Jews in Palestine between the Bar Kochba Revolt and the Muslim Invasion 

Thank you for sharing your knowledge. I just wish your voice and wisdom had a wider audience. And never mind the haters.

Thank you, Prof. Abramson. I am deeply appreciative of the depth of your knowledge of history and your commitment to share it.

Excellent analysis, very well articulated. Looking forward to more.

I found a book, “The Jews of Palestine” by M. Avi Yonah that covers this period too, very interesting. I think it was published in Hebrew in the 1950s and translated into English in 1976 around the time the author passed away.

Thank you for another wonderful video! You are a great teacher, a much needed call voice these days. ❤

I always enjoy learning from your videos and mostly appreciate your intention to be fair and balanced despite clearly having a bias. ☮️ ✌️

Todah Rabah! Another informational video that I really appreciate you doing in these months. May you go from strength to strength!

Another great video, and I think probably one of the most important ones. A lot of people erroneously believe that all Jews were ethnically cleansed from Judea after the Bar Kochba revolt, while the reality is that they had a continuous presence, just not in Jerusalem. Regarding the issue of settler colonialism, I think a strong case can be made that the real settler colonists were Arab families who moved into the region after the Muslim conquest. One cannot colonize one's own homeland (so Jews are definitely disqualified from being "settler colonizers"), but the Arab Muslims had their capitals in Medina under the Rashidun Caliphate and Damascus under the Umayyads. The Jews, Christians and Samaritans who lived in Syria Palaestina were reduced to dhimmi status and some did convert to the religion of the conquerors while under persecution, hence the shared DNA ancestry of many modern Palestinians.

A wonderful video. If I have one suggestion, it's that you may find interesting to look closely at Julian the Apostate (who tried to rebuild the Temple), the Samaritan Revolts against Rome (in which Jews joined their "cousins" so-to-speak), and later the Jewish Revolt against Heraclius during the final Byzantine-Sassanid war (in which Jews against tried to rebuild the Temple). Jews remained a majority in the galilee and Jordan Valley until the Revolt against Heraclius. As a cherry on top of the demographic history point, the ancestry of Palestinians is itself faulty insofar as it assumes there is an average Palestinian (just as it' s a bit faulty to assume an average Jew, given the diversity of Jewish groups). Palestinians from around Nablus apparently have quite a lot of Samaritan ancestry, as it was "kosher" under Christian doctrine to forcibly convert Samaritans in a way that it was not for Jews. And Palestinian Christians have more Samaritan ancestry than Palestinian muslims of the same area, likely because there was less opportunity for intermarriage with other muslims. In contrast, the area from Rafah to Jaffa and east to Lod and Ramle is mostly Egyptian in origin from the 19th and early 20th centuries. The third most common Palestinian last name is el Masri (literally "the Egyptian").

Thank you once again for another fine presentation. I continue to pray for you and your people. I hope to hear you speak in person someday.

Really interesting, I am appreciating your informative videos with your easy to follow narration. Thanks

This is it! This is exactly what I've wanted to have elucidated for years! So fascinating. So the Jews have indeed had a continuous presence in this land since biblical times. Wow. And it's also fascinating because when Jews tried to revive or re-establish the Hebrew language as a first language in the 19th century, there were still native speakers in Israel who spoke it, right?! Linguistically this fascinates me. It's not at all easy to revive dead languages (Cornwall, Ireland, etc). Love your classes, profe!

Dear Prof. Abramson - I so look forward to your videos. You are very generous in sharing your vast knowledge and deep understanding of not only Jewish history, but the histories of all cultures within that troubled area of the world, and how they've interrelated to Jewish history and culture, and how the many cultures within/without the Middle East continue to inform, enhance, and enlighten one another. If only people could be less reactionary and more reasonable; certainly, sharing your videos, I believe, will help. Thank you, Shalom! ~Michael

Good posting. I'll keep watching

Hey Dr. Abramson - love your videos. Would love it if you made a video on the Jewish revolt against Heraclius, as it is widely considered "the last serious Jewish attempt to gain autonomy in Palaestina Prima prior to modern times."

I haven't watched this video yet (I will!) but I just wanted to post here to ask you a question. I keep hearing about Settler Violence in the West Bank. Could you please explain this? I tried searching for this in your previous videos but can't find any on this topic. If I have missed it and you have already touched on this subject, could you please post the link here. Thank you.

Another banger lecture. Thank you!

Love your videos. The new captions are a bit distracting though.

Dr ji good morning from Indian Hindu... your gracious and professional lectures on Middle East or JEWISH history are highly effective and objective in enlightenment of the lay people like me. Thank you for your remarkable services.❤💐🌹

Thank you Dr. Abramson for your amazing educational videos. Tremendously helpful to understand the history. I have a question on the Jews before the Arab conquest. I read somewhere that the Jews revolted against Emperor Heracleus and took over Jerusalem with Persians/ssasanids. But had to return the city back due to the political arrangement between the byzantines and ssasanids. That was the last attempt to reestablish Jewish Nation after Bar Kokba. I'd like to hear your thoughts on this. God bless your efforts. Always with deep respect 🙏

Following this great historical facts in Kenya. Thanks professor.

Is there someone equivalent to you with Samaritan History? I just started reading about their history that runs parallel to Jewish history. Like they have their own revolts, temple destructions , expulsions, resistance to assimilation, pogroms, and mass conversions. Like even after the Bar Kokhba revolts Samaritans fought along side with Jews that remained in the region in the 556 Samaritan revolts. And then Jewish revolt against Heraclius in 614 had serious implications to Samaritans… Canaanite history is better than Game of Thrones…

This is a great teaching, thank you!!

Dr. Abramson another wonderful and insightful video!!!

Thanks for this amazing historical study dr. Abramson. Learn more and more about jewish history 😇

Hello Dr Abramson thank you for this really great video. I love your video's.

Thank you Dr. Abrahamson for your lectures. In your opinion what is the origins of Zodiac images in 4th century Galilean synagogues.

Thank you for this lecture.

Dr. Abramson, can you explain Exodus 15:14? Who was the "Palestina" Moses was speaking of in this verse? Thank you. Shabbat Shalom

Awesome video! (I would sign up for membership if it were better days)

I'm grateful for you, Dr Abramson. תודה רבה.

Very nice video as always! Some thoughts, I believe that the different empires before the Romans also altenated between naming the region after eithier Judea or Palestina. Do you have an idea as to why some rulers chose one name of the other? E.g. Persian Empire named the region after Judea. Macedonian Empire named it after Palestina.

Thank you... open my eyes on the history and real issue.. we in indonesia always receive very different version one🙏

Dr. Abramson, I've actually taken a different approach. I've chosen just to call it the land of Israel during lectures regardless of the time period, while clarifying the temporary name (Judaea, Palestine, etc.) with an explanation of why the land of Israel was called that at the time. Thank you for your amazing lectures! I've been learning from you for six years! Chag urim sameach!

Near my home town in Israel, there is a Druze village called Pki'in. I remember going there as a kid and was told that there was one Jewish family left in Israel after the Romans. It always felt like a myth to me, so your video was welcomed informaiton. Do you have a video on Jewish presence after the Arab conquest? If not, would you make one?

Hello Henry, Shabbat Shalom. It came to mind that much of what Bar Kokhba’s men is reminiscent of what Hamas did until now. Would you be willing to hear my examples to show this? NB I am not an anti-Israel troll, the arguments I have to show this are that both were radical messianic groups that tried to fight off a foreign power despite all odds and led to horrible catastrophes being unleashed on their people. Both dug a lot of tunnels at the expense of civilians’ infrastructure , had dirty internal politics / narcissism of small differences, cared more about religion than their people, talked of liberating Jerusalem, persecuted Christians, attacked peaceful civilians who refused to join the war on their side.

Thank you so much for all the work you do in bringing light to history and for all the passion you have for the truth. I thought it may be pertinent to address a point of contention between mainstream historians and traditional Islamic thought. (I myself am neither a Jew nor a Muslim.) It seems a factor that may lead these two sides to "talk past each other" is the paradigm of the traditional Islamic narrative. The traditional Islamic narrative, according to the research I have done, seems to be based on oral tradition and not on any historical, archeological or any other physical evidence. And the narrative itself seems to proport that Islam is not an innovation of the Arab empire under the leadership of the Abbasids, as history says, but rather it has existed since creation. Therefore all peoples who have followed "Allah" and remained obedient to Him , since creation, are Muslim. This paradigm is anachronistically applied to all faithful Jews, Christians, and other peoples for all of history. So, the traditional Islamic narrative anachronistically projects this paradigm on all peoples of the land of "Palastine". Therefore, they would argue against the view that they are a people from outside the land or that their religion and traditional is an innovation of the eighth or ninth century, or even the seventh century as their tradition suggests. I know this was long and I'm surrounded you have heard this before. I just thought it was relevant to the conversation.

Very interesting…Ohhh …I’m an Italian American glad we’re in the story lol

There are quite a few publications on the climate in Levant during severe drought (Bond 1 event) aka Late Antique Little Ice Age. The most of towns were near collapse just before Muslim invasion, which may help understanding...

Awesome videos! Thanks 🙏🇮🇸

You mentioned wishing politicians on opposite sides still engaged each other cordially and respectfully. Well dont worry. Behind closed doors they still do.

R. Ephraim Palvanov had a great video recently about how we adapted to non-Temple life by drawing the lions share of influence from the Essene culture (already adapted to life without a Temple) rather than Pharisaic- which did leave Rabbinicism it's calendar.

First of all great and timely lecture. Secondly, if the majority of Jews were still living in Israel even after the destruction of the temple when did they become the minority and why? We're more continually forced out? Thanks

I think the “starbursts” represent the the four major recognized patriarchal centers of the day. Alexandria, Jerusalem, Antioch, and Rome.

17:00 I did my 23andme and i was well aware that I'm Ashkenazi Jewish but I scored some Italian as well even though I have zero Italians in my family. I'm a living conformation of this.

Thanks Dr. Abramson. The understanding of continuous Jewish presence in the region is important, but not the whole story. I’m curious of two other related topics that will help sober both sides of the current conflict: (1) the records of non-Jewish presence amongst the population in the land of Israel prior and during Roman occupation, (2) the evidence of Jewish ancestry amongst the modern day non-Jewish Palestinians. I believe if both sides recognize that the other are in fact not interlopers, they will more easily learn to tolerate and embrace one another.

You really put together great historical videos. I never get tired of listening to any of them . I also encourage relatives to listen. I somewhat disagree on your assessment of the effects of the pact of Omar on the Jews who lived in Arab countries between the 7th and 20Th century. The laws imposed on the Jews by the pact insured total perpetual submission. The jews in Europe suffered horribly during those 1300 years but the persecussions did not beat the fight in them like the dhimmitude did to Jews in Arab lands.

Thanks prof. Abramson i am very well informed especially by your lectures on the `jews of Palestina ... i enjoy your lectures may Hashem Barak... .....Agikuyu of kenya came from Bet Israel in the same manner as jcob sent one house east to face his brother Asaf... or the House of Kush and especially .... whose form of government was exactly as the Sanhedren run jews of the era 136 CE .... best regard my history rabbi

Thankyou Professor Abramson. we need more historians to speak and less tiktok influencers, that's for sure. could you do a review of the book about the Jewish demography between 70 and 1492? "the chosen few"?

Very informative. I think the Mishna and the (less commonly used) Talmud demonstrate the literary and scholarly contribution of Jews in that land. Many people erroneously think that after 70 CE Jews vanished from there. I would be grateful if you could continue to show some of the continuity afterwards. One immense scholarly achievement was the addition of the niqqud (vowel points + cantillaton marks) to the consonantal text of the Hebrew Bible by the Masoretes from Tiberias (culminating in the Leningrad Codex and the Aleppo Codex, the earliest copies of the Tanakh; the latter is earlier and more accurate, but was damaged during riots against Syrian Jews). Without this contribution, neither Jews nor Christian would be able to pronounce words or understand the syntax. The events during the Crusaders and Saladin are unfamiliar to me. I understand that Jews were sometimes forbidden from accessing Jerusalem. I understand that Jews inhabited Safed, but overall very few. I know about the immigration from Shklov in the 1800s, but I guess that in previous centuries only few individuals immigrated. Demonstrating the continuity in these centuries is important for me. Shulhan Arukh by Yosef Caro in the 16th century in Safed - a basic text in Judaism. So the Jewish community was very intellectual and literate, not some miserable peasants.

If 4th century Jews made a mosaic with rounded menorah branches only a few hundred years after Titus, does this perhaps provide evidence that Chabad's strict interpretation of the menorah having those ugly straight branches inaccurate? Is the mosaic you show a photo of the earliest Jewish image of a menorah that isn't Roman depiction of the temple?

Not only was this territory not one political unit with a capital, but its borders don't resemble today's "full" israel. There was no line separating the area with Lebanon - this wasn't modern Lebanon with British-French lines. The Galilee Panhandle was created thanks to Jewish settlements there 100 years ago. There was no Rafah-to-Aqaba artificial line to mark the border with Egypt. In short, there isn't even an agreed shape to the piece of earth both sides are yearning for.

So who’s land was it before the Roman’s, Greek, Syrians, and Nebuchadnezzar . It belonged to the jews( Hebrews) and who gave them the land forever? The same eternal one who placed his name in Jerusalem forever

I understand why the author of the book would say settler colonialism from the context of British and French aspirations in the region 100 years ago as well as the opportunities that created for Zionists to push for the creation of the modern State of Israel. I also understand the settler colonial viewpoint from my own history. My ancestors were French colonists in Quebec. They left France 400 years ago. If I went back to France and tried to claim land or citizenship, the French govt. would laugh at me then deport me. I would have to go through the immigration process like everyone else despite my ancestral ties to France. I also see your viewpoint on Jews returning to their ancestral homeland.

AD, not CE. Anno Domini. Much easier to understand. :)

The real question is always gonna be do Jewish people in the holy land have more right over Palestinians and do Jewish people have the right to return to this land more than Palestinian refugees ?

During the same period of the various Jewish-Roman war's, Judaism was also losing many people to Christianity, initially as Messianic Jews, later into mainstream Christianity

Lets actually take a look at the bible. Abram was from Ur of chaldeans, previously known as the Sea land Dynasty, previously known as "Akkad and Sumer" auspiciously known as Babylon, previously known as Sumer. Ur was one of the early formative settlement during the Ubaid, but was wiped out because of it low elevation and proximity to the Ephrates. It was redeveloped after the great flood of Shurrupak. The initial settlement of nearby Eridu is from the upper tigris, the Hassuna and later Samarrah cultures. Abram's mythical city was a city-state with a primary tutelary god Suen/Nanna (Wisdom), he then went to the city of Harran, also devoted to the god Suen, after which he became a nomad under the umbrella god El,**, a god of colonizers. El was positioned, probably during Ur III as a father god in Canaan and he apparently had tabernacle sites on many peaks on the periphery of the Sumerian world, El was a close derivative of the sumerian An, whose sole distinction is that El was the bull of the heavens and An, at least in the later tradition, owned the bull of the heavens which gilgemesh killed. In genesis it claims that Abram built a temple site to El, Beth El, which appears not to be true because that would have been sacrilidge in their belief, El had mountain top tabernacles, temples were taboo. If we remember the story, Sarah insisted that her son take a wife from back east (the civil people) and the same is true for Jacob, his wife comes from his uncle, who is also from Ur. And in case you are thinking Ur was just a young city. Eridu (Seat of Enki, Yah): 5450 BCE. Uruk (Seat of An) 4200 BCE. Ur, first layers, 5450bCE, reoccupation layer 2600-2900 BCE. Tammuz's (Dumizids city) Bad Tibera, early copper age (Its name means wall of smiths). Larsa, thr city were Ezekial had his visions (2600 + BCE). All of these cities lie within a radius of 35 miles. Its not a coincidence. So lets look at the archaeology. The region of the levant is an area with some of the oldest anthroplogy for modern humans. The venus of Golan is a mother earth fetish which dates to 250,000 years ago. The oldest neolithic site is roughly speaking Natufia, which was later replaced by Jericho, just north of Natufia in Gaizentep wheat was domesticated, sheep were domesticated in the region and to the west cattle were domesticated 10,000 years ago in central anatolia. Jericho persisted until the end of the third millenium BCE, about the time Ur III expanded. At the same time middle bronze age sites appear. Beth Anath, Urushalim, Beth Lahmi. All of these sites reference mesopotamian gods Shalim is the basturd son of El (Dawn/Peace) Anath is the middle Eupratean god of the hunt/war from the minor kingdom of Suhum. Lahmi is the guardian of Enki (Ea and in Ebla, Ia (in cuneiform) Yah in phonecian). Beth Shemesh, Shamesh/Utu the sun god. But did Sumer conquer the all of canaan? No. While many cities had destruction layers at this time, many cities and local gods survived. Ba'al Gad (what you call tribe of Gad) was worshipped at the base of Mt. Hermon. Both Ba'al Hadad and El had sites on top of Mt. Hermon. Asherah (Athirath) was very popular across the Eastern mediterranean and down into Arabia. Ba'al Hamon represented the gate way cities from the coastal plains to the Judean Hills (The place where the Roman Govener was ambushed that initiated the Jewish revolt). Hazor was a canaanite town, in fact the Hammarabi like law code was found in Hazor. The mesopotamians settled into canaan to establish trade routes. So both the bible and the archeaology agree, settlers from the east colonized parts of canaan. So lets look at probable sites, Hazor was probably administered from Babylon, Bethlehem is a colonized town, Urushalim also a colonized town. So two of the most important towns in the Jewish religion appear to have been eastern colonial settlements. Ok so that deals with the claim, who were the original settlers on the land . . .Not Abram. If you want to make a claim who is most entitled . . .Jericho. So lets throw out that argument because its bunk. Gods chosen people. Lets take a look at this. The first historical encounter with Y--H is the shasu, who are associated with a place YHW/YHWA. The next historical document shows Y--H in the Kuntillet Ajrud inscription is a god, along with Asherah gods of Samaria and Yemen. This reiterates the long close association of Y--H with bedoins of the Aravah and points South East. The temple diety developed on the trading endpoints of bedoin trade. So that the very first people whom the British incurred upon diring the mandate were these bedoin, the wahhabi that moved their herds between Arabia and Palestine, these people were forced to flee to Arabia or settle in Jordan or S. Israel (and become second class in Israel). These are the peoples the Zionist portayed as unworthy and without claim to the land. In fact, they have the longest claim of any people on their grazing lands. Which god do they follow, the god of Abraham and Moses? And so we have the "one true scotsman argument here" What about the other peoples on the land. The Israelites were exiled by the Assyrians and replaced, maybe 30% with people from the far ends of their empire. The idumeans were along the endpoints of the western peninsular trade, so closely related to those bedoins. The people along the coast were pelestia from the Aegean. During the Exilic people they followed various and sundry religions and many were forcibly converted to Judaism by the Macabees, most of the Jews actually were coerced to become Jews. The Samarians resisted and they were declared enemies. So that of the people who were actually from Judah in the 7th century, only a few thousand returned from exile. Moreover, the people, Arab Jews and Palestinian Arabs - virtually genetically indistinguishable. In fact very little difference between lebanese, Arab Jews and Palestinians, even parts of Turkey. Whereas the dominant zionist settlers are primarily mixed eastern European descent. I want peace and I want Israel to survive, but in the face of evidence we need to stop telling our favorite narratives. Jews are a religion, if you wanted to give a specific place were they had the longest continuous ties then Babylon/Bagdad would be that place because that is the inscription site of the Talmud. A culture that persisted from 595 BCE until 1950. As undestood the zionist bombed them in order to scare the remainder to aliyah to Israel. Isra'el. The struggle/striving for El. El was the peacemaker, he was the god of trade, he was the father of the gods and god of the fathers, he was the light when the LBAC ended, he was the god Samu'el waxed romantically over, he was the god of sojourners and wanderers. His [grand] children were Anath (Shamgar of Anath), Shalim, Astarte, Shamesh, Yahu, Hadad. El was not afraid of other beliefs or languages. They recently found yet another language, written in cuneiform, the same script developed by the scribes of El. There was no tower of Babel, Uruk (Erech)- your god of old - El, embraced trade. Before the first letter of paleohebrew was written, many peoples tongues were written in the script of El. Look up the ancient law code of Hazor, that language was also used in "Isra'el" Look eyes wide open into your blind spot, see the gods of old as they were, not as you want them to be, when you understand them you will understand the origin of religions which is in linear paths with your religion.

I appreciate you, your contents here and the way of presenting it. Keep up the good work, just... please, don't mix up attacks to your religion and attacks to you personally.. respecting ideas and respecting people for me are apples and oranges, don't you think? ( maybe it's just semantics, the definition of respect is a bit fuzzy.)

Thank you once again for your lectures Dr Abramson. The genetic question is interesting, one wonders what a DNA test would show for both Palestinian muslim and Israeli Jew who can trace their ancestors as having lived on that land prior to 1900, no difference I would think.

I find it very interesting that you mentioned genetics. I personally believe that a large section of the local muslims are jews who where forcibly exislamized And if we did the dna of the current inhabitants of this area we would find a lot of commonalities. Based on the bible and Isaac and Ishmael this is the longest case of sibling rivalry.

Thanks!

What about now, where are the current Pal

🇮🇱❤️✡️❤️🇮🇱 Paslms 29:11, The Lord will give strength unto His people, the Lord will bless His people with peace 🇮🇱❤️✡️❤️🇮🇱

nb, maybe you can sending special energic for jerusalem light rabbi......for me feeling, he is very sweet man, don't need to fight for right to excist.......thank you, "g'd" for all special human in the (corrupt) world. It weare high light to.........humane world.

Dr. Abramson, as a historian, do you not find it relevant to discuss the key Zionist thinkers from the original conferences, the parties of labour, general, and religious Zionists, key members and points of view? Wouldn’t you find this a very relevant historical discussion on the question of “colonization”. It seems to me talking about the basis of right to ownership is a distraction from the material destructive colonization 100 year process

I don't think it's true that more than half of Israelis are descendants of Jews from Arab countries but it's true that a little more than half of Israelis are descendants of Jews who came from Islamic countries. A lot of Jews came from Turkey and Iran which are not Arab countries.

Professor: “it’s quite likely that Hadrian’s thinking was…” All a bunch of baseless conjecture and suppositions. 🤦‍♂️

I am Christian and believe that the world must accept the Bible as the proof of the Jewish claim to the land.

very clever. again. thanks

"Palestineans" is ancient Coptic, describing a migrating "invading" tribe from Minoan Crete island. At times hired as mercenaries. They "invaded" some time after the exodus. Check The term "Invader" in Hebrew, and "Falasha" in Ethiopian. This is why I always call Arabs using the term on themselves #FakeStine'ans or #FalseStine'ans . For Jews words matter as blessings or curses.

This “who has the most ancient claim to the land” argument is very dangerous since the Irish have a verifiable claim to the land that is much more ancient than the Jewish claim to the land.

Ben Gurion himself said that the Palestinians are descended from the Jews who remained in the land after the Muslim conquest. The Arabs came in, Arabised and Islamised Palestine when they were rulers over the natives of the land, exacting tribute and taxes over them. The only reason why they speak Arabic is because it’s a lingua Franca, like the Anglosphere & the commonwealth speak English but aren’t actually AngloSaxon. The Ashkenazic Jews are only 20% Levantine DNA, the rest is European majority admixture. I’m willing to send the pertinent articles to prove my point. All the best.

Are all the 12 tribes in Israel ?

Way to go trying to frame this video as a unbiased analysis but in reality it’s dripping in bias. Even the title. ‘Before Islam was in the region’, ‘the Muslim takeover’, you mean the ottomans?, Muslims were always in a Palestine, so we’re Jews. Settler colonialism refers to the building of a nation state to make way for a foreign population. Yes Jews can be foreign to the land were their religion and ethic identity was born! You really believe Jews en mass from all over the world with various admixtures and unique cultural identities are indigenous to a region they have no recent ancestral ties to? You’re ridiculous! What about the native population??!!! The Jewish and Arab Palestinians?!! Are you going to ignore the ethnic cleansing that took place in order to make way for this new nation state that you refer to as as the most successful anti colonial project in history? Stop trying to rewrite history and words to benefit your people and your people only. Heavily biased video and analysis!

The overwhelming majority of israelites living in the Land within these dates were samaritans and not jews

I have a question Rabbi Abramson. Are the Jewish people made up of all ethnic groups of the world? And thanks for this outstanding lecture in this video. Am Yisrael Chai 🥂

The thing I’ve noticed about these people is they do contradict themselves a lot, in this man’s lecture about the genetic bottleneck he made an extreme blunder and exposed himself and his people as not being who they claimed to be. Starting with the Kalonymus family, who was originally from Italy, moved, to I believe he said Germany to start the Ashkenazy for those who don’t know ashkenaz is the son of Japheth if you read Torah but they originated from Italy he said so some one make it make sense now don’t get me wrong the children of Israel were also in Italy as well, they were scattered throughout the four corners of the earth like Torah said. But the children of Israel did not originate from these places they originated from Israel but yes their were Jews in Rome Italy and you know what the Roman’s called them, NIGER ! Then the Roman’s kicked them out of Rome and Israel and the Roman’s assimilated the culture you guys have do more research because a lot of the information is just disingenuous.

Dr. Abramson - you're awesome. And I love all of your history and your takes on almost everything. Zionism is 100% colonialist. There are all kinds of official groups w/ "colonialist" in their names. It was conceived of when colonialism didn't have a negative connotation. The entire world & UN agrees... Giving Jews a place to live and call home is great... but it's been almost 80 years, and the leaders of Israel have failed the Jews... and killed a ton of people in doing so.

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Were there any Ashkenazim that accompanied Moses to the Promised Land? How about Ethiopian Jews? If genetics doesn't matter, then the concept of a Jewish homeland makes no sense!

Sir, there are few facts that you have conveniently skipped: 1- No mention of ancient Jews in the Holy Land you converted Christianity and Islam. Many did to avoid the Jizzya. Did it even occur to you that modern day Palestinians have ancient roots to the Levant? 2- You mentioned the DNA of the Ashkenazis being linked to the Middle East -- studies carried out my Zionist Jews for political reason (Hint hint: Conflict of interest). What about the DNA of the Palestinians? Did you even try to research this subject? 3- What about Christian Palestinians? Obviously they could not have come with the Islamic conquest. So what is their origin? Here is a shocking statement that I whole-heartedly believe in: If you take the DNA from a typical Hamas member and compare their DNA to ancient Jews, his score will blow your score away!!!! Hamas members are more indigenous in terms of DNA than Ashkenazi Jews by far. By the way, can you tell me what DNA reference all these Zionist driven DNA studies used to represent ancient Jews? Did they reference DNA from ancient Jewish bones or did they reference present day Levant people?

The European Jewish invasion drove Palestinian Jews, who were afraid of the European Jewish militias, from their homes, and these fleeing Jewish people lost their homes in the post-Holocaust European Jewish invasion of Israel. If you were a more native Jewish person, you were punished by invading foreign Jewish people if you hid out in Damascus with your grandparents during the battles.

It's called ISRAEL

Most importantly More and more “Jews” even in modern “state of Israel “ are now believers in Truth ie Jesus as the Lord. Thank You Lord Jesus Yeshua

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