This lady... well she changed the course of life on this earth. Not saying it’s good, nor bad, although the potential for both is of a very very high order.
They should come up with a way to keep humanity ending science protected. A gate keeper of some kind. Too late now as some Asian guy already make twin girls and 1/2 the population has their t-cells screwed with… (VAIDS).
What are the terms 'CRISPR' and 'cas' abbreviations for? CRISPR stands for 'Clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats' and cas stands for' 'CRISPR-associated'. What were the 2 main genomic elements of CRISPR first identified in E.coli? 1. The palindromic repeats, which are 20-40 nt in length 2. 'Spacer DNA' found between the repeats, all of which have unique sequences Which genomic locus are cas proteins transcribed from? The cas operon. What are the 3 genes that are found in the cas operon and what are their function? 1. cas1 and cas2: required for the acquisition of new 'spacer DNA' into the CRISPR system upon viral infection 2. cas9: the main effector enzyme that facilitates destruction of invading dsDNA through double-strand breaks What are CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and tracer RNA (tracrRNA)? 1. crRNA is the 'spacer DNA' derived from invading sequences that is integrated into the CRISPR system in the host genome (upstream of a palindromic repeat) 2. tracrRNA is a transcript that binds to crRNA and facilitates its association with cas9 What are the 2 regions of crRNA that aid in the destruction of invading nucleic acids? 1. The crRNA 5' sequence is derived from the invading nucleic acid and guides cas9 to the target DNA sequence 2. The crRNA 3' sequence (derived from the palindromic repeat) base pairs with the 5' region of tracrRNA, facilitating interaction with cas9 How was the CRISPR-cas system simplified for use in molecular biology? The crRNA and tracrRNA were combined into a single RNA known as a 'single guide RNA' (sgRNA). How can knockouts be generated using the CRISPR-cas system? Using a guide strand with a 5' region with complementarity to a gene and a 3' region that mimics the tracrRNA allows targeting of the cas9 enzyme to the desired locus and cleavage of the target transcript. This produces double-strand breaks in gDNA that are repaired, leaving indels that render the gene non-functional. How can knockins be generated using the CRISPR-cas system? Co-transfection with a targeting vector allows for homologous recombination to occur immediately after dsDNA cleavage by cas9. Have CRISPR-generated knockouts been demonstrated in the brain in vivo? Yes. What is the basis of the technique that uses CRISPR-cas to transcriptionally regulated a gene (rather than knock it in or out)? A non-functional varient of the cas9 enzyme - 'dcas9' is used. In this technique, the guide strand is modified to contain an MS2 sequence, which recognises and binds to the MS2 coat protein. Proteins which contain this 'coat' are then recruited to the genomic locus by the dcas9. What are the 4 types of protein that could be recruited to specific loci using dcas9 and MS2-containing guide strands? 1. Coactivator proteins (e.g. NCoA1) 2. Corepressor proteins (e.g. NCoR1) 3. Epigenetic modifying enzymes (e.g. CBP) 4. Transcription factors (e.g. CREB) How is the CRISPR-cas9 system used in vitro? A plasmids containing the cas9 gene and a plasmid containing the sgRNA are transfected into an appropriate cell type
I've listened to the Jennifer Douda audiobook on how CRISPR was recognized and developed. This short video was very informative seeing a top-down overview of the technology, what it is capable of and where the technology may be heading.
I was saddened that the camera was focused on her and NOT the slide her pointer was referencing. This tech is advancing quickly and could become dangerous in the wrong hands. She should share a Noble prize for this incredible work.
Do you like the v a x?? Have you seen how many been sick?? And sick for LIFE?! And how many dying directly! They got that thing inside of them?! Well its of THIS!! This is what they uses in.. guess what?! :(
@@andrewslope361 do your research and prove yourself wrong, I believe in your intelligence because you are here. Now show yourself, that you can reflect what she is saying and see through those wannabe science theories that blind you
@@silvanelsire5971 bro is an antivaxer (not you the guy your commenting on) witch is dum because vaccines have saved so meny life it’s amazing and vaccines aren’t a cure all they are a reacher for your immune system but with CRISPER it’s almost possible to make a prevent-all
WOW she gave no credit to the man who discovered it - CRISPRs were first discovered in archaea (and later in bacteria) by Francisco Mojica, a scientist at the University of Alicante in Spain. He proposed that CRISPRs serve as part of the bacterial immune system, defending against invading viruses.
@@fitnesspoint2006 Yip and all of a sudden the world is locked down for a "Virus" they could change in any way they wanted but want to inject you with something instead. Interesting how all the governments world wide all want the same thing all of a sudden and dont talk about CRISPR (cas9) at all.
well we can se today! 2021 that TO MANY dies of it!! In Norway and Finland trhe last week it has died many of bleeding in the brain! And TO MANY are fighting it for their lifes! At hospital! Of course this is around the world!!
Okay so after she won noble prize for this now RU-vid is recommending each and every videos of her Oh my am learning this thing straight from her Wow thanks YT
Thanks for sharing! It is a very helpful lecture! Was hoping to find the associated technologies aspect but the fundaments answered a lot of questions already.
you all probably dont give a damn but does anybody know a way to log back into an Instagram account..? I somehow forgot the login password. I appreciate any assistance you can offer me
@Bodie Ashton Thanks so much for your reply. I found the site on google and Im waiting for the hacking stuff now. Looks like it's gonna take a while so I will reply here later with my results.
This was recommended to me. I watch Twiv which is the podcast of a Columbia virology. CRISPR reminds me of the tortilla chips I would make in an oven. I didn't use any oil, just baked em! Healthy, but somewhat time consuming.
Really? The future looks grim by unleashing this tech into creation? They used this research to use Covid as a trojan horse for this bio tech plus Great Reset into Fourth Industrial Revolution
You observed that the CRISPR knock-out of protein X either promotes or represses RNA polymerase II transcription, depending on the gene. Which experiments would you carry out to reveal the mechanism for this differential activity?
I would first hypothesize that the recognition of a specific sequence in a genomic DNA molecule could happen during genome replication or during gene expression. If this is happening in the context of a gene drive, I would think that meiosis would be the target time of recognition, but that's just me.
Exellent ! What I don't understand is in what way pieces of incoming phage (or plasmid) DNA are cut out from the phage chromosome (by bacterial restriction system ?) and integrated into the CRISPER system (and also in what way) and why, at least what we are presented, these fragments are always of the same size?
Hi Dragan, new spacers are thought to come from fragments of the phage DNA created by repair proteins or even the degradation products of successful CRISPR-based targeting. The acquisition machinery + accessory proteins trim these down to the right length and then add them to the CRISPR array. Here's a much more detailed diagram of our current understanding: media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2018-1/MediaObjects/41586_2020_2018_Fig4_HTML.png
Wondering a very fundamental question. Do all bacteria have this system? and, if so, does mitochondria or archaebacteria once had a similar system too? According to the hypothesis of the endosymbiont, most of mitochondrially encoded genes moved -over time- to the nucleus. Just a speculation whether early eukaryotic lineages may had used variations to this system to evolve complex genomes. This was a very nice talk. Thanks for posting.
Studies have shown that the chromatin state does impact Cas9's search efficiency. "Searching is dependent on the local chromatin environment, with less sampling and slower movement within heterochromatin." science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6262/823.abstract
We will soon be posting similar types of informational illustrations on our website (innovativegenomics.org). You can also check out our Multimedia Library for more videos and animations.
I would like to find out more about how the repeat palindrome folds into a hairpin, what tracRNA actually is and how it connects to that, how the whole chimera comes together, and how a piece of replacement host DNA is tacked on ??? ... The Professor is an awesome progenitor of one of the new century's most greatest technological advances, btw. - Can't wait till we have free-floating climate change eating bacteria.
We do it is 5G.. As above so below Gamma ray technology and it can be activated to 6G when the shots boosters are given to make you glo in the dark and a eave can activated to heal or to deactivate you in a cellular level. It's advanced nasa technology... coming to a door near you.
I'm think the Natural CRISPR RNA is the sequence in green labeled spacer and the Tracer RNA is the portion to the right with hairpins labeled guide RNA. Why? She said they are covalently linked and also the spacer RNA has found a complimentary sequence on the dsDNA
Not that I'm aware of-iBiology has a lot of great content on lipids in biology that you might want to check out, but I'm not well-acquainted with non-biological lipids. Sorry!
The size of CRISPR arrays is surprisingly variable, and the factors that limit the # of repeats are not clear. Some organisms have CRISPR arrays with hundreds of repeats/spacers! It's unlikely that all these spacers are actually being used in gRNAs in targeting complexes, since this would be an inefficient approach to viral defense-rather, huge CRISPR arrays are likely not in use at all (some CRISPR systems are present in the genome but totally "shut off") or only the more recently acquired spacers are actually used. There aren't well-defined mechanisms for the latter possibility, and in general, this is area of CRISPR biology is not well understood.
Why does cas9 not recognize nor cleave the bacterial DNA itself? I mean, if the bacterial genome has the viral sequence (the spacer), would not be possible that the cas9 cleave its own bacterial genome? I think that the answer has something to do with the PAM sequences which from what I could get are only present in the viral DNA but not in the integrated spacers within the CRISPR loci. However, I am not a hundred percent sure if this alone explains why the cas9 does not cleave its own DNA at these CRISPR loci. In fact, the probability of having a NGG nearby the spacer does not seems to be too low, unless there were some kind of negative selection.
That's a great question, and you're right that it has to do with the presence or absence of a PAM sequence. This video on how the PAM sequence works has a nice explanation right around 2 minutes in: ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-iSEEw4Vs_B4.html
What i don't understand is how dosen't this system also cut out the viral DNA already integrated in the bacteria's genome (flanked by CRISPR) and thus inactivating the bacteria's response to futre similar viral infections
@@yingzhou3353 How AWFULL! Do you know HOW many young lifes this has taken?! Only in Norway and Finland this last week?! Brainbleedings among other! Pulsys and bloodclothes in their brains and stomaches! And so many moore HORRIBLE sicknesses ouf of this in the j a b s!! This tech most come from the Devil him self!
@@andrewslope361 Yes!! ... This is the same mRNA technology used in the jab💉 The 💉 is Still an experimental technology drug....Hence the 'PREP ACT' which, basically, states that the pharma companies (pharmacy, Pfizer/Maderma) Can't be held liable in case of adverse reaction; any complications, extreme illnesses or Death) due to the drug💉 ... I agree, it is from The😈.
wonderful work, pity that there are people both for the search for good as you, as for the search for evil, sar cov virus was great target of this discussion of super virus families manufactured in laboratories, but all evolution is very welcome evolved congratulations. Viva la vida
Clinical trials ongoing for a variety of genetic diseases with promising results in sickle cell disease and a form of amyloidosis. We put out an annual update on this progress here: innovativegenomics.org/news/crispr-clinical-trials-2021/
@@DCassidy42 Not yet, but people are using genome editing to better understand how HCM develops (here's an example: www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/08/210812161848.htm)
@@innovativegenomicsinstitute Awesome thanks. Hopefully, once it's better understood they can start using it to make the genetic corrections. I recently found out I have a very mild form of this condition. It seems to be very common and many people suffer because of it.
I am sorry ! I just learned about cas 1 and 2 and protospacer. However, dr. Doudna should have mentioned them at the very beginning of the otherwise great lecture.
What are 'bp' and 'nt'. i see them used in articles on crispr and in this video as well. I'm doing a research assignment on crispr technology, someone pls answer asap.
bp stands for base pair, referring to a hydrogen bonded pair of two bases each on strand of the double-stranded DNA. For example: G on this strand basepairs with a C on the other strand to form a base pair (G-C). On the other hand, nt stands for nucleotide, referring to a single base on a single-stranded DNA or RNA.
There is no Nobel prize in biology or even the more specialised field of molecular biology. Alfred Nobel didn’t anticipate that biology would become such an important science. This has resulted in the practice of awarding Biologists the prize in either medicine or chemistry.
It's how they made Covid SHC014 + SARS COV 💪 gain of function. And used it as a trojan horse for global takeover The Great Reset forced Fourth industrial Revolution. Don't believe me look it up
I'm curious how these future generations of perfect humans will treat us, the inferiors... As we treat nature, animals, or just other humans because they are different?
¿Conoces esta verdad? 1. Las nubes del cielo de todo el mundo son bajando a la tierra cada día más. 2. El sol y la luna en el cielo son superlunas y super sol todos los dias. 3. Si observa de cerca el amanecer y el atardecer, puedes ver el cielo rosado. 4. Los componentes químicos de Chemtrail se pulverizan como loco en el cielo de todo el mundo. 5. Si miras de cerca la luna ahora, la luna está girando.
Can we use this to fight the coronavirus if we were to inserting a copy of the messenger mRNA into a similar vascular or monocytes similar to the virus package lysosome or monocytes? The messenger mRNA of installing two stopped codons on both ends of the messenger mRNA ,so when the virus enters the cell RNA from the virus is then match to the messenger RNA that is waiting for the mRNA for the binding once the messenger mRNA It is now considered to be a safe proteins ,and RNA molecule and once it is duplicated with the chaperones through the nuclear tides being tied together forming new inactivate DNA strand that will be not be able to be used within the cell.
Thats what they are doing RIGHT NOW!! :( How terrible!! Look at how many dead of brainbleeding in Norway and Finland ONLY THIS LAST WEEK!! YOUNG ONES!! Look at how many are fighting for their lifes in only theese to countrys!! Terrible! Awful it is! Look around the world! Look at Israel! 40 times moore dies of the j a b s than of c o r o n an! This is pure EVIL..
Cant we use this crispr technique to infect those bacterial genomes with covid19 virus to find the resistance gene incorporated in bacterial genome against it..and then test that in humans?
Firstly we don't know if there is any bacteria that might have a gene which might fight against the virus,secondly even if there is it will not necessarily work on humans and also there are to many cells present in the human body and by your method you will not be able to immune all the cells
@@tonyjohnson9078 Sure. It could've also been a random/environmental mutation, deliberate manual mutation via any other number of methods, evolutionary adaptation, etc.
Why CRISPER CAS9 genome editing technology get Nobel Prize in chemistry field?? Why not physiology/ medicine field?? This topic is biological topic.. then why Nobel in Chemistry? ❤️❤️❤️from India.
The American taxpayer is one source of funding. Rather than compulsory means, extracting from many who are struggling to make ends meet, why not collaborate with the super rich who happen to be personally interested in such research and are unquestionably able to do so without subtracting so much as a crumb from their own table - someone like Bill Gates?
Made in the image of God. Blessings ! Jesus will return are you ready? XO Then Jesus spoke to them again, saying, “I am the light of the world. He who follows Me shall not walk in darkness, but have the light of life.” (John 8:12)
If youre looking for a way to understand crisps cas9 without no prior knowledge then this is a bad presentation for you and you should go back to reading. So sorry to say this because i don't want it to be. Maybe her audience has taken a few university courses and thats why she doesn't break it down as much as i would like. Dammit its hard to understand geniuses without reference books.
Yeah, this was filmed during a CRISPR workshop at UC Berkeley. The audience was scientists looking to use this technology in their own research. For more public-friendly resources, check out the multimedia library on our website. If you have specific questions, we also have an 'Ask a Scientist' program which is set up for anyone to email or Skype with a CRISPR scientist. innovativegenomics.org/multimedia-library/
@@innovativegenomicsinstitute what is a piece on your website that can help us understand from the start? Very interesting and next level stuff but struggling to understand what is it and how it works... Like how can someone do it in their basement yet billion dollar labs are doing the same thing...
@@syberspy9 We will be launching some new/extensive content shortly on our website, which will cover a range of relevant CRISPR topics. Pertaining to your question about feasibility, I think the idea of people using CRISPR in their basement is not entirely accurate. You still need expertise and equipment to perform effective genome editing experiments.
@@innovativegenomicsinstitute Well, there are "biohackers" like David Ishee doing it in shacks. Obviously, not exactly an ideal environment for doing bioscience, but it _can_ be done at home and at fairly low cost for anyone with the will (and means) to learn and experiment. Again, not ideal by any means, but it will do as a starting point.
Ok so you basically very carefully giving a lecture on how the Chinese Caucasian Arab and y'all was created I've done research and there's alot of missing information and wholes and you very much aware of the fact n using deceiving words like real quickly and and not going into details and using cartoon to make mockery so one won't think nothing of it
