxiety and depression. It will make you aware of how you feel much clearer and will get you closer to your real self. I've just started journaling but I felt the benefit it gives. I hope I can come back here in the future if ever someone read this and liked it. Good luck to whoever read this and I hope you live a great life! 😙

Started writing journals in the Google Keep Notes app and it has helped in understanding how my childhood trauma has shaped my beliefs, behaviors, and convictions. It's like lending an ear to the voice in my head. It gives me peace when I jot down all the stuff that happened during the day and my sentiments about it. Through writing, I have been retracing my steps back to the original event which made me suffer and healing by letting all the repressed emotions out. Due to this, I sleep peacefully and years of sadness and suffering are lessening day by day.

Since I was 2 14 and I'm now 56. It is indeed soothing and therapeutic. 💕

I have kept a diary as long as I can remember. I experienced childhood trauma and was never able to seek therapy, but somehow through writing, I know I am healed.

For years now, I've been writing as a way to process my experience of the world, something that's become increasingly dense with memories. Language is a portal for us to speak about life, and the beauty of words is that they can exist in silence. There is also depth to be found in the vulnerability of allowing yourself to ramble, ending up in a place where you never would have thought, feeling as though you can say and conquer anything and everything. That is the power of language.

The one tip that worked for me to make writing in a diary a habit is to not feel obliged to write every day or every week. I only write when I feel something very intense and I feel like letting go. Sometimes I won't write for months, but I have been doing so for a couple of years now. Whereas in the past when I forced myself to write it didn't last more than two weeks. Hope this advice is of use to someone. Journaling is therapeutic!

I've been meaning to start a diary for years, now im finally giving it a serious go. After all, YOU are the world's greatest therapist.

I struggled with depression and just overall bad mental health for many months before I started journaling. Although part of my recovery was because of other things, journaling, to this day, is my biggest coping mechanism. I'm very lucky to not have experienced severe depression, but I certainly know what it feels like to want to give up for weeks on end. Sometimes it can be hard to talk to even your closest friends and relationships, so journaling is an excellent way to just get your thoughts out.

I lost my son and I used a diary to not only put my thoughts there but to rank myself on a scale 1-10.I saw that I was making progress as I looked back going slowly albeit from 1 to 5 on some days and then higher. Mentally it helped me on those bad days and I looked back showing myself I could heal and make progress through this journey. Some days I’m back to a 1 or 2, but I knew It would get better.

I journaled since I was 12 and am now in my 30s. And in looking back I can say journaling helped me reflect and gain insight, and it was the friend I never had and my secret keeper who never judged. And I also noticed since I became physically sick and gotten out of the habit of journaling more regularly since I was 18, I've noticed that I'm not doing as well mentally. Rather than process my emotions as a write, I find I ruminate on negative emotions and dwell on them and end up lashing out on others but negative emotions will still remain. I need to get back to writing.

I always saw myself as a writer, but mostly when it came to writing for opinions, critiques or reviews on a keyboard. I recently bought myself a journal due to recent changes in my life that needing coping, and I gotta admit it felt good to write with a pen and paper and writing from the heart than just the brain.

I have done this for years. And I can't read it. I just cry. Every day is filled with misery and madness and fears that have persisted since my journal's birth in 2016.

Never has a video touched me and applied to my life on so many levels. Thank you so much for making this, for all of us! Sending good vibes and love to all my fellow humans and writers.❤

After watching this, I consedired to buy a diary book and now I've just bought it for 2023! Such a helpful video to someone who struggle for life

After each new video I am struggling to pick words to describe how good these videos are. You make the world a better place to live.

This is really nice. I started writing my thoughts when I was in college during stressful days. Writing helped me get through my hard days. Now I also write whenever I think of anything brilliant - not just during bad days.

Things I've learned whilst keeping a diary. 1. Take the pressure off yourself: You don't have to write in your diary everyday. You can process your thoughts and feelings when you feel the need or desire to. 2. It doesn't have to be Shakespere. It's okay if it's crap! 3. Feel free to name drop. Get messy. 4. It doesn't HAVE to be aesthetically pleasing to look at. 5. Add dates, you'll want to know what you felt a certain day if you choose to look back on older entries. 6. Some days you'll feel great, and the next you can feel right where you started. Healing is a turbulant journey & takes time. 7. Be kind with yourself. Ultimately, keeping a diary has helped me understand myself in a way no other method of self-help could. There are things I just can't talk about with others, but I have a sense of "permission" to oust myself in the written word. It's great, try it!

just over a month into twice daily journalling, definitely seeing the benefits. something about making something out of those random thoughts seems to help my mind work things out

I've always been writing (about my life or anything) since I was young. But in late 2020, I started taking it more seriously and wrote in alot more detail. Till this day, I still journal, even if my days aren't as interesting as I think I still end up having ideas on what to write :) when I'm older, I'm definitely going to read through my old journals.

Whenever I write a journal, by the end of the journal I solve all my problems and motivate myself... I have been saying all this to people all my life. U have problems? WRITE it dowN!

I often write, and it helps me to make sense of my ideas and also to remind me of what I want from this life. I often forget to read again what I wrote but I do my best

This is the moment for introverts to shine. INTROVERTS UNITE.

I start diary writing again since last year only want to clear some space for my mind because of some loss in my life. Writing to me helps me to think and organize my chaotic thoughts and gets in touch with my emotions again when all thoughts and feelings are too difficult to open up to friends. This habit has helped me a lot in the process of grief.

This video makes me more confident to write in my diary! Thank you for the moving advice!

I am so thankful my school psychologist in middle school put me on to journaling. It has helped me so much process my thoughts and emotions. Reflect on my behaviors. Set and monitor S.M.A.R.T. goals and revise my plans. It has been such a blessing Now as a school psychologist, myself, I am committed to introducing journaling to my middle school students! Thank you for this video!

i started writing a diary when i was going through a very hard time. since i can’t and also don’t like to talk about these things with anyone, it was a great way to feel like someone is listening and understanding the way i feel. i still sometimes write down things when i feel like i need to dump my thoughts. it helps. my only concern is if someone opens and reads it. it’s important to value others’ privacy, but many people don’t, sadly.

From this video it seems like I understood that a journal helps you think in an organized manner. When you think in your mind your thoughts are very disorganized and pass but when you write on paper the thoughts are save and you could possibly rethink those thoughts, modify them and process them some more. Ultimately coming to a consensus and understanding yourself or a matter more.

Amazing! I am grateful that this channel releases meaningful content to ho does that don't know how to navigate the mind.

This woman has such a calming voice

Thank you ❤ I combine my diary with a To-Do List for the next day. It has helped me a lot and it has often saved my sleep. To keep a routine I set the bar low: One sentence a day at least. If nothing comes to mind I start by writing about the objects around me or my bodily sensations which normally triggers reflections about the day. I think, one danger is getting stuck with a certain mindset about oneself while writing. I am so lonely, I am always... For me it therefore helps to write down some things I am grateful for and mixing it up with philosophical meditations on other days. All the best to you!

the animations is beautiful, and i am a complete fan of journaling. It has saved me countless times

I started like two weeks ago to write down all the anxious thoughts I have in my phone the moment I get them. Or not all of them, the ones I write down are the ones that makes me change my mood - like go from happy to sad or any good feeling to a bad feeling. The thoughts, or feelings, that disrupts me so much that they change my mood. Then every day or every other day, I write them down again in a notebook. I don't write excatly the same, sometimes if the thought is not bothering me anymore I skip it and sometimes if it's still bothers me alot I write longer or add things. Then I delete the notes from my phone. Then I write down any other thing that bothers me at the moment, hurts me etc . Then I usually also add some comforting thoughts if I have any - maybe related to the anxoius ones. Then I read again what I wrote in the notebook, and then sometimes "meditate" over it for a while. And it helps - ALOT. But, and I find this very important for me to remember, it DOES NOT MAKE ME HAPPY. It does not make me feel good. It almost always makes me feel relieved and at ease and sometimes happy for a little while. But not always. It makes me calm sometimes but not always. But what it ALWAYS makes me feel - is more regulated. And that's my goal. If I think it's going to make me feel better I will probably stop beacuse I get dissapointed, so I always try to only have that goal in mind, to feel more regulated. To have more emotional resistance. To not lash out beacuse of different things, not get really that upset, better handling when I feel anxious or upset, at least for that evening. I'm very happy I started doing this haha. It was my own idea, I don't know if I took it from anywhere, if so I forgot.

My mom once took my diary and read everything, she felt entitled to do so because she thought she has to control every step of my life. I hated her since and hever never trusted her. We've lost any connection. Since then I've never had a diary again

The animations on this channel are incredible

I'm an odd outlier I suppose. I've tried journaling off and on for years. It's easy to identify problems, but it gave me no concrete solutions or sense of relief. It's definitely worth a try though. Don't feel bad if you're like me and wonder why you're not like everyone else who loves it.

Journaling was the best habit I’ve ever had since youth. Gotta thank Diary of A Wimpy Kid for inspiring me when I was younger.

My motivation is imagining my future self going through an old box of notebooks and finding a ton of diaries from my high school days. I always read old entries too! especially when it gets really dark or sad, and then I follow up on myself. Or I'll write something like "How are you, future me?" and draw a line for an answer, or just ask silly questions I can answer later in life! :P

In the mist of having my 3 daughters in a 4 years span, I turned to writing in a journal to relieve a lot of stress that was occurring. My husband worked rotating shifts, my narristic mother wasn't ever around to lend a helping hand, and the experience was lonely. Journal writing helped my good and not so good thoughts to escape my ruminating mind and create stability in my day to day life. ❣️

I love this video! I always watch it when I am stressful and this video gives me hope!

Ever since I was in early high school, I've done a LOT of writing. Most of it would be for fun, being fanfic content based on what I love. Years later, my writing is both from what I love but also how I feel from certain situations. It's become more original but rooted in fantasy inspired by what I love and see. From strange conversations between a rookie police officer and imprisoned witch to now a fae king telling his story about what happened prior to a war against an organized cult, it's a strange ride. I hope to continue writing to express how I'm feeling in certain situations or pulling inspiration from something I've read or watched. It helps me cope through the hard times but also inspires me to go farther with my creativity.

I used to journal but not anymore. I don't have that time right now. However, I used to write poems and short stories based on my depression. I shared some with family and even on Wattpad and StoryMirror. I truly feel that writing helps me and even in pain I was able to create some of the most beautiful pieces ever.

When I graduated from my high school, I will read all of my high school diary and I will be super proud of myself because I’ve been through all of the hard situations that I thought I couldn’t make it - public speaking, judgements, presentations etc. The only thing that made me survived school is journaling. When I’m nervous, mad, sad, happy or even can’t express my emotion, I journal. And I’ve never felt much more better than it. Ever since then, I’ve never felt school is boring.

Thanks for reminding me to make an entry into my diary

I started writing my diary regularly for the past year and it's the best thing ever. It's so therapeutic to vent everything out through writing. Plus, it's really good for looking back on past achievements, difficult times and fun memories. Highly recommend it.

I tried to write in a diary when I was younger but my family would often snoop around. Privacy had little presence in my life. I did one entry and then was promptly ruined by my mom adding a well intentioned playful message on the next page. Though it led me to know I wasn't able to really keep my feelings on anything physical.

Thank you! This inspired me to come write a diary again, or maybe just ask questions to myself

I have been writing my diary form 1999 till now.. It makes me more balance :)

Keeping a diary did saved me! So true

i love this channel, this is nice, im going to start writing again.

I have kept a journal since my dad died in 2017. It saved my life.

I’m astonished at how many people in the comments have had their privacy violated in the worst way by other people snooping in their diaries. This is like touching someone else’s physical private parts without permission. Not surprisingly, it has inhibited far too many people from pursuing this practice.

I have now reached the point where it takes me to summon a significant amount of strength and courage to read my old entries and look back.

Freaking FINALLY a Goshdarn narrator that doesn't make me wanna smash my phone. Thank you!

RU-vid is my diary and my journal. Without it I would be what I’ve always been a head full of frustration to jumbled up to speak, lest I speak everything all at once. I thank my RU-vid community for my strength my salvation, the reason I don’t have to be the one of two extremes either of silence or scream.

The School of Life: I DO KEEP a diary since 3 years & I am REALLY PROUD of it!

Yess I need a good people to here me the people who can understand me atleast but unfortunately I don't have the kind of people who can understand the way I feel but I've good friends and people and my family but it's me who only understands me and I always cry or burn out my mental disaster in a diary and it has been become my daily habit to do so and I love my diary and keeping it to also and I feel so positive and better after writing Down ❤so if you're a person like me who's thoughts are so random only you can identify so please rather than go for a human connections first understand yourself and keep a diary for yourself it'll surely change the way you feel 💓

That’s great. We are embarrassed when we read our journal

No matter how close someone is to me I tend to bottle everything up as I feel like I would be dumping all my prblms on them and I sometimes I really don't want solutions I just want them to listen while I say. It may sound weird but when I ever start talking abt my emotions I don't like the way they look at me. They are indeed good ppl ,its just that I tend to hate talking abt my emotions and then look up and see a pair of eyes watching me. I never thought I'll start writing in a diary but once I started in 2020 i really never looked back and I don't plan on stopping. I had frequent anger outbursts which has lessened at present and it also helped me fight my fatal thoughts.

Remember though, you can be with people the same person you are in your journal.

As well as keeping a diary, I regularly write short autobiographical accounts of past events in my life, particularly those that were happy or significant. It's the most effective way to re-live memories and keep them alive in vivid detail, capturing the sights, sounds, smells and states of mind. It's also a powerful tool for helping us to recognise past failures, mistakes and triumphs and highlight our personal growth. What's more it's great for improving your language and communication skills.

Shoutout to the fantastic job the animator(s) did on this video

When I started journalling, my life changed for the better in all aspects, I started being at the top of my class, president of a student organization, i became multitalented, gained more friends and a girlfriend, basically everything I ever wanted during college (Im currently a 3rd year colllege student). And those things I attribute to journalling, because it let me reflect on different thoughts, to analyze what I do right and wrong towards things I want, processing those things was the key to me finding effective and efficient ways towards my objectives.

Thank you!

It does really help, I used to struggle with social anxiety and used the diary to keep record of every good, bad thing and how I could improve next time. Now I m not socially anxious anymore ( I've stopped maintaing a diary too) .

I’ve fought with myself about keeping a journal for 30yrs. I really should do it now

I used to write and then stopped in my early forties, then began journaling in 2016. I'm in my 7th year now and write at will without the need for ideas and everything comes together like magic. Rather than feel as if I have to write something that others might want to read, I just write; sometimes a sentence, sometimes an idea sometimes a paragraph or a page or two. Since I started i have written around a million words much of which I have thrown away. In a world were authority censors anything it doesn't like I get say whatever I want to and send it to who ever I want to if I feel so inclined. I can't recomend it enough. If you want to get things off your chest or create your own little world, just write.!

Something I realized recently is that when I'm very emotional, I tend to burst and dump all my garbage in small intervals to several people without much consideration until I feel at least a little less pressed and furious. However, I know this is highly inconsiderate, immature, and reckless of me and makes my relationships awkward due to oversharing on things I exaggerate that I forget only last a moment for the most part, that I'm just being irrational. Yes, venting to people is sometimes good, especially if they are willing and concerned. But we have to draw a line. Sometimes, it's better if you get through your issues by talking it out with yourself first, to really take the time and understand, internalize your thoughts and feelings. Because if you always go to other people first without taking the time to understand where you're coming from even a bit, they won't either. When I was younger, I used to write daily in a personal diary. It helped me with my feelings and I disturbed no one by doing so. However, I have long forgotten the joy and comfort of keeping a diary, and now I treat other people like they are one, that they're just supposed to sit there and soak in all the meaningless angst I pile up inside of me. I known it's wrong and I'm trying to avoid it. I know the awful person I am and I loathe myself for it every day, but in doing so I also come to hate just about everyone around me for no good reason. I guess my teacher was right when she told our class that "who you perceive yourself to be is also likely to be how you perceive others". Now I am trying to get back to keeping a diary, and I want to stay loyal to it so I don't have to bother anyone at the most inconvenient times. If to achieve me being "okay again" comes at the cost of others wellbeing, then I don't want it. I really don't. I have a choice, a different alternative to venting out these feelings than by doing it online to strangers and coming off as upset in my classroom and still refusing to explain why I'm cross when someone does ask how I'm doing out of concern, genuine or not. I'm a writer. Maybe I still can't write my novels and stories because I still can't write myself to clarity. So, I really need to get back to diary keeping. I think that's part of the process I need to heal from this wretched mess of a character I am.

i started writing journal when i started working in 2017. i guess because i dont know to whom i should convey my feelings to because all my friends went separate ways and im not that good in making new ones. smh reading back the old entries felt embarassing but they remind me how i was back then and how i am now and sometimes they make me remember about the things that happened and things that made me who i am today😊😊

This is why I "pour" with an "avoidant." It stimulates my whole mind. I think it's like being an alcoholic. You know it's not good for the relationship and it even works against our bruised ego, but pouring is diplomatic. It's even better than being romantic.

This excerpt speaks to the writers, giving inquisitive milestones. Everyone else thinks they are above words.

Writing is like talking to the best friend you could ever dream of.

Stay alone, people. We must embrace it. I mean just me actually.

and also evidence of your human experience

People tend to readily believe that any words that have been written are significant; however, they seldom realize that the act of writing them is what makes them significant.

I have been keeping a journal for almost 10 months, and yesterday I hit 100 pages. there were months where I didn't write, and instead made a mega entry where I summarized it. there were times where I wrote every day, times when I came to great conclusions and relived moments in the best, and worst ways possible. these are my teen years, and I don't want to forget them.

Its true. Agreed. I'm writing diary since 2018. And up till now i have almost completed 8 diary books 😁 Its so good.

I've writed almost non-stop (certain days nothing happened or I couldn't, but still a very strict rythm) since Dec 27th 2017, I'm in the 14th "journal"

I have a journal on my tablet

I clicked on this because I had a dyslexic moment and read it as ‘how keeping a dairy can save you.’