In a previous video you made a note that it is impossible to separate quarks. Moving them apart creates enough energy to create another pair of quarks. So in the instant that dark energy becomes strong enough to pull apart subatomic particles the universe will suddenly be full of enough mass to slow down the expansion of the universe. So have we just explained inflation?
He says that at that point no particle is close enough to interact with each other. So, maybe quarks continuously form, but as soon as they form the are not longer in causal connection with each other, meaning that all this new matter and energy have no time to communicate gravitational interactions to each other. But I have no clue.
Good point. Add in Penrose's Conformal Cyclic Cosmology, and we might have a winner (the universe goes through an endless series of cycles that generate their successor). This would not only explain Inflation, but also explain how each successive universe can start at maximum entropy.
You joke about taking a nap, but I use PBS space time as a sleeping aid, your calming voice and interesting complex subjects far removed from my life problems helps a lot to calm my anxiety keeping me awake. Thanks for the service!
DUDE! I listen to Comsology/Astronomy books on Audible when I go to sleep. Every night I'm lulled to sleep by the sounds of a narrorator explaining why or why not time travel is possible or what exactly the "Many Worlds" theory entails. I love it.
@@butHomeisNowhere___ - That fringe cosmology slightly irritates me too much. However I do enjoy some quality videos like those of Skydivephil, which do touch fringe cosmology but are not that repetitive as "time travel" and "many worlds" stuff. Problem is that when I get one of those, even if I get to sleep (and I'm not absorbed by the dissertation, resulting in high brain activity and no sleep), I often want to rewatch in the morning or whenever I wake up, resulting in delays. Nature docus are generally the best for sleep, really.
@@LuisAldamiz Absolutely. I don't really subscribe to the fringe theories, but what it does... for me, at least, is let my mind wander around thinking about "what if...". And that ability to get lost in thought actually helps me sleep. I guess it's sort of a precurser to a dream, as it were. But yea, I totally understand being annoyed by people overindulging in certain ideas like the many worlds thing. In which case, you do better listening to things more grounded in actual fact.
Thank you very much for answering that question about splitting hadrons. I deeply appreciate the expertise and presentation that you bring to these videos. It's solely because of your videos, the questions they spawn, and your interactions with viewers that I even have the chance to understand the universe and its interesting physics on a deeper level. So again, thank you very much for what you do.
Who ever puts this together reads at least some of the comments and they answer the questions people have given an over the top treatment of things like the big rip. The time line and closing of the observable universe make it clear the scenario is a lot like having black holes form on every object in the universe and eventually every atom. I suspect the closing moments would be a lot like entering a black hole, with the tidal forces of space time having similar effects. Until a year or so ago I took the big bang literally, an explosion that flung things to the edges of the universe, with some doubts considering the vast quantity of mass involved, but it at least conformed with things I do understand. The expanding space time does not conform to anything I understand, how it transports massive galaxies at speeds that defeats those galaxies local velocities, which are quite high, and makes it small.
@@lordpredator8855, It sounds like you already found them, but just in case ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-tAtVgHvt05M.html&lc=UgzH3nUJci7Lf-BRIVl4AaABAg
Alien kid in moms basement: Creates universe on a computer Alien Mom: :"Billy, Dinner time" Kid: "Ok mom be right there" Mom;..."Billy?" Kid: "Hold on mom I have to save my game!" Alien Dad: (pull power cord out of the wall) Universe dies Kid: "DAD!!! Ugh Now I have to restart the whole game!!!"
"It seems too much of a coincidence that it should be so close to -1 without being -1." I remember being told the same thing about Lambda being so close to 0.
We are sorry but recent budget cuts require reduction of simulated universes. Unfortunately your universe is one of the chosen for early termination. Shutdown timer is now set at:40 billion years.
i think Eons is on the same level as this personally, this channel does go into a bit more with its longer videos but thats also likely because much more of these things can be proven through mathematics and proven theories even if we will never see it happen to prove it in the moment, whereas with Eons youre dealing with extremely fragmented fossil records that are always deleting themselves with natural disasters (if the evidence even forms in the first place). So its a bit more speculative discussion and a bit less like a lecture on known phenomena (and i mean lecture in the best way possible)
@@plutarchtheoligarch1657 but the super big chemical equation that's so complicated it can observe itself is cool in general, i don't want it to end :( though i imagine having my microscopic space dust turn into being after being gets really exhausting after a while
no extra weight. you simply interact a little bit more with the Higgs field. or just correct them that they, in fact, mean little extra mass. and in some cases, that has nothing to do with your weight
"Take a nap and wake up when the pretty pictures come back" Space Time really knows their audience. Life is less painful when you have healthy expectations.
@skOsH no karen will have ascended to a higher being and will ask for the universes manager and have the universe fired and then the universe will kill its self
It being the only accessible conversation about space time on youtube aside, my favorite thing about this channel is how Matt brings commenters into the spotlight by name
What would happen to a black hole during a big rip? Would the black hole "dissolve" all at once or would it appear to shrink? What happens to the energy of that system?
I might have to watch these multiple times. It's a lot to take in! Very intriguing through and through. Matt is brilliant and easily one of my favorite show hosts/ channel narrators ever!
This is not accelerated expansion, but momentum gaining, since we are living in an spinning universe, the more you move away from the center, the more momentum/speed you gain. So everything accelerates.
im an engineer and i thought that understanding physics is easy for me, but then this video appeared. For the 1st time I feel like having a huge brain lag :(
I'm glad you mentioned particle production when accelerating expansion starts to rip hadrons apart. I was already planning to come down here to suggest it. To me, this seems like it fits well with inflation and a new big bang in a model of eternal inflation. It may also explain why there is more matter than antimatter. Whatever minuscule portion of an earlier universe that suddenly expanded into ours would be locally dominated by one or the other (or photons left over from annihilation).
Would be mildly interesting if the rest of the history of the universe after the big rip is just infinite dark energy fighting against infinite quark production. Like the scene with Hercules cutting heads off the Hydra except forever.
What if there is no dark energy, just positive pressure? That would mean that at some point in time, the expansion will stop as the pressure equalizes.
Pressure equalizing is probably what caused the separation of the forces, when the universe expanded large enough that subatom particles could no longer stay together without gravity- that is, when light was needed, since before then, everything was within a small enough space where all matter could interact with all other matter; but "pressure" is an odd concept, considering it implies there is an outside. What exactly is the positive pressure acting against? There would have to be something beyond the expansion, even beyond the light horizon, and beyond any horizon created by the big bang. But that would also be the universe, so... it's very confusing? There is a phenomenon similar to rapid decompression I had a little idea about the early universe and how the expansion quickened so quickly; basically, the moment those subatomic particles (or goo or whatever) were unable to be within interactable distance, it caused an analogous rapid decompression. There's another name for it; it's when the pressure is so high it actually causes a decompressive action. Perhaps the reverse can be applied, where you get rapid compression... like a singularity :p For some reason I didn't save my sources or the scholarly reports I read about this action (which is near impossible to achieve in anything heavier than hydrogen, which MAKES SENSE TO ME IN THIS RESPECT). HOWEVER! when I thought of this idea, I found the idea of a stable, equilibrium universe completely absurd since it defies entropy and would imply it would equalize into a stable state rather than continuing into a further disordered state over time, which is most certainly not an equilibrium. Until it is, I guess.
When universe inevitably ends, there will be three things left: 1.) Degenerate Matter 2.) Cockroaches 3.) Human Stupidity trying to find another host after realising, that it can't possess the cockroaches
This _completely_ explains why the earth is flat. It used to be round, but dark energy originated at the north pole. This caused the world to accelerate outwards, changing Antarctica from a continent to a vast 125,000 kilometer wall of ice surrounding the world. Also, the south pole has been stretched from a single point to a perpetually expanding omni-directional circle heading outwards in every possible direction. I suggest flat earthers everywhere move to antarctica. Past the _ginormously long_ icewall, in all directions, past the fake south pole, and utilize dark energy to grow into giants. Eventually you can become so big that you can defeat anything from pacific rim, and conquer the world. Alternatively, you could simply measure the Antarctica coastline. Using boats and equipment. I suppose this would be a simpler, faster, and far less costly way to prove how long it _really is._ Have fun.
OMG this was amazing, as a layman wanting to get more into mathematics and physics, having the numbers/components of the equations laid out and explained, made it make a lot more sense, and really contributed to my growing awareness and understanding of mathematics in context! Thank you so much for this channel ❤️❤️
I say we all write a strongly worded letter to Dark Energy and request it not tear everything we’ve ever known and loved apart on the subatomic level. We need to protest this!
I'm in! This doesn't sound fair. So many worlds never get their chance. We should also start a general strike. And boycot everything from the universe.
Wouldn't it be more reasonable to call Dark Energy "Anti Gravity?" It seems to work in the opposite way to Gravity in particular: a force that we cannot see pulling apart as opposed to pulling in. Dark Energy also doesn't sound as cool in my book. With that in mind, what if there aren't only pits in space where gravity is? What if there are also mountains, and as *matter pulls together [or apart, as it may be], forming deeper pits in spacetime, then the opposite must also be done to compensate? Mountains of spacetime rising up in the matterless parts of the universe? Anyway, how y'all's day been? Mine's been ok. Went to the beach with my mom, pop, and sibbies. Then we played basketball. Hope you guys have as good a day as I have had!
Science: Great news everybody! Our calculations does not show a future in which we all are going to rip apart. Nope; instead everybody will freeze to death! Crowd: * golf applause *
The Big Rip sounds like the universe is a black hole bubble created by a positive curved space, popping into a negatively curved space... then reverberating. Like the table cloth trick failing badly.
neutron stars will get torn to shreds. With black holes it gets fun. My hunch is that the decreasing efficiency of gravity will make them evaporate faster.
Black holes should also be ripped apart when dark energy exceeds their gravitational binding energy just like everything else. But what that would look like, I have no idea.
@@appleshampoo324 If I remember correctly, black holes evaporate on the scale of many trillions of years. This video seems to indicate that if there's a big rip it would happen within 100 billion years. Although I have no idea how a possibly increasing rate of Hawking radiation may affect the evaporation time (I suspect @KohuGaly is right about that effect of the increasing phantom energy).
I think the time is freezed there, so maybe there is no expansion rate of space in that region at the first place and the black hole will stay intact. If it is true, someday we may use black hole as our shelter.
Since most people seem to want a big crunch rather than a big rip or heat death, I have a question, if a space-faring civilisation exists at the near-end of the universe would it be possible to out-run a big crunch? Or would you be flying out into a shrinking universe that you can never escape from?
Today we are not enough advanced to say if it's possible or not but I think that people with this kind of type 3 civilisation problem could use some Clarketechs which would look like magic for us nowadays
As far as I understand the big crunch, no, it's not possible to escape. The big crunch would occurs everywhere, just like the big bang. To escape that you would need to leave the universe, which is quite a challenge.
I would imagine, aside from the notion of Einstein-Rosen bridges, if you lived towards the outer "edge" you might be able to avoid the crunch. If you use our current understanding of dark energy, the rebound or "crunch" would be eventually moving at faster than the speed of light, and thus you would never be able to avoid moving away from this inevitably. General relativity allows for this notion that if you are separated from the frame of reference things can (and do) actually move faster than light. The current expansion of the universe is already moving at this FLT speed.
The model my brain keeps coming back to is that we are living in a bubble of possibility space with two solutions to return to equilibrium. Entropy is solved in the singularity and in the expansion crunch. The singularity and the expansion both destroy dimensional differentiation in opposite directions. time ends at both points.
Have you guys done a video on proton decay? It's something that, though I understand to be not likely in most physicist's minds, I find a fascinating idea. I'd love to hear you're explanation of.
I would avoid using "smaller" when referring to negative numbers (@6:13) and use the more precise "less than" or "greater than". Just a minor issue but helps avoid confusion (e.g. which is the 'smaller' number: -1 or -1,000,000,000?).
Great video. I wonder how the big rip would interact with super dense objects like black holes. Would this be a case of an unstoppable force hitting an immovable object?
Black holes may be the only thing haulting spacetime from expanding, or, as black holes decay overtime, it would eventually radiate away and the expansion could continue.
What about singularities of black holes? Can dark energy overcome the singularity of a black hole and rip it apart? What happens when the two types of event horizons meet?
The singularity is a point. There's no space between any bit of the singularity for dark energy to pull apart, so the singularity is safe. The event horizon shrinks, as it's defined as being the boundary past which the fastest thing i.e. light can no longer escape. But dark energy allows things to move away from the singularity faster than the speed of light so the event horizon would shrink to match, but it would never shrink down to the size of the singularity unless the dark energy expanded the universe at an infinite speed.
googolplexbyte A singularity / infinity is a mathematical artifact. Infinities do not exist in physical reality, they are just mathematical artifacts resulting from extrapolating a scientific model beyond its boundary of validity. A singularity is the "syntax error" of physical models. If you ever get a singularity, this means your model doesn't describe reality anymore. They are not real, Only people who errorneously mistake their model for being reality do believe they are. So the center of a black hole is not infinitesimal small, but it it is finite. Gravity expands at the speed of light. the moment the speed of the expansion of space overcomes the speed of light (nothing can move faster through space than c, but space can expand faster than c, as we know from the Guth inflation), gravity simply vanishes and thus the black hole disintegrates.
According to me, there is a fourth reason why W = -1 is the most likely hypothesis. The apparant increase in the Hubble constant may simply be a result of not properly accounting for the difference in matter density between our rather empty region of space and the average density of the early universe. According to multiple papers, we are living in a supervoid, the so-called KBC void (named after Keenan, Barger and Cowie who discovered it in 2013), which a roughly spherical void of 2 billion light years. This is also a good topic for a future episode btw ;-)
New research of shows that the difference is even bigger: 74 vs 67 (km/s)/Mpc. There must be a density difference. It is time that we don't think of our part of spacetime as an average for the whole universe. It is empty out here ... I feel it :-(
@Gifted Fool Well if you'd ever feel inclined to settle for Einsteins mcuh duller and slower distant cousin (that might not actually be related at all). Then I'd be happy to have what you just said explained to me, because it sounds freaking interesting.
Imagine you're living 22 billion years in the future and as soon as Big Rip is approaching, Big Rip is allowing you to actually go back in time and live it all over again just like humans used to now, and maybe finding a method to prevent a big rip...
Negative mass might be the dark energy. Basically negative mass is the flow of mass away from the a massive body. Instead of towards. Exploding black holes . Super novas even subatomic explosions. Might release negative mass. Even heat meets the definion of negative mass. Flowing away from the massive Bodies instead of towards
Once dark energy became powerful enough to rip sub atomic particles apart, wouldn't that generate new matter? When we try to rip apart quark pairs it seems to generate new "partner" quarks for the separated quarks straight from the energy it took to break the original pair apart.
Zach Crawford - Consider also Stephen Hawking's point about the net energy of the entire cosmos being zero, with the positive mass energy of matter in the form of hyperplasma had to be offset by the negative energy hyperinflating emergence of spacetime along with matter at cosmic t0. Could it not be the case that the only reason cosmic spacetime continues to expand is because the process of matter creation is still ongoing? To me, the question is, how is spacetime generated? It could very well be that it is an irreversible process, such that there is no way the cosmos could "recollapse" for the simple reason that once matter/spacetime emerges, there is no way for them to "recombine" and thus cancel out a certain amount of mass along with a particular measure of spacetime volume.
"but it's fun to think about even worse case scenarios" reminds me of how my advisor jokingly(?) suggested i go into disaster planning because i was always worried about unlikely unfortunate events
My RU-vid feed: * "Cute panda video" * "Mulan 2020 trailer reaction" * "Could the universe end by tearing apart every atom?" * "How to deep fry a snickers"
How would this interact with the quarks inside nucleons and the fact that energy increases as quarks are pulled apart? The way I see it there would be a huge release of positive energy that could reboot the universe.
Per the video the Big Rip, if it happened, would happen within a few hundred billion years, but Hawking Radiation takes something like 10^100 years to evaporate a solar mass black hole, let alone the super massive black holes in the centers of galaxies. If the Big Rip occurs no black holes will have noticeably evaporated in that time frame.
I hope senpai Matt notices this question! Would this scenario, particularly the last months, be a painful and horrible experience for sentient life still around near the end? Would the actually be able to experience their planets explode then be ripped apart?
My take on it would be no. If you see, at the very end ... at 10^-19 seconds, that's when the atoms are ripped apart. So without actually checking, so take this as you will, the last nano seconds where your planet/body are scattered would happen so fast that your neurons wouldnt even have time to fire signals. Of course, you'd know it was coming by watching other galaxies disassemble, but the part where it happens to YOU would be nearly instant.
