I love your content. You always explain everything perfectly and with proper maths. I have learned more from your vids than I did in college lmfao. Ty for your time and knowledge my friend.
I once wanted to make my own transformer for arc furnace. I didnt know how to calculate the windings and core area. So I asked my physics teacher but she didnt help me much. I was very disapointed. Becouse I couldnt find enough information on the internet which I could understand, I had to stop my project. I hope you will explain it in you next video so I can finaly understand how it works and maybe one day I will get back to my project.
Cool video, but for me that's quite old and easy topic. I think that video about switching power supplies and some basic diy solution would be a great idea.
Sure. But I wanted to cover the basics of transformer before moving on by creating my own. Like I said at the end of the video, next time will be about DIYing a transformer.
I love your video so.much, but i want you to help me with this .i am working on "ultra low voltage boost converter to light a LED by using Thermal Electric Generator" but i dont know what to do please helpppp me =(((
@@greatscottlab Creating very complex circuits. So complex that even he struggles to do them and then ElectroBoom destroying them singlehandedly. Gonna laugh all day.
Ah, I spent hours trying to make transformers and having no one to explain it so well that it looks simple and logical. I wish you would’ve make this video 30yrs ago :)
*Great Scott:* Warning! Mains voltage. *ElectroBoom:* I went to UK to blow their fuse. *BigClive:* You may as well get yourself an Explosion containment pi dish and try this at home.
I use these videos, to understand stuff taught in my high school where there is no demonstrations to motivate children to learn practically. I highly appreciate these videos...😍😍😍😍😍😍❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️
Can you maybe bild a bike security system which makes a loud noice if somebody want to steal it? And yes I know that you've already built something similar for your motorcycle, but in my opinion it's too complicated and uses up too much power for a normal bike because you do not have a battery like a car or a motorcycle. I thought of a small circuit that you can activate with a switch and then beep when the bike is moved after activation.
You might have measured the inductance with a frequency that's too high, iron core transformers are very dependent on frequency and will read a lot less when tested at higher frequencies. But I can't really see the frequency setting because it's blurry.
I just learned more about transformers in 11 minutes than I have in 50+ years. I didn’t understand all of it but it has given me a foundation to build on. Thanks!
😃😂 Lollll. I started laughing when you illustrated the winding of the transformer directly on the core. Genius, use a bobbin, even one built from paper will be helpful.
Super cool! I was just thinking that the layering "flaw" that happens when you 3d print something might just be an advantage when making a transformer core! Can't wait for part 2
Hi GreatScott, overall a very nice video, good to see this kind of education content! I would like to offer some small technical corrections if you’re amenable. At 5:00, you say that the EMF induced in the primary which opposes the applied voltage is the reason the primary current didn’t agree with your complex impedance based calculation. This EMF _is_ self induction, and is exactly what your meter measured, and if the measurement were taken under the appropriate conditions, the complex impedance formula would give you exactly the mains current. The reason you didn’t get agreement is that electrical steel is a highly nonlinear magnetic material: your meter’s excitation current simply wasn’t high enough to replicate the (nonlinear) inductance that the mains voltage sees at higher excitation. You could point at the chart at 6:30 (or a similar chart) to show this: the line approximating the slope of the 0.3 T B-H loop is less steep than the one approximating the slope of the 1.2 T B-H loop. Or, a current probe/oscilloscope measurement of the magnetizing (no load) current would show the extreme nonlinearity of the typical mains frequency transformer. Also, at 7:52, you say that increased load current can push the transformer closer to saturation. This is a very common misconception. In fact, at higher loads, a transformer is operating farther from magnetic saturation. The reason is that the secondary current’s flux opposes the primary current’s flux, as you said. This ends up lowering the total core flux. You can work it out from the lumped element model by seeing that the load current reduces the total AC voltage across the mutual inductance part of the winding system, and causes larger voltages across the resistive (and leakage inductance) parts of the primary winding impedance. So the dPhi/dt integral of the mutual flux (which is equal to the mutual voltage) must be smaller, and peak mutual flux is actually lower. At 8:29, the formula you show is the formula for induced voltage in terms of _net magnetizing current_ (the flux that links both windings), not primary current. Magnetizing current is the difference between primary and secondary amp turns (at least ignoring leakage inductance, which is usually fair for mains frequency transformers). So that “I” should really be labeled “Im” or “Ip - Is”. Referring to the T model at 5:44, you can see how (in the lumped element model at least) the Lm element sees less voltage as the load current is increased, and so the flux linking Lm is reduced. The model is just a model of course, but the real behavior is captured correctly in this case. Edit: also, worth mentioning that the reason high power transformers use larger cores is really just so that the primary (and secondary) windings can be made with fewer turns of thicker wire, reducing the ohmic resistance and therefore reducing conduction losses, while still avoiding saturation at no load conditions. It's also worth noting that the volt-second product seen by a mains frequency transformer winding is a super fundamental parameter that drives core flux excursion as a function of winding count, and that practically we always use this method of calculating the core flux, and never use the induction formula, because the induction formula depends on the nonlinear resistance while the volt-second product applied to the winding is directly proportional to the change in flux linkage, and so tells you exactly how many turns and square centimeters you need to hit a particular operating flux.
@@manuelplascencia3223 can't recall, as it wasn't standard wire.. I picked up 3 or 3.5mm bus grade copper from my local metal shop and sealed it. Its only a few turns but was a PITA to wrap. I've seen guys get a few hundred amps out of 8-10ga branded automotive cable for spot welding..
I'm confused by the explanation of why the current through the primary winding is less then V/Z. Because the back EMF induced by the current in an inductor is nothing else than the phenomenon responsible for the reactive part of its impedance in the first place. And a transformer with the secondary winding open is just an inductor. So, there must be something else that is causing that discrepancy. Maybe the inductance measurement was inaccurate, or done at a frequency other than 50Hz.
It depends, do you think that tedium is hard? In all seriousness, I gave this a like, but there's a couple of things that people should be aware of. Your current draw on onside effects the current draw on the other side of the transformer, and it's oppositely proportional to the voltage change. Using the example mains transformer: if you draw 1 amp on the primary side, you're secondary side might have as much as 17 amps pushed through it. This is why the MOT spot welder took off a couple years ago on RU-vid; One high voltage path with an intermediate current draw can become a low voltage path with very high current, and thus heat, output. Also.. this is hints at some general best practice stuff: put lots of current limiting devices on a transformers primary, and voltage regulator stuff on the secondary side. Second, The UK limits the number of wire wraps you can get on a single transformer, and that can be good, because it's meant to limit parasitic capacitance. Without getting into a super long explanation, test your transformer for inductive spiking. A transformer isn't a motor, but it's still a large inductor. It has an inductive spike associated with rapid changes in voltage, and depending on current draw at the moment of power cut off, that can cause a significant voltage spikes on either side of the transformer. So types of transformers are prone to issues with inductive spiking.
In Argentina we learn to calculate and build your own transformer at the age of 15. It's part of a car battery charger completely made at state school. Mine has 13 year now and still working perfectly. Tip: coils are first winded up in a cardboard structure and then you insert the metal core.
For a 50hz/60hz sine wave transformer (the kind of transformers you plug directly into mains), you measure the surface (not the volume) of the core you are winding copper around (for an E-I core transformer, only the middle) in squared centimeters and then you divide 42 by your result, and it gives you the number of turn you need for 1 volt! If you don't understand you can ask me a better explanation by answering this comment!
Great video as always...... Waiting for long time for this type of video related to transformers and there calculation...... well want to see a video related to core saturation and how measure saturation point of an unknown core...... Well finally very informative video just of seconds but knowledge of hours.❤️
Great video! Can you please show what happens when you put a capacitor across an inductor that exactly cancels out its reactance? For example the 1600 ohms reactance you calculated for your primary is +J, what would happen if you used a 1600 ohms -J reactance capacitor for that frequency? Does the output voltage continue to grow on each cycle until it arcs?
I have done an experiment with UPS transformer Connected 220volts mains to low voltage winding, the power draw was about 2KW And after i have brought the high voltage wires close to each other, it made a spark 1 cm long, and the watt meter showed around 7KW, most probably that would be greater than that. Within half of the second MCB shutdown And the experiment ended with a little smoke of glues used in the transformer.
Great Video! One correction though: When you increase the load, the efficiency drops mostly because of the resistive losses (copper losses) in the windings. The more current you draw, the greater the voltage drop, and the less voltage the primary inductance "sees", therefore decreasing the flux density and reducing the saturation, not increasing it.
Hey bro, would be some kind of awsomeness if you could, for the sake of science, sacrifice some of your time, hastle and knowledge, to shed some light regarding electrical steel sheet! Recently I came across a dc fork lift motor for cheap, only it was missing the stator sheets, what made me thinking till it was scraped ... Believe I made a mistake not having tried to build them of plain old metal sheets. It would be nice to build a small transformer that way, and compare its efficiency with an ordinary one the same size, my bet is they run about the same ... Machst 'nen guten Job bro ;)
I've seen russian guys on RU-vid make a transformer core out of tin cans, it worked. The teaser you applied with winding a transformer-It's far easier if you build a bobbin out of thick solid cardboard, fiber glass or 3D print it, and as far as I know it is necessary for the windings to be winded tightly next to each other. Also you can easily calculate the number of windings by rhe cross sectional area and a few more sizes.
One semester of Electromagnetic Machine Theory didn't explain the subject as well as you did. I had to reteach myself almost every electrical engineering class when I studied to take my PE exam. Students would do well to watch your videos.
Short version: The principle is simple. Putting it into practice isn't so simple, especially if you need a particular voltage and current. Basics: More turns of wire on the secondary than on the primary equals a voltage step-up with a reduction in abilty to supply current. The opposite is also true. And that's only the beginning.
Hello, can you make a video on "ferrite-core" transformer... How to make a simple smps/adapter circuit with it (ac->dc)... and how to check it's properties... Please... There are very less info on that... Thanks...
Thanks For Covering Transformers. I always wanted to make one, particularly high-frequency-audio-split-center-tap (on 2ndry side) transformer with 1:2 ratio. Hope to cover more advance about transformers in future.! #StayCreative
Hi Scott. I have a couple of questions for you. What affect, if any, does the wire gauge have on transformers? Do small wire gauges produce more efficient transformers, or it doesn't matter?
A (almost) 3D printed transformer ? Very interesting ! About 15 years ago I was going to build a transformer, but the materials required (metal sheets and wire) are impossible to buy in my country if you are not a business (they only care about big money), so, I abandoned the project. Thanks for sharing !
I enjoy watching videos. I was also searching through internet to how to calculate winding turns. There were various formulas and calculators. But values they giving does not match nearly for transformers we saw in old televisions and ups transformers. Hope you can do a video about how to calculate number of turns and core area for specific power of transformer.
@8:00 in the video: overloading a transformer DOES NOT lead to magnetic saturation! The flux density is the HIGHEST at NO LOAD condition & LOWEST at OVERLOAD condition. All of the voltage "sag" is due to resistance losses in the primary & the secondary. Overload condition: iron's job is EASY, the copper's job is HARD. No load condition: iron's job is HARD, copper's job is EASY. You can make a transformer transform CURRENT (to serve as a sensor). You wind a heavy wire only 1 (or a few) turns as your primary. You wind finer winding (with more turns) as the secondary. You put ammeter across the secondary winding, essentially SHORTING it. The current in the sense winding will be the meter reading x #primary turns/ #secondary turns. Because the secondary is shorted, voltages will be almost zero & so will be the core flux.
Even on a masters degree, you will only touch on some of this theory, to design them, you really need to develop a program or excel spreadsheet to put in approximate values and use LUT from wire gauge charts. good luck.
I think what might be happening at ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-2cxcP5lY7K4.html is that the permeability of the transformer core is lower at low values of magnetising force. Therefore you aren't getting as inductance as what the mains voltage "sees". This can also be checked by comparing your Q factor against what you'd expect to see for the DC resistance and the reactance of the inductance as measured (I assume your test frequency is 100 Hz). It looks like the inductance is about three times lower than it "should" be. The very low looking Q factor of 2.31 is also suspicious. It implies at 100 Hz that the inductance should be 0.3571 H, if the DC resistance is 97 Ω. It doesn't seem to balance up. That said, I don't have a better explanation off-hand. Was the battery in your LCR meter okay? I've been caught out by low batteries before.
You have penmanship qualities better than most people I know. That with English not being your primary language(assumed) AND you're left handed. (That last bit being most impressive)
I have question tought can xenon bulbs for some reason produce arc or non regulate frequency for exampel if alternator back charges true the dashboard or arcing relays? For some reason I see sparks at night shuting in me engine and it looks like its coming from the head lights . So any idea why that thing do what it does and how to trace down variating voltages ? I think I fried me multimeter down the line some how. Can in general xenon bulbs behave similari like wacum tubes?
Sir I am designing a power supply of input 440 v and output of 5 v , using PI ic , now using their software I have calculated the parameters for transformer with core EE19 and it is showing primary with 393 turns ,which will lead to a very large transformer , now how to get correct no. Of turns
I’m very new to all this, and I can’t quite grasp everything in the video. Any prerequisites I should learn before this? Circuits, transformers, anything electrical always seems to stumble me.
You not even teaching,how to make a transformer but explaining about the derivatives to check the induction,resistance,voltage...I didn't see any transformer making put a proper title before you make a video,,,These things we can learn in Derivates of transformer itself,,but this video is not an construction of transformer....
So my biggest question is I see these all the time I'm an apprentice electrician trying to learn as much as possible and the primary coils and secondary coils never seem to be connected and I understand there's a magnetic field and Eddy currents are why you use thin laminated sheets of iron instead of solid iron but how does the voltage go through the core and out of the secondary if the cables are insulated is it just the magnetic field is that powerful it just works that way is how I understand it but I wish I knew why on a deeper level
Thanks for your very good contents. Just one request please. Could you please create content about audio output transformer for tube (valve) amplifier (both of single ended and push pull)?
Are those copper coils 3:19 enameled? I want to turn a small scale into a plug in scale because the batteries are so expensive. But the amperage of the battery it uses is 0.17 which is really low and I can't find a proper transformer. Anyone know what to do? No I don't want to just buy rechargeable batteries. I want to see this through even if the costs defeat the purpose.
the way that those sloppy wires were wound around that naked core is very dangerous...the proper procedure is to wind on an insulated form or bobbin, then slip that into the center section ( hopefully tight ), wedge with hardwood wedges top and bottom, double dip and bake with electrical varnish, and you might have something safe enough to plug in...your rig scares the hell out of me.
I bought a transformer with 2 x 24v secondary outputs and put a bridge rectifier on each output. Without load each output was measuring 49vdc? Shouldn't this be closer to the rated 24v power of each secondary output? Or is this simply a no load voltage. I did not put either output under load until I could get a better understanding of the dual output transformers. The bridge rectifiers used were package type and not made fr inn 4 separate diodes.
Microwave transformer is little bit weird... Its core is welded together and draws more than 1kW with no load but the output frequency shape is not a perfect sinewave but it's more like a square wave signal. This could be bypased by adding a second identical transformer , secondary in series because the number of turns in secondary is adound 240 maybe 250T so that makes the core sooooooo oversaturated and producing a lot of brumm ( this is maybe that reason why is welded ) and producing a looooots of heat even without the load.
You should add a "Part 1" in the title or thumbnail, as this video doesn't quite cover the promised content entirely, it almost feels like what was promised wasn't delivered, the way it is right now, unless you watch it through the end.
Wonder if your going to mention magnetostriction problems causing heat and “humming” in poorly wound transformers. With all things remaining equal in core design, a poorly hand wound winding will not act the same as one tightly and neatly wound and properly insulated. You actually can hear a bad winding and noticeably hotter transformer.
Useful and Great ! Is that better to use higher frequancies in air core transformers Does air have any losses How much frequancy usable for air transformer which is better ?!
There are two main problems that you cannot avoid with "home made" transformers. First , you cannot get the core lamination properly done. I mean you cant tide the core properly and you cannot cut all laminated slabs at same size.Second, the coil/winding will be loosely winded around the core. All these problems are going to create noise and make transformer hot.
Transformers are a type of toy robot that has become popular all over the world. They are easy to create and can be made from materials that are easily accessible. In this article, we will provide you with all the information you need to create your own Transformers. The first step is to gather the necessary materials. You will need some metal tubing, a hot glue gun, and some scraps of plastic or other materials that can be used for the body of the Transformer. The metal tubing can be found at any hardware store, and the plastic can be found at most craft stores. Once you have gathered the materials, it is time to start creating your Transformer. First, cut the metal tubing into two pieces: one piece that is about 10 inches long, and one piece that is about 6 inches long.
Did he say try it with dc voltage?? Can u explain that because I thought It only works on dc for inrush current because it's up to 7 time more usually the initial power on or off or switch open or close give or take,
Please correct me if I am wrong, but the explanation of why the measured input current is lower than that calculated from the measured primary impedance does not appear to be correct. Surely the measured primary inductance will be greater for a transformer with an open circuit secondary because the flux is not being coupled into the secondary load. That is to say the measured inductance of the primary should include the effect of the back emf of the core flux by definition. When measuring across the primary of a transformer with the secondary open circuit, it is effectively just an inductor with a particular core topology. I suspect that the reason the measurements do not match is because the inductor measurement was performed at a current far lower than the working current, making it subject to the nonlinearity of the core. Had the inductance been measured at closer to the working current the inductance would have been higher and the measured working current would have more closely matched that calculated from the primary impedance.
