Non-Invasive Method of PPN and VIM Stimulation In The Neurorehabilitation of Parkinson’s Disease. 

Pedunculopontine and Ventral Intermediate nucleus (PPN/VIM) deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as an effective neurorehabilitation approach for managing the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). This surgical intervention involves implanting electrodes within the PPN/VIM region of the brain, which is a key component of the basal ganglia circuit involved in movement control. By delivering electrical stimulation to the PPN/VIM, DBS can modulate the abnormal neural activity associated with PD, thereby reducing tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia (slowness of movement). There are various methods of PPN/VIM stimulation, each with its own advantages and limitations. Additionally, novel techniques like Vestibular Skull Stimulation or Galvanic Vestibular stimulation are emerging non-invasive methods to stimulate the PPN or VIM.