How We Know Dark Matter Exists | The Evidence for Modern Physics 

Or maybe Einstein was wrong and we don’t really understand gravity like we think we do??

Dark matter, and dark energy was made up to make the big bang theory, and our observations of the universe calculations work.

When you make the math work by creating the matter it becomes circular reasoning. Just saying.

Don Lincoln’s teaching approach is great. He starts with concepts. In the 60s I was in a lecture hall of 300 plus freshmen and they started with a chalk board filled with formulas which we scribbled into our notebooks and made no sense when we got back to our rooms.

Ok noted… now back to working my mindless 9 to 5 dead end job

We DO NOT know that "dark matter exists." Dark matter and energy could simply be a misunderstanding in our knowledge of known forces.

Conclusion is we don't want to question our equations but rather want to give a mystical answer. Dark matter means we don't know the answer.

General relativity is very good at explaining the behavior of mass on the scale of a solar system. Why should we expect it to be equally valid on the larger scale of a galaxy? It is like saying since Illinois looks flat, the whole world must also be flat. Dark matter may not exist. It's just that we need a new version of GR for larger scales.

Alchemists achieved remarkably accurate calculations of heat exchange with models incorporating "luminous aether" - a substance that didn't exist but that explained the gaps in their model well enough to persist as an idea until a better model was accepted. Dark matter is just modern luminous aether, an explanation to explain the failure in our models. Eventually we will develop better models and move on, as we have before and we will again.

Due to this presentation, i'm not in the dark about dark matter any longer. Thanks

Thank you! Some of the podcasts I listen to are very science heavy and I love them but I have no higher math and little physics training. So Thank you so much 💓

So... If you're looking at a distant galaxy, wouldn't we have compensate for the speed of light. I figure a galaxy is lightyears wide so the light closest to us would be here long before the far side giving us a distorted view of a galaxy?

I just had this conversation with a friend and thank you for this.. im later to the ahow but i am here. Just got a new subscriber..

Kopernicus' theory on the movement of the planets correctly predicted where the planets would be in the sky but was still incorrect.

This reminds me of the concept of the "ether". That was a dead end.

Not a fan of the dark energy or dark matter thingy..... I would've thought the estimates for galactic mass to be wildly wrong. Heck, i think the modern dark matter thingy is like the aether of yesteryear.. Also, if increased observed speed of stars at the periphery must be caused by an increased galactic mass, shouldn't the same mass also affect the speed of stars near the ctr of galaxy?

Great Lecture, Thank you DrDon.

Thank you for the video.

we might be a dust particle but we are alive, that alone makes us very rare in the universe and big at the same time

Beautiful videos. Great Imagery

Man i wish there was a betting line on this. Dark matter exists in the same way the sun revolves the earth. As in, it doesnt, but yall havent figured out why not yet. Just wait til yall understand gravity a bit better.

I suppose it all depends on if they can agree on how much mass is actually in our Sun. There is a argument on that right now. Since it is the measure, by which we use to rectify masses in/of other stars, there could be huge discrepancies in many things. I suppose you could run both formulae on either mass to maybe help settle the argument it would be a nice data point to have.

It's such a common notion that "we" are so insignificant and "small potatoes to the universe" as you say, that it's always surprising when it's stated in such a way that appears to be intended to surprise us. I'll just point out that quantity and size don't necessarily comprise the qualities that would make something "significant". I feel like this is stating the obvious, but one might even consider things that are present in the greatest quantities -- like dark matter, hydrogen atoms, or statements of the insignificance of humanity -- as being precisely *less* significant than stuff found in less common configuration. Being made of stardust doesn't make a thing "mere" stardust. That is the most basic of platonic understandings

Great lecture. Great lecturer. Thank you.

If there's matter "which doesn't experience electromagnetism nor strong or weak nuclear forces" [2:00], then wouldn't regions (Voids) with more of it than baryonic matter be more subject to expansion than the regions (Filaments) between them?

if its 95% of the universe then put some in a bottle. till then its just a mathematical construct to fix your broken model.

the zuppa galaxy is 200 million light years away from earth...and 3 billion years old....and george bupkis sits at his telescope watching it for 6 hours and concludes that it all should have blown apart 2.8 billion years ago

The missing mass is dilated mass. For some reason people don't know that Einstein said that singularities are not possible. In the 1939 journal "Annals of Mathematics" he wrote "the essential result of this investigation is a clear understanding as to why the Schwarzchild singularities (Schwarzchild was the first to raise the issue of General relativity predicting singularities) do not exist in physical reality. Although the theory given here treats only clusters whose particles move along circular paths it does seem to be subject to reasonable doubt that more general cases will have analogous results. The Schwarzchild singularities do not appear for the reason that matter cannot be concentrated arbitrarily. And this is due to the fact that otherwise the constituting particles would reach the velocity of light." We have all heard the phrase "mass becomes infinite at the speed of light" this phenomenon is illustrated in a common relativity graph with velocity (from stationary to the speed of light) on the horizontal line and dilation (sometimes called gamma or y) on the vertical line. Mass that is dilated is smeared through spacetime relative to an outside observer. Even mass that exists at 75% light speed is partially dilated. General relativity does not predict singularities when you factor in dilation. Einstein is known to have repeatedly spoken about this. Nobody believed in singularities when he was alive for this reason. Wherever you have an astronomical quantity of mass, dilation will occur because high mass means high momentum. There is no place in the universe where mass is more concentrated than at the center of a galaxy. According to Einstein's math the mass at the center of our own galaxy must be dilated. In other words that mass is all around us because as the graph shows we are still connected to it. It was recently discovered that low mass galaxies (like NGC 1052-DF2) have normal star rotation rates. This is what relativity would predict because there is an insufficient quantity of mass at the center to achieve relativistic velocities. A simple way to confirm this would be to calculate the star rotation rates of a large number of galaxies. This would show that all the high mass galaxies would have star rotation rates that defy the known laws of physics and all the low mass galaxies (some galaxies can appear to be low mass but can have high mass at the center) would have predictable star rotation rates.

I loved how you knew what questions I would ask without having to ask them. This was the first time I heard about galaxies behaving properly without dark matter as evidence it exists and that was fascinating to learn. Does the fact gravity has little to no effect at the subatomic level contribute to our expected size of dark matter?

last week we were all made of strings....and the week before there were 23 dimensions

Idk how you make dark matter seem so simple, but great presentation. For some reason I just don't believe in dark matter. I think it's unobserved normal matter. This video is compelling evidence against my belief, and I'll keep my mind and ears open for new information

Just a couple musings.. Could dark matter be the remnants of the matter-antimatter collisions? Could that explain why Webb is finding such large galaxies around z12-z13, since less collisions would've taken place so long ago? Or could dark matter and dark energy be shades of gravity in the sense that the strong and weak force are with electromagnetiam? Could physics be born of two parental forces; OmegaMagnatism and OmegaGravity (bad placeholder name's)? Light world and dark world? Maybe time could be seen as the spirit world. Or Shadow, Ego, Id? Sub/cis/supra conscious?

What if Dark Matter is the “liquid” on the River of which all things in space “float” on as they are pulled by gravitational currents immeasurably strong.

The first line: “I’m gonna tell you something you might not like.” The interesting thing is that you are right! I might not like it. I might be skeptical about dark matter, dark energy, the red shift, all sorts of things… And I am the person that you are talking to. In MY field, literature, I recognize that both the message and the messenger are significant for the listener. This means that YOU present a message to ME, a person who is literally interested, and I become, by the commutative property, the person who talks to other people who, literally, know absolutely nothing about what you are saying! This is why I enjoy your lessons so much. You are in inadvertently validating my role in the education of the general populace. Thank you. This is Kinda fun.

Thank you. Coming back to the arguments about why light bends, why isn't the immediate explanation resorts to the existence of black holes at the center of galaxies?

Indirectly detected meaning they are able to measure the motion of stars and galaxies but their velocity is much more than what current theories of gravity and laws of motion are able to explain. That doesn't mean dark matter and dark energy exist. That means scientists are ignorant to explain the actual motion using current equations. I believe I figured out what's causing the unexplained motion occurring to ONLY stars, satellite galaxies and galaxies. The solution also explains why satellite galaxies and stars orbiting their host galaxy at over 1 million mi/h are unable to reach an escape velocity. The solution explains why some stars don't seem to be affected by dark matter while others are. It explains why dark matter doesn't affect the motion of planets, moons and other small bodies having mass yet affects the path of light that doesn't have mass. Something the dark matter postulate is unable to explain. I also came up with equations, that when added to the laws of motion and general relativity dark matter and dark energy disappear. It also explains why the satellite galaxies are orbiting their host galaxy on a completely different plane than the stars in the galaxy disk, which a dark matter halo cannot explain. It also explains the rapid velocity dispersion rate of galaxies without having to evoke the presence of white holes. Trust me, dark matter and dark energy are mistakes in their equations that simply need to be adjusted/fixed. Then those pseudoscience forces disappear.

I don't understand this lensing thing. If you're seeing two galaxies at different distances, but the same direction, and the further away you look, the firther into the past you see: Are you actually seeing the same galaxy at differnt times in the past? If not, then galaxies are moving around a lot more and the directional correlations of ripples in the cosmic background radiation is not reliable?

Where are the links to the calculations relating to the inner mass of galaxy? (announced around Minute 9)

Still doesn't explain the wind up problem on the spiral arms. How do you know galaxys are bound? What are your assumptions? If you are patching your theory with a theory. And your only evidence for your second theory is that it is a requirement of your first theory? RU-vid might just be wrong.

A much simpler explanation is that time appears slower as you look through more space without gravity. I’m too lazy to do that math, but with that understanding, there’s no need for dark matter, or an expanding universe. Things just look like they’re moving faster as they’re further away.

"How We Know Dark Matter Exists"... and then in the video: "...the evidence we have so far is strong but a bit circumstantial... which means we are not absolutely 100 percent sure that dark matter is a real thing." We "know dark matter exists" but we aren't sure? How does that work exactly?

The thing I respect about you is that you immediately start by saying that we're not 100% sure about dark matter / energy. Personally, I hate it when every other scientist (or "content creator") talks about it if they're cold hard facts and most of them aren't even open to discussion. To me, that's not science but indoctrination. I agree that we see evidence of these phenomena and they are both very intriguing. But besides some sort of energy or matter, there are other explanations and we're all pretty much still guessing what they actually are, if they even exist or whether we even have the right understanding of gravity.

what about some variation on machs principle where space is created by particles

maybe mass at extreme enough quantities has a magnification (warping) property, with some galaxies having denser regions of heavier materials causing discrepancies... and galaxies with insufficient mass don't reach the threshold for mass-warping. If space and time can be stretched (and even punctured) on huge scales, why can't mass.

Loving the new setup but if you doing side shot and dont look at the camera is really awkward

Is it possible that they are overlooking the overall velocity of the area local.

Black matter and energy has been added to field eq. To sustain observation, accordig that in field equation there is no spin, no torque, no coriolis effect. E. Rauscher has added spin, torque and coriolis effect in field eq then no more need of black mater neither black energy.

Standing on the shoulders of giants. Great delivery and so easy to understand 👌

Dark Matter was a decent series on the syfy channel!

I think Gravity pushes not attract, that is why center of mass is zero G therefore, no dark energy required. Like current in the ocean, in close distance, it is the water that compress and the current created black holes.

A better placeholder name would be something like "missing gravity". We don't know that dark _matter_ exists. It might get overturned just like the "ether" did more than a century ago.

I have seen thermodynamic derivations of the universe that show empty space has mass and energy of the proper amounts. Since thermodynamics is more relevant (more real should one say?), it appears there is no discrepancy. We are using too simple of a vision.

We postulated the strong force and the weak force based on the lack, of knowledge that quarks with charge distributions internal to neutrons and protons existed. These charge distributions that we now know exist can account for all forces needed to bind protons and neutrons within the nucleus. Every force is therefore electrostatic/magnetic and all we need is Maxwell's equations . Mass would be the result of accelerating electric fields as scientists long ago concluded. Gluons, and other postulations are just mind images to help us imagine!

“I am happy to be a small potato in the eyes of the cosmos. For most are smaller than a speck of dust in its vastness.” Mr. Potato

I really enjoy how you lay these out in terms most can understand. The PBS YT channel is good, but it gets too heavy into physics for most. I'm going to stubbornly say I don't believe that dark matter exists. It either means an utterly new type of matter in huge amounts that we can't even identify, or perhaps our understanding of gravity on massive scales isn't complete. I'm going with the latter, because we do know definitively we don't fully understand gravity.

So we need dark matter to pull things together...and dark energy to make things fly away from each other. Or it could be an entire branch of science based on a set of theories that are simply wrong fundamentally. Unfortunately so many scientists are spending time tweaking mathematical formulas to try to make these theories work we may delay finding the real answers for decades or centuries.

Those James Webb picture Professor DrDon! Super Galactic invisible weight that is so prolific it looks like foam ? **YourHumbleStudent** ;-)

At 10:37 this is exactly the opposite from what Oort said according to Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Oort. Stars closer to the center revolve faster than those at the edge...just like our solar system (differential rotation). This is what happens when you get your science from RU-vid.

I think Dark matter is nothing but frozen time. Dark matter melts into time and expands the space of Universe, it bends light at denser points, yet only detectable by its effect on observer and is always untouchable and unfathomable like time. When velocity of an object increases, dark matter acts thicker to it like ice, rather than liquid, and melts slowly. Hence time dilation in relativity Just like when a spacecraft re-enters earths atmosphere, it feels air thicker than it normally does at lower speeds A wormhole is the absence of dark matter due to excessive melting and it consumes lots of energy to maintain it. Dark matter touches almost everything observable, hence information is passed on between entangled particles Dark matter limits the speed of light. Speeds higher than C is also possible in the absence of Dark matter (Eg. inside Wormhole) Gravity thickens Dark Matter. It melts slowly near the source of gravity and melts faster into time when away from the source of gravity Dark matter exists even before Big Bang and acts as a controlling canvas for Big Bang. And the Big Bang is currently spreading on it

"Dark Matter" is just a place-holder for explaining why gravity works weird in observation. Saying Dark Matter exists, is silly. But we do know that there's 'something' causing gravity to work differently than predicted. What that 'something' is, is down to a guess. There is something which causes our observations of matter & gravity to mathematically fall apart at a very large scale. Is it matter which is dark (not visible to us)? is it extra-dimensional effects? does relativity need another layer to the equation? is it intergalactic circus clowns? The effect is all we actually know anything about.

Gel? 😳 We live in jello as the pieces of fruit? 😳 We're fruity jello pieces? 😳 Or 😖 slime? 🤢 Oh dear for us. 😬 Oh dear! 😫

The fact is that we DON'T KNOW if dark matter exists or not. All we know is that for most galaxies (but not all), the gravitational forces holding galaxies together seem to be far greater than can be calculated from the observable mass of the galaxies. The laws of physics governing gravity don't fit the data. So either there is something distorting the data, or the laws of physics are wrong.

How do you know these distortions are not caused by the way our brain organizes that light, bends that light through our eye lens etc… Optical illusions are real so maybe these lights have physical properties as well as metaphysical properties and we have trouble deciphering between the two, correctly measuring each because of not taking into consideration variables that effect both.

It’s pretty funny how you start the video off with explaining how it’s nothing personal to the viewer. That made me feel good

It also could be that thinking it’s a particle keeps particle physicists busy for the foreseeable future? Don?

This gives us significance not the other way

could anybody please tell me is antimatter monopole or diapole ?

How we know something is missing in our model that bends spacetime more than expected. Dark matter is a misnomer and leads to nothing. It's information by the way. Hope this helps.

The answer tree (@19:00) is going to lead you astray. The correct answer will not only join all of the branches of that tree, but explain and modify our understanding most if not all of known physics.

At the beginning something created time which became charged space which coalesced into matter explaining quantum and the double hole experiment .

Alternative Explanation of Dark Matter and Dark Energy - Newly proposed model of Universe can explain both of Dark Matter and Dark Energy Einstein’s theory of General Relativity states that spacetime is curved by the presence of mass. This curvature influences the motion other objects with mass and gives rise to gravitation. Thus, gravity is a result of geometric features in spacetime. However, we also observe gravitational effects - curvature of spacetime - in areas without any detectable mass. This has given rise to the concept of dark matter, which is matter that does not interact in any detectable way with normal matter, except through gravity. So, there is some large quantity of dark matter scattered throughout the universe, which curves spacetime and causes gravitational effects just like normal matter, but we cannot see or detect it with any known method. An alternative theory to the identity of dark matter is proposed - it is not matter at all, but rather an intrinsic curvature of spacetime. In other words, spacetime is not naturally flat. Even in the absence of matter, we observe some inherent curvature of spacetime. So, the question is now - why is spacetime naturally curved? Why is it not flat in the absence of mass? The universe is 4-dimensional, with 3 spatial dimensions and one dimension in time. Rather than consider time as a linear dimension, we can consider it as a radial one. Therefore, rather than describing the universe with a Cartesian coordinate system, we describe it with a 4-dimensional spherical coordinate system - 3 angular coordinates, φ1, φ2, φ3, and one radial coordinate in time, t. We live on the 3-dimensional surface of a 4-dimensional bubble which is expanding radially in time. Thus, the Big Bang represents t=0, the beginning of time. The crucial point is that the expansion of the universe is not homogeneous in all directions. The expansion rate at one point on the bubble’s surface may differ slightly from another point near it. The universe is only roughly spherical in 4 dimensions, the same way that the Earth is only roughly spherical in 3 dimensions. The same way we observe local mountains and valleys on the surface of Earth, we observe local “mountains” and “valleys” on the surface of the universe bubble. The inhomogeneity of the expansion of the universe has given rise to natural curvature of spacetime. This natural curvature causes the phenomenon of “dark matter”. “Valleys” in spacetime pull matter in, similarly to the warping of spacetime of massive objects. So “dark matter” is really “valleys” in spacetime that are expanding slower than the regions surrounding it. These valleys tend to pull matter in and create planets, stars, and galaxies - regions of space with higher-than-average densities of mass. Conversely, “mountains” in spacetime will repel matter away, an “anti-gravitational” effect, which gives rise to cosmic voids in space where we observe no matter. Each point on the surface of the universe bubble traces out a time arrow in 4-dimensional space, perpendicular to the surface. These time arrows are not parallel to each other since the universe is not flat. This causes points to have nonzero relative velocity away from each other. It is generally accepted that the universe is expanding faster than observable energy can explain, and this is expansion is believe to be still accelerating. The “missing” energy required to explain these observations has given rise to the theory of dark energy. The time dilation caused by non-parallel time arrows can be proposed as an explanation for dark energy. Alternatively, dark energy is real energy coming from potential energy gradients caused by non-parallel time arrows. As a sanity check, we can calculate the expansion rate of the universe based on the universe bubble model. Since the radius of the universe bubble is expanding at the speed of light in the time direction, it increases at 1 light second per second. Therefore, the “circumference” of the 3-dimensional surface increases by 2π light seconds per second, or about 1.88*10^6 km/s. This expansion is distributed equally across the 3-dimensional surface, so the actual observed expansion rate is proportional to the distance from the observer. At present, the age of the universe is estimated to be 13.8 billion years, so the radius of the universe bubble is 13.8 billion light years, or about 4233 megaparsecs (3.26 million light years to 1 Mpc). Thus, we can calculate the expansion rate of the universe, per megaparsec from the observer, as: Expansion rate = ((d(circumference))/dt)/radiusofuniverse=(1.88*〖10〗^6 km⁄s)/(2π*4233Mpc)=(1.88*〖10〗^6 km⁄s)/26598Mpc=70.82(km⁄s)/Mpc The popularly accepted empirical expansion rate is 73.5 + 2.5 km/s/Mpc, so our calculated value is close. There may be some additional source of expansion (or observed red shift) to make up for the discrepancy. For example, if two adjacent points have some gravitational gradient due to non-parallel time arrows, then light passing through these points will be red-shifted. - Cited from www.academia.edu/82481487/Title_Alternative_Explanation_of_Dark_Matter_and_Dark_Energy

It’s simple, there is no dark matter. All our observations have not been corrected for gravitational time dilation. The stars appear to be moving too slow in the middle of the galaxy because there is a tremendous amount of gravity causing time dilation effects. Time dilation effects also cause the other perceived dark matter occurrences we observe.

Isn't it pretty easy to assume that the strange observations on a cosmic scale would be similar to our quantum observations? I believe dark matter isn't real and it's simply our misunderstanding of physics.

Dark matter is locked up in spacetime itself. If you want to find it you will need to create gravitational waves with enough energy that dark matter radiates the way photons radiate from electromagnetism.

Great content, but I don't understand why so many videos insist on shooting their subject from the side. I find it very off-putting.

Einstein's theory of relativity is not the do all and end all, as it breaks down as mass approaches infinity (i.e. gravity in a black hole). There is much we do not know and much to still learn if we will be willing to throw out what we THINK we know and start from scratch.

We know that if you bump up against dark matter that it’s there , it matter’s to stay away from it

How we know dark matter exits! Its simple the same way we know unicorns exist.

Could dark matter be a form of lensing where in a black hole at the centre of a galaxy has a relationship with the dark energy between all galaxy's. The lensing effect could be the glue that holds the form of a galaxy stable. Dark matter may simply be made from a blend of the twenty four fields, metaphorically speaking a complex hidden chemistry like an invisible space time frame work. I am thinking as if ordinary matter and Dark matter have a mono pole like dynamic at work. I am a simple man with simple ideas. Cheers.

THANK YOU... PROFESSOR LINCOLN...!!! 1. Dark matter joke : Massive Body , after giving away everything it had RIP ( Rests In Peace )...for a while... until slowly RE- INCARNATE and start roamoing around the PRAPANCHAM... to find the Right SPACE & Right TIME to Settle...!!! Professor, 2.This student, like the small potatoes... because it is packed with energy and flavour and it is unselfish in occupying the Space...!!! 3.Like the smiling galaxy too...!!! THANKS AGAIN DR. LINCOLN...!!! Hope you get my jokes...!!!

Beautifully described and illustrated. Much obliged for that. 🙂 🐲✨🐲✨🐲✨

If you were to so brazenly measure, to our collective make up and mass within the entirety of the known universe? We are truly an atom scaled entity entirely at the whims of the larger forces encompassing us. So very very miniscule. What is amazes me is that you can keep going and get even smaller and smaller and smaller. From the miniscule to the mega large the universe is quite the joy to think about during the course of a day.

You're starting to get it. Almost there. We are merely bubbles in a gigantic ocean of dark energy.

Aha, The bullet cluster on the way to forming dark matter free galaxies. I thibk the dark matter is undetected rocks tp black hole. How about testing n-body gravity? Divide a galaxy up by sectors and compute attaction of each sector to every other sector.

Novel Dark Matter Hypothesis Dark Matter is simply unaccounted for gravity. GR states that gravity is the consequence of the curvature of spacetime. Is it possible that the structure of spacetime itself could be warped without the presence of mass? Spacetime has been shown to react like a fabric by warping, twisting, and propagating independently of mass, and all have been proven with observations from gravitational lensing, frame dragging, and now gravitational waves! Fabrics can be stretched, pressured, and/or heated to the point of causing a deformation and losing its elastic nature. All of these conditions were extreme during inflation, so it is plausible that the “fabric” of spacetime analog could extend having its elastic property have hit a yield point? Therefore, if gravity is strictly the consequence of the warped of spacetime, and fabrics can be permanently overstretched, then those empty warped geodesics would create gravitational wells independent of mass. My hypothesis of DM is subatomic black hole imprints of the quantum fluctuations that popped in at the moment of inflation. The CMB shows where the hot dense regions were they created the galaxies. They would have been the initial cause and location of the warping. These imprints would be clouds of quantum sized floating fixed geodesics, so they couldn’t expand or evaporate. Perhaps nothing has been detected because there is nothing to detect. GR wouldn’t require modification because DM would just be an extension of how spacetime behaves at extreme conditions. No MOND, no WIMPs, and no parallel universes, just empty spacetime deformations that produce gravitational wells to help jump start galaxy accretion processes. Zwicky may have named is Missing Mass correctly since he detected some gravity without mass present to cause it…

You’re wrong about one thing. At 13:20 or so you say her work will never get her a Nobel peace prize. And I think you really are wrong. Someone will use her work to grow those concepts onward and upward, and we’re it not for her huge contributions, they would not have been able to reach those conclusions as and in that sense, she will receive what she deserves in the end. The scientist who does will surely be aware of that and ensure her name is right there with them. She will be remembered. And she deserves to be

Title change: "Why We Think..."

Dark matter could it be the reason why we can't see it is because it out of our specterem of site the same with light and sound I hope that he sees this

Best explanation so far for people like me who has zero knowledge about this topic.

What we need new equation to clarify all confusion of effects of dark energy over galaxies, then things will be clear enough to understand galaxy speed and expansion goes to hand to hand. Just like gravity, if we take speed of gravity slowest speed possess hydrogen atoms, as atoms grow size wise, it increases energy density and speed as well, unfortunately I have to work for living, currently I have limited time to explain things , if had more time I could have created equation to unify quantum gravity with expansion as it grows into larger scale, changes start for gravity from center of inner core always to the end of inner core, always atoms in the center has one step higher density more you migrate outward from center of inner core atoms density decreases. If we check the weight of atoms located in the center of inner core and the ones the end of formations you will be shocked to find out their differences in weight. Then it will be for you clear why is impossible to increase atoms size in the lab by simply adding more protons neutrons into nucleus. How I explained gravity is expanded energy of sub atomic particles more pressure it gets higher density becomes and farther it expands, if we take single expanded proton strength of that proton will be the same throughout the expansion, even though we do feel energy weakness the end of gravitational reach, is not for gravity in general becoming weak, simply it turns out less dense not all sub atomic particles can expand to the same distance, less sub atomic particles energy, less density and obviously less sub atomic particles will give smaller gravitational effects. That’s how gravity expands and effects surrounding areas of far reach as it goes. I hope this will take some confusion away from quantum level to gigantic.

Has no one ever thought that the galaxies are 72mps per mega parsec closer and much bigger than perceived due to gravity?

You don’t have to modify any physics. Just take into account the differing measures of distance and differing rates of time that are the result of the amount of gravity in the vicinity. The distant galaxies are *not* expanding away from us. An infinitely expanding universe is utterly nonsensical. It’s the *distance* between us and distant galaxies that is expanded (not “expanding”) from the effect of general relativity from the lack of matter and mass between us and distant objects. Dark energy isn’t needed to explain the red shift because the lack of matter in outer space explains the expansion of distance between the enormous gravitational wells of very large masses of super massive black holes. Time also speeds up where there is less matter so there is no need for dark matter to explain the faster movement of the outer spiral arms of galaxies. The problem is that they are not taking into account simple general relativity. They aren’t considering the variable rate of time and the differing measures of distance due to the amount of matter in the vicinity. Einstein burned into peoples minds that the speed of light doesn’t change. The units of measurement to measure the speed of light do change over large distances and galaxies cover large distances. That means that the speed of light does change over large distances as observed by us. The speed of light doesn’t change. The rate of time changes and the measure of distance changes… *which effectively changes the speed of light as we observe it over great distances.* Time runs faster in outer space where there is no matter and much less gravity. This is the reason the outer spiral arms of the galaxies move much faster than expected. It’s because events take place at a faster rate the less mass and gravity there is. Distance is expanded in outer space (not expanding). Plasma jets do not stream out five times the speed of light since the distance is expanded away from gravity wells. If the distance within a galaxy affects the rate of time and the measure distance that much, *just think what happens to time and distance in deep outer space where there is no matter in our line of sight!* The distances between us and the galaxies that we see are extreme! Time doesn’t run at the same rate everywhere in the universe. Time runs faster in outer space. It just dawned on me the other day that a thousand years and a single day happen at the same time in different places throughout the universe. It's simple (observed) general relativity. Time slows down and distance is contracted because of gravity where there is massive amounts of matter. Conversely, time speeds up and distance is greatly expanded where there is no matter in vast expanses of outer space. This eliminates the need for dark matter since time is sped up in the outer spiral arms of a galaxy where there is not nearly as much matter. It eliminates the need for dark energy in outer space where distance is expanded where there is no matter. So the result of general relativity is that billions of years pass by in outer space (13 some billion years) at the same time as thousands of years pass by where we are inside of the Milky Way galaxy. ...! Billion of years and mere thousands of years are the same thing *at the same time* in deep outer space and where we are, according to physics and according to relativity. In review, time slows down where we are. Time speeds up with less gravity so the outer spiral arms of galaxies move faster. There is no need for dark matter. Distance increases where there is no matter in outer space. There is no need for dark energy to expand space since the expansion of space is from not having any matter far away from the galaxies. Deep time (billions of years) and thousands of years exist simultaneously in this universe where there is no single rate of time or measure of distance! Just think what could be the reality *when* the photons register with our eyes or our cameras/detectors and there is a collapse of the wave function as seen or detected by us within our dilated time and distance. (Our rate of time is not the universal rate of time, especially for photons.) Conclusion: The time it took for Creation and since Creation in the Bible is absolutely true! Time itself is a (real) fabrication. Only your Creator can perfectly cover for you Himself and remake you again from the inside out by the power of His true word as no one else ever can since all of your mistakes are on and against your Maker.

i knew that !!

Congrats you discovered ether of space again. Err dark matter. 😳

The Earth's influence on the rest of the universe can be measured by its pull of gravity over billions of light years. Exactly the same as it had before humans showed up.

I'm not too swift and im a bit shifted a ways to a rouge out in the sticks sort of to say....but, i sho been curious to just how anyone measures anything galactica in space and time. Now that leads me to wonder if all that energy in the "demoncrator" super massive hole is somehow pausing and also weighing in all time as we can observe.... maybe that's why and out here we can't comprehend the complexity of time and galactic orbital mass...

If we don't know about dark energy, and we aren't absolutely sure, how do we know that, "that unknown" is 96% and that finite known matter is 4% - it's like stating "I am 96% ignorant" - how did we measure that - our methods of measurement are flawed

So we made calculations that don’t match our observations and made up a new type of matter to compensate for calculation errors. Classic humans.

Aren't the stars stationary but the dark matter is what's rotating?

Excellent lecture.