I mean, it would be nice of them to do so, but it is not that big of a deal. The extra-cosmic Blockbuster has a universe-rewinding machine, so if they get a universe back and they see that it is not rewound, they just pop it into the rewinder and it comes out queued up for the Big Bang. Well, I mean, most of them have previews at the very beginning before the Big Bang, but no one really watches those.
If white holes exist then they could reverse the entropy of the universe. In fact the heat death of this universe could be this universe falling into a multidimensional infinite black hole and later being spewed out by another multidimensional infinite white hole thus causing another big bang. This big bang might not be the first. No one knows if this is the first iteration of the universe. I have a hunch it is the 6th one. In the Matrix we trust.
Well... that "special time" lasts over a trillion years so it's not really special (see 3:12 in the video). That's how long it'll take for galaxies outside our supercluster to recede beyond the cosmic horizon. Krauss' quote makes for a good sound-bite but that's it.
I would love to read a novel based off multiple type 3 civilizations trying to stop the expansion of the universe and attempting to keep it from dying from heat death. It would probably be extremely far fetched, but it is an interesting topic to ponder.
I think it'd take a theoretical type 4 (inter-galactic) or type 5 (inter-cluster), to do that successfully anyway, and if they do I think that would make them into a type 6 or 7, or at least start the transition to it. Though seeing as, as far as I know, those aren't real types anyway, I guess it would just be a type 3.
@Stephen Lacey Not a waste of time with so much new technology. NASA had to literally invent half a dozen new technologies, AND advance them enough to be usable in space. In comparison, it took 11 years to make the Blu-ray after blue LED lasers were invented. Even though we already had led lasers and blue lasers. Not to mention the fact that all a Blu-ray is, is a DVD with a different laser and programming 11 years. NASA is absolutely kicking ass.
Two astrophysics are talking at a table in a restaurant. A young man at the next table suddenly jumps up, shouting “WHAT DID YOU SAY!?”. Beads of perspiration running down his face had an abject look of horror. One of the scientists says “We were discussing the fact that in 5 Billion years the sun will destroy the earth”. The young man had a sudden look of relief on his face and said “wow, I thought you said 5 MILLION years!”
Technically we bypassed type 2 already by standard equations. Type 2 would be to harness the power of our own star and distribute its power to fuel our world right. Well hello, Mcfly think. We did that long ago nuclear power plants. The process is the same energy that makes up our sums fuel right. We harness it and distribute it right. Then we passed that marker up long ago
@@lucifermephistophilies6629 Actually, fusion is what powers the sun. Power plants use fission currently. we would never get the power of the sun out of a reactor. that is why the scale specifies home star.
@@janecasper846 and we currently are endeavouring to find ways to transfer a network of energy supply stations to power the laser guided engines currently being tested on the recent satellite we launched on a deep space mission
The fact that the solar life of the universe has 99% left of its total lifetime makes the universe seem so full of potential. I wonder how we humans would have felt if we instead found out there's only 1% of the solar lifetime left. This would definitely have some significant existential impact on our collective psyches
DIG IT it could DIG ! Logic would have it that if didn't why is our universe is here in the first place . Our universe may be 10" 10" x Google x Google x10 universe or it may not . Their is one certainty stars die and reborn somewhere else why not universes . Worth a thought 🤔
The thing tho that has me very confused is space itself is it continuous or break down to a mere size of a electron or smaller ...I can't get my freakin head around this stuff .
There's a feeling I remember when watching the stars in total darkness in Wyoming as a kid, seeing the Milky Way, the planets, satellites, and meteors, that I can't see now that I live with too much light pollution. I felt small but connected. I've experienced a related feeling looking from a mountain top in the evening, seeing lights of small towns 30 miles away. And I remember how I felt when I saw the total solar eclipse last year, when my sense of the sun and moon and their locations, and connection to how we define time, seemed suddenly clearly tangible and "physical", in a way it rarely does. The sun and moon are normally just a backdrop to whatever I'm paying attention to here on earth at the moment, but during the eclipse it all felt like one big connected machine.
Isn't there a infinitly small chance that at some point in the infinite future, all particules quantum teleport at the same exact location, releasing a new burst similar to some kind of big bang?
No, such teleportations tend to be limited by horizons, given the expansion of space only a small fraction of the universe's matter can suddenly clump. And given how smaller clumps are more likely we'd expect 'big bangs' to be vanishingly rare. Most often you'd just get a tiny dust grain or puff of gas forming. Maybe an asteroid now and then. A planet nearly never and a star even less often. Eventually everything would be so far away nothing could teleport to anything else.
This theory would mean the universe (as we know it) has only one existence, a beginning and an end. With most of its existence as nothing happening. Kind of sad!
This universe yes. But there are quite a few theories such as Eternal Inflation that have new universes being born all the time. (And in EI's case our universe's 'bubble' would be expanding forever, new matter forming at its edge, allowing our universe as a whole to always have something happening, even if its center 'dies'.)
Gareth Dean what does “tend to be limited by horizons” mean? Are they limited always, or in some cases, like not for paired particles e. g. or never (but it looks like they are because we havent observed the opposite yet)?
If you're interested, Isaac Arthur has a couple of videos about civilizations in the black hole and iron star eras, which go into more depth about said eras and especially the sorts of technology it would take to survive during them.
Isn't that assuming that life on such age already evolved past our normal sun energy dependent evolution stage? Is there alternate biology evolution theories out there?
Well, there's plenty of time before the age of stars ends. A civilization that doesn't trancend dependance on stars by that time doesn't deserve to keep on existing. They literally have billions of years to do so.
@@Mernom That's assuming that life form has been existed long before, but I was more talking about the possibility of life starting in the end of star age or even in the post star age. Can star energy based life evolved so quickly to shed it's dependency on star? On earth they were impossible based on evidence of mass extinctions that mostly caused by the mere dimming of the sun energy.
We're already at a point where we are not fully dependent on stars to survive. We can replicate our living conditions fairly easy. The only real reason we don't already have hotels and apartments in orbit are because of how prohibitively expensive such efforts are with our economy and current level of technology. The main problem would be harvesting enough solid matter to create a sealed environment and capturing enough energy to keep that environment functional. Still leads toward the same end game though, eventually all that energy is converted to heat and heat death sets in.
@@eideticex I'm pretty sure can guess that the food you ate still dependant on solar energy, therefore we are still fully dependant on solar energy. Besides what I mean from the beginning is that whether or not life, complex life, and eventually intelligent life can flourish in a post stars universe. In such universe there's no light, no photosynthesis, etc I can't know if such evolution of life and intelligent life possible, if you know how I'd like to read your ideas.
@@camfg8908 The no. of particles in the universe is estimated to be around 10^80 only. That's smaller than a googol (10^100) and definitely smaller than 10^10^76.
@@Been_offical_0417 The number 10^10^76 is 1 followed by 10^76 zeros! 10^76 itself is 1 followed by 76 zeros! For reference the universe has around 10^80 particles. So we might just have enough particles (atoms and their smaller units) to write the number down, though of course this is not practical.
I can't wait for science to discover that actually the universe is in endless loop, and at the end in 1000 googols, it just reboots like Windows after a Blue Screen ;)
Glenneroo Oovy possibly. There might just be another big bang. We can't see outside the visible universe, but if it's flat, maybe if we could see far enough, we'd see our universe is expanding into a heat death universe of nothingness around us. Though i like to think that if we got to the edge of the observable universe, it would look the same as it does here.
@Danielle Spargo Or what about a big toilet flush i.e. reverse big bang, and then big bang again.. yo yoing back and forth until somebody figures out how to build our cribs on another dimension, unaffected by all this gravitational exploding/imploding silliness. Re: "edge" - my thoughts exactly! Just because we can't see beyond 13ish billion years, doesn't mean there's nothing out there... we probably need better telescopes and neutrino detectors :D
Glenneroo Oovy nah, better telescopes won't work, since cumulatively across that distance, space is expanding faster than the speed of light. Because of that, the light can travel forever and never get here. No matter how big your telescope is, you can't detect light that will never reach us. As for the big crunch, it's seeming unlikely that it'll ever happen. Dark energy is prevailing over matter, and so infinite expansion seems to be inevitable. However, quantum fluctuations may bring about another big bang, but now we're getting into territories beyond my personal understanding lol
Danielle Spargo Sorry I should have written "telescopes" as obviously just seeing light doesn't work... I meant detecting other things that we can't yet "see".. or just generally better understand and bringing theories together. Just because string theory is at the forefront, doesn't mean it's the absolute winner. There are endless new things to discover... creating more questions than are answered... and whatever we "know" now can change dramatically with the next discovery waiting for us around the corner. I hate to compare it to religion but in a way, we also have to also have faith in our current research that it's all correct... but compared to religion, scientists are constantly looking to find the real truth (understanding) therefore what is "truth" is constantly in flux. I'm just waiting until the next Einstein comes along, showing us some elegant explanation for merging currently scattered theories. Maybe he/she is already out there, we just have to wait for them to stop working at the patent office :P
You are of truly great heart, compassion for an entire universe that may meet, a quiet end, in an unimaginably distant, future. I'm so pleased to see how many are troubled by this prospect. It speaks volumes of the human spirit and how connected we really are. I find it beautiful. Not the loss, but the sense of loss. I guess , maybe we have a chance, if we all tap ourselves for the best in us. Deep down inside. Beautiful Insight💜Peace Profound.
18th dimensional superbeings: oh cool that universe i made is finished turning into iron- aw goddammit something grew in there while i was away last remnants of type 3 civilizations: WH
@ Right you are! In fact there a conspiracies that say there are beings that exist in higher densities and can perceive higher dimensions than us. They say they do see us as thus. Of coarse they are just conspiracies and such. I do remember reading some beings that were channeled inferred that time and distance are constructs of our limited brain and mind capacities. Interesting to say the least...
Did H.P. Lovecraft Design The Universe? You know you're in trouble when vacuum decay and "the big rip" are your hopes for avoiding an infinity long, dark and depressing future.
I just watched the episode about how much information is in the universe and seen the shout out to your comment, and I came back to this video and scrolled through just to like this comment. lol I love The Never Ending Story. And yes I realize this is from 3 years ago haha
This is my favourite RU-vid video where a gloomy sounding Australian explains how the fire will fade and the abyss will swallow us all... except for all of VaatiVidya's stuff, of course
If black holes can live to be a million googol years old, does that mean we are in the very early stage of the universe, relatively speaking? Seeing as it's only 14 billion years old... Jeez, we're babies.
This is all "relative" to us biological, atomically based lifeforms. -> The universe had many "ages" in the first fractions of a second of existence after the begining of the bigbang [some of them with truly "catastrofical events" like the separations of the fundamental forces]. While we can not conceive any kind of "life" in those conditions; the basic concept of increasing entropy was already there...
Yeah, it's kind of funny to think about all the ways the universe can die trillions of years from now and just gloss over the fact that we'll probably all be dead anyway because our star went kaput. Will we survive until then? Will we pack up and move to Andromeda? Will we have grey skin and giant black eyes? These are important question, we deserve answers! :p
5:12 That's so cool to think about! A very similar thing happens on a much smaller scale with the formation of stars. When a gas cloud collapses to form a star, the outer regions of the cloud are expelled from the system. In both cases, this is inevitable due to the second law of thermodynamics. A star and a tightly bound galactic core are both much lower entropy that the original gas cloud/galaxy they formed from. Thus, a large portion of the gas/stars must be ejected out of the system in a very diffuse high entropy state in order for entropy to increase overall. The same thing also happened on a universal scale. The large-scale galactic structure of the universe is lower entropy than the universe's matter after the big bang which it formed from. Thus, in order to have increasing entropy overall, the formation of these structures must have dispelled lots of ultra diffuse high entropy gas. This is exactly what was confirmed recently and is covered in this Veritasium video: ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-Kp_kqamkYpw.html.
The annoying thing about these timetables (the ONLY annoying thing) is the fact that you end up having to put your scientific notation into scientific notation into scientific notation
Spacetime has a new quantum pc with quantum time crystals and today's video was uploaded before it was made then disapeared as actual events caught up with the quantum results.
Anybody who is having an existential crisis over the end of the universe should remember the quote from the last scene of The Life of Brian. “ “You come from nothing ,you return to nothing .What have you lost? Nothing”
If all planets in our solar system are moving, our whole solar system is moving at high speeds, and our galaxy is also moving at large speeds. Does this mean that time is dilated everywhere?
this would be the question for a 'static frame of refference' which is believed to not exist. there is no part of the universe that is the one real frame of refference BUT you could use the cosmic micorwave radiation, which gives a 'screenshot' of the universe at some point after the big bang. If you want, you could use that to mesure your relative speed to it and by that means you could slow down to zero speed but thats just making up a frame of refference at the end of the day
Kinda, yeah. But within any given galaxy (and maybe local group), the difference isn't enough to get excited over...or you wouldn't remain a part of it. Sort of like the speed of light delay between you, and the person across the room, unless you have a very large definition of 'room.'
The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation pattern is just an ilusion. Every point of the universe has one that is NOT exactly the same [since the "shape" of intensity and location of each of its "points" is a bit different]. -> Because of quantum fluctuations, there was NEVER a single "instant" since the begining of the universe where everything was EXACTLY the same [for spacetime to exist and flow, quantum proceses must also happen]. At best, you can gather data from different points through the Virgo Supercluster of galaxies about the CMB (from those different "centers of the universe") through the age of the stars to get a nice big chunk of the "full 3D Map" of the density of the young universe (less than 1 millon years old); by taking account how the CMB changes as the cosmic horizon expands [it will tend to look the same on each point]. -> This would NOT be a comprehensive description of the origin of the universe [for that we would need some way to measure the "Cosmic Neutrino Background" radiation, assuming it is even possible]; but for any PRACTICAL reasons it will be "as good as it gets" for a "fixed frame of reference".
But why would a big rip jump-start the universe? Or rather, why would it jump-start the universe any better than heat death? If a big bang is born out of some freak quantum event (a big if), then it might just as well start in a universe deep in heat death, as it can in a universe ripped to shreds by dark energy. Or am I missing something here?
Big rip...the idea I heard and found pretty fascinating is that if the force that is expanding the universe continues to grow, it may get to a point where it expands space itself at such a rate that it creates an actual vacuum, and that vacuum may be the start of a new universe. Wish I could find the video I saw it on...
That's vacuum decay you're talking about I think. In the big rip scenario, dark energy tear spacetime itself to shred, and there's nothing left. Time itself stop making sense.
We are all cosmic babies, or perhaps I should say embryos.. I've always been fascinated about the 'Deep Future'. Kinda took me by surprise when I got the announcement of this video. Finally a Spacetime video about this intriguing topic! And of all the vids I've already seen, this one nails it!
Do you think that since we exist at such an early age of the universe that we may be the FIRST intelligent civilization? Is it possible since there are trillions upon trillions of years remaining in the stellar era that the majority of life has yet to arise?
Yeah but we really shouldn't be making conjectures on whether or not there are other civilizations for the exact reason that the observable (which is not in any way the entire universe) is obnoxiously large, indicating a high likelihood there's a replica Milky Way with all the same conditions out there, or that life is absolutely random and exists only on here. Either way, the distance between galaxies and other stars is so vast that it would take far longer than the entire span of human civilization to reach the other stars by conventional means. Our (carbon based) idea could arise wherever satisfactory conditions are met at any point in the universe.
i think we're probably the first and the only but not for that reason. it'd be incredibly surprising to exist in this early period of the universe if life could thrive well into the future, unless there are just an incredibly high number of observers/civilizations around now relative to then and the number would decrease dramatically to allow for the probability to exist now to be feasible. the reality is that g-type stars are being produced in ever smaller numbers and i think in about 10 billion years their production may have ceased entirely and the last ones left will be dying out. you would then need red dwarves to be compatible with life and to host the new (and i guess existing) civilizations, but for various reasons red dwarves are hostile to life. so no, I'd say it's a given that we exist around about now, there's only a small window for life.
Lol, no we are the newest and most barbaric civilization on the scene who can't even see the countless others yet, because we are so stupid (and hateful). Everything is more or less alive, and the reason we don't know anything about life outside this planet is because we can't handle it. We can't even live peacefully here so why would more intelligent civilizations want to make themselves known? If they'd made themselves known they would just risk have to kill us in self defence, lol. We will come in contact with other intelligent life forms (right here on earth) as soon as we have cultivated world peace for at least a couple of generations.
That's not possible. There are at least worst case scenario 10 -15 Billion earth like exoplanets orbiting red dwarfs habitable zones. That's just the milky way galaxy. That's kind of an ego centric way to think man.
@@evilbankai5166 that's a complete non sequitur. so it's impossible just because there's lots of stuff out there? how do you know that the unlikelihood of intelligent life arising is even greater than that amount? and the 'egocentric' thing is a cliche ad hominem. it's not an argument.
There’s one episode where they talk about using a dyson swarm to make a kugelblitz (a black hole made from light) then using the Hawking radiation from said black hole to make more energy than a Dyson sphere. I wish I knew what episode but I can’t remember sorry!
One time I had an argument with a guy who didn’t believe heat death was a real thing. He was was genuinely convinced that the universe is perfectly stable and that humans would exist for the rest of time. It boggles the mind.
But it would never be as expriments show that the rate of expansion is increasing with time because of some unknown energy and the energy is continuously increasing that tends to expand the space faster and this cycle goes on So at last a time would come when the expansion would be so fast that even atomic particles will be torn apart at after that everything is over..
I want to add that since everything, include us will be expanding at the very end, we might not even know when it happens; when at the point when we're expanding near the speed of light. ~deep thoughts
It gets REALLY strange... When Dark Energy (whatever it is) starts "pulling out" quarks with more "force" that the equivalent mass/energy that makes them... they do not "split" but instead REPLICATE. -> The stronger/faster you pull them apart, they replicate EVEN FASTER [no spacetime gets in between them]. At the end, matter wins by filling everything as an endless growing sphere going faster-than-light [but from the "relative point of view" of each quark, it is "alone" in an endless, eternally silent void; unaware that is making infinite copies of itself in all directions (more than a "single infinite"), all the time].
I personally agree that heat death currently seems to be the most likely outcome of our universe, but it is worth noting that this is just one of multiple theories. (edited because of a typo)
keviscool It’s true that we don’t understand Dark energy completely but based on what we know dark energy’s energy density is about 10^-8 ergs/cm^3. Meaning that the universe’s expansion up until about 9 billion years ago because the density of matter and dark matter diluted enough that dark energy took over accelerating the universe’s expansion.
There might be a marvellous symmetry between the universe’s birth (Planck’s age) and its death (Kelvin’s), filled with spellbinding mathematical harmony. Various Quantum Thermodynamics model, based on second law’s purely statistical nature, predict the nonzero possibility of a new universe arising from fluctuations or “random” phenomena over a very vast amount of time, if thermodynamic equilibrium is not achieved. But in either case, I still love the parallel between the initial singularity, when time “was not”, and the final state, when time “means not”.
I love how he is so definitive, yet we don't truly know. The current evidence suggests the universe is expanding, but we don't know for certain if it will keep expanding or not, or we could be missing something important. We have a decent idea, but we could be totally wrong. Until we find TOE, I'm going to remain cautiously optimistic that the universe is on an infinite cycle and I will live this exact life again sometime in the future.
It's shorter to be definitive, nobody wants to hear another explanation of 'Now this is only our best theory at the moment...' besides which he gives at least one big uncertainty, that of proton decay.
You will live this life again, all things must reoccur in an infinite amount of time. At some point, time and space will be in the same state as the big bang was. Time will not exist when nothing can happen. So there will be a long spance of nothingness... But someday the universe will get tired of being "nothing". Just as it did in the beginning. All the evidence for this is the fact that were all here now. Why aren't we already gone? Maybe that's because we will never be "gone". We have done everything it is to do over and over and just don't know it. And will still to infinity.
Michael & nonam are both confusing "infinite" with "complete"; to say "this set MUST have every possible combination in it" means it has to be complete. The set of all even numbers is infinite, but is missing all odd numbers, for example. There'll be a _probability_ that same-exact-configuration recurs, but it'll never be certain. --Dave, many things COULD recur. nothing says everything WILL.
This is the BEST, most detailed and comprehensive, accurate video on this on all of RU-vid and I've watched like ALL of them... This satisfied me on levels I can't explain. Thank you PBS Space Time!
I'd like to think that eventually, we will be able to reach the point where we traverse not just the universe but also all the possible dimensions. My idea is this : ASI and Human Effort and understanding gets us to a Type 3 Civilization. We manage to make Wormholes that enable us to travel through the universe despite its expansion We amass enough computational power to reach a level of understanding capable of elevating our consciousness and scope of existence from 3 dimensions to all 11 or 26 or maybe even more dimensions. Being able to traverse dimensions enables us to interact with quantities we cannot even comprehend and become capable of interacting with and affecting the nature of reality, existence and space itself. At this point, I hope to believe that we can choose to either, reach a level through which we can redesign the fabric of space time itself including the laws of physics that are supposedly leading to our eventual demise, thereby choosing to create a controlled environment inside which we may exist for eternity. Or we find a way to go beyond our universe into some form of super void or other universe [If that exists. I like to believe it does] which enables us to continue on forever, moving from Universe to Universe and creating our own infinite universes for our consciousness to live on in our computers or within ourselves? Since the lines would be way too blurred by then. We would hopefully reach this stage way before the Black Hole Epoch of the Universe. And by doing so, Heat Death no longer remains a threat. This is all truly speculation. I cannot possibly account for all this. But it is a hopeful dream. One that I believe in my heart that we will be able to accomplish one day. After all, we are the universe experiencing itself. And since we are it, we can change it and by that I mean, change ourselves. We are God's Debris [Great book by the way] Thank you for listening to my rambling. If this post gets analyzed in a googol years in which some form of economy still exists, I would like to be rewarded with infinite universe building power or whatever seems tempting at that stage. Thank you for reading. And thank you for playing my game :)
I remember seeing a small cutting-glitch somewhere in middle of the video yesterday, where in the image Matt was still talking, while the audio had already switched to a different take. I didn't notice it this time (though i haven't seen the entire video yet), so i guess they fixed it. *EDIT: Wrong, it's still there: **10:45*
I looked up that once time ends, the stars will burn out. No stars and life forms will ever arise. Time will stop, and nothing will change. That makes me so scared and sad
Well, if there's a civilization around that can sustain itself at this point, they probably mastered particle physics to the point of producing protons, neutrons, electrons en masse. At that point, it really doesn't matter what the rest of the universe does as long as you have energy.
Once the universe cools down, everything will start to shrink back to the center, then once it has all combined we will have another big bang. I believe this happens forever. No begging and no end. Just new universe after new universe
You say civilizations may survive up to the end of the black hole era, but if that's well past the point the last proton decays then what could possibly be "living" at this point? Unless we're talking beings of pure energy?
Rotating black holes can do =extremely= strange things with time dilation; civilizations could extract energy from one and 'live' in the ergosphere. --Dave, very TINY civilizations, but hey
At the start of the video, that will only be true if there isn't some sort of civilization artificially controlling matter to extend the life of a star or stars much, much longer. If they took the matter from large, short lived stars, starlifted it, stored it, then used it on a small star over time to replenish its fuel, they could extend its life for a very long time. I could even imagine a (relatively) post scarcity civilization whose main goal it to do just this, as time would be their last main finite resource.
If a civilization survived that long, and became that advanced it would just be easier to move planets close enough to black holes to gain energy through tidal heating.
The only way known for now to get 100% energy is smashing matter and anti-matter. Highly advanced civilizations will die when they run out of matter , energy or when protons start decay and matter starts to degenerate
Theres no better time to live than this era i believe. Being human with one foot hanging just outside on the unknown while other foot firmly on the ground. So grateful
06:04 "Do protons Decay? That's a cool bit of physics that deserves it's own episode." -- Three years later and no episode. (At least, no episode with proton decay in it's title.)
So with expansion pushing galaxies beyond their local sapce's event horizon, anything beyond that veil effectively does not exist, right? Like "no evidence of the big bang". So do photons shoot out into the void? Or do they exist only if there are two particles which can exchange energy? After all, no matter how many billions of years it takes for a photon to traverse the universe from the most distant stars to come impinge our eyes, to the photon that trip is instantaneous. Do photons require a destination/absorber in order to be emitted?
No, photons can be emitted into the void easily enough. Most will be in fact. The photon itself doesn't really have a sense of time, an infinite trip to nothingness isn't even an instant to it, they don't experience time.
Seems like there could be a problem with asymptotes, which is why I posed the question in terms of energy. Perhaps informatics might be a better framework. If photons are a packet of information and if they get sent outside the observable universe, does that violate some conservation principle? Or perhaps could it be that the event horizon of the known universe is only a barrier within our familiar spacetime 3+1 dimensional configuration and some sort of tunneling might occur to provide conservation? (Which, in effect would mean light is not constrained to c if it's "communicating" with some beyond the event horizon... Seems paradoxical which is why I ask if the event horizon easentially blocks outward transmission.
Information conservation only requires that information continue to exist, it need not be observable, which is why black holes absorbing it are fine unless they evaporate (Which would allow what leaves to be observed bringing it into possible conflict with the featureless nature of BHs.) Light is restricted to a speed of c, if something is outside the event horizon then light can be sent to it, but a return signal cannot. TWO-WAY communication is eliminated. From the photon's perspective however speed and time do not exist, the universe is infinitely flat along its direction of motion and it takes no time to go nowhere. The photon perspective is... not exactly unreal, but it lacks a lot of concepts we massive beings rely on.
Yeah I think it’s vacuum decay or something. It’s where all particles in the universe drop to the same energy level which creates another Big Bang or something along those lines I don’t really remember. Nonetheless a really cool theory though
We are going to sit around rotating black holes for a LONG time, feeding on it via Penrose mirrors. For so long, eternity wouldn't even start to describe it...
I think that a major hint that intelligent life in the universe isn't or won't be all that rare, is the fact that we're only 13.8 billion years into the lifespan of a universe where life will be possible for 100 trillion years. Occams razor, if life is possible this early then surely there will be millions or billions of civilizations before time runs out.
