Not all your Atoms are Stardust

Подписаться 676 тыс.

Просмотров 329 тыс.

50% 1

You may have heard "We're all stardust," but that's not actually true. Most elements on the periodic table have surprisingly weird origins like neutron star mergers or even the big bang itself.
Watch this video ad-free on Nebula:
nebula.tv/videos/scienceasylu...
Nick Lucid - Host, Writer, Editor, Animator
Em Lucid - Producer
________________________________
VIDEO ANNOTATIONS/CARDS
Supernovas Explained:
• I've been WRONG about ...
Muons from Cosmic Rays:
• Want to prove Einstein...
________________________________
SUPPORT THE SCIENCE ASYLUM
Patreon:
/ scienceasylum
RU-vid Membership:
/ @scienceasylum
Sign-Up for Nebula:
go.nebula.tv/scienceasylum
Advanced Theoretical Physics (Paperback):
www.lulu.com/shop/nick-lucid/...
Advanced Theoretical Physics (eBook):
gumroad.com/l/ubSc
Merchandise:
shop.spreadshirt.com/scienceas...
________________________________
HUGE THANK YOU TO THESE SUPPORTERS
Asylum Counselors:
Joe K. Kim
Asylum Orderlies:
Chloë Joan López, Dhruv Singhal, James Smith, Joel Wolhendler, Medec Hurtz, Peter Engrav
Einsteinium Crazies:
Benjamin Sharef, Dan Sullivan, Eoin O'Sullivan, Jonathan Lima, Joseph Salomone, Kevin Flanagan, Matias Cveczilberg, Sean K, Sheila Owen, William Hutchison
Plutonium Crazies:
Al Davis, Compuart, Ellis Hall, Fabio Manzini, Kevin MacLean, Rex_zane, Rick Myers, Vid Icarus
Platinum Crazies:
Cesar Moya, Christopher Bennett, Clayton Bruckert, David Johnston, Ishay Oz, Jonathan Reel, Joshua Gallagher, Li-Ce Hu, Marino Hernandez, Mikayla Eckel Cifrese, Mr. Orn Jonasar, Olga Cooperman, P. Patrick Tukkers, Qin Li, Stephanie Beach, Ulrich, Zachary Milne
________________________________
SOURCES
NASA Periodic Table of Origins:
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13873/
Scientific Papers:
ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/197...
arxiv.org/abs/1710.05450
arxiv.org/abs/1710.05843
arxiv.org/abs/1710.05858
arxiv.org/abs/1710.05843
arxiv.org/abs/1710.05841
iopscience.iop.org/article/10...
journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract...
Written for General Audience:
www.forbes.com/sites/startswi...
www.caltech.edu/about/news/li...
blog.sdss.org/2017/01/09/orig...
www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/...
________________________________
LINKS TO COMMENTS
Floating Questions:
• I've been WRONG about ...
• I've been WRONG about ...
• I've been WRONG about ...
• I've been WRONG about ...
• I've been WRONG about ...
• I've been WRONG about ...
End Screen Comment:
• I've been WRONG about ...
________________________________
IMAGE/VIDEO CREDITS
Supernova:
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13578
Neutron Star Merger:
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12740/
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14209/
LIGO Stuff:
www.ligo.caltech.edu/image/li...
www.ligo.org/science/Publicat...
________________________________
TIME CODES
00:00 Intro
00:58 The Big Bang
02:39 Fusion in Stars
04:44 Supernovas
06:30 Abundancy
08:37 Cosmic Rays
11:54 Neutron Capture
14:09 Neutron Star Mergers
17:33 Summary
19:13 Featured Comment
19:33 Surprise Surprise!

Опубликовано:

28 май 2024

Ссылка:

Скачать:

Готовим ссылку...

Добавить в:

Мой плейлист

Посмотреть позже

Комментарии : 1,6 тыс.

@rfrey74 2 месяца назад

A neutron walks into a bar and asks the bartender, “How much for a drink?” The bartender says, “For you, no charge.”

@ScienceAsylum 2 месяца назад

😆 Funny every time.

@diegofernandez4789 2 месяца назад

Hurry up before you become a proton!

@aressilverfox 2 месяца назад

Oh no, you just started a chaim reaction... The bartender says, "We don't serve faster than light particles in here." A tachyon walks into a bar

@DrinkingStar 2 месяца назад

Love this joke.

@BenjaminCronce 2 месяца назад

meh, I'm neutral

@marcusscience23 Месяц назад

“Not only do stars have to die to create elements, they have to die twice.” - Kurzgesagt

@ScienceAsylum Месяц назад

That's some good writing they did there.

@ingerasulffs Месяц назад

I heard that in my mind with the Kurzgesagt voice.

@Oldclunker-ge5zp Месяц назад

@ScienceAsylum: How come that all the well conducting metals (silver copper aluminium gold ) have an odd number of protons/electrons, and therefore are less abundant than others? As an EE, I therefore feel discriminated...

@Philip-hv2kc Месяц назад

@@Oldclunker-ge5zp I think aluminium is fairly abundant. In top ten I believe.

@usurpvision Месяц назад

@@Oldclunker-ge5zp If I were to guess, it's because the property of spin that electrons have. Atoms prefer to have their electrons in spin-pairs. When electron spins are paired up, the atom becomes much more stable meaning there's less incentive for the electrons to dissociate from the core nucleus, making the atom less conductive, but this this stability also means that that atoms are more likely to "settle down" towards energies with more stable spin states. The consequence of this would be that you have a lower abundance of elements who are happy with giving up their electrons, as those elements would naturally be less stable during formation. If there are any graduates in the comments dealing with either quantum or nuclear physics, please correct any and all of my inaccuracies. Thanks!

@johannaverplank4858 2 месяца назад

I’m a silversmith, sometimes I take a minute to appreciate that the silver I’m using came from the merger of neutron stars. It’s pretty awesome.

@shimrrashai-rc8fq Месяц назад

I remember when that the first real evidence was found for the creation of such elements in mergers that there was a sort of joke made that the explosions that result - now known as _kilonovae_ - should be called "blingnovae" :) (The other term is because it's about 1000 times brighter than a nova, but not quite as bright as a supernova.)

@rfichokeofdestiny Месяц назад

It's even more amazing to me that it all ended up in discrete chunks in the Earth's crust.

@bradpalmer6549 Месяц назад

RV guy u@@shimrrashai-rc8fq

@IroAppe Месяц назад

@@rfichokeofdestinyYes, that takes some thorough mixing for a long time, before it clumps together into a planet like Earth. Like a dough, you put in all the ingredients in big chunks, but the mixing dillutes all the ingredients, so that they are roughly the same amount present at each location in the dough. I also wonder how nebulae can stay nebulae for so long to mix everything through, before gravity finally makes stars and planets out of it.

@mmicoski Месяц назад

The silversmith using neutron stars merger as the source of his material remembers me of Mjölnir

@joer9276 2 месяца назад

So 62% of me is 13.7 billion years old, can I start collecting social security now?

@cdprince768 Месяц назад

They raised the eligibility age to 13.8 billion years, so you're getting close.

@rustyshackelford1413 Месяц назад

They raised the eligibility to 63%, so you're shit out of luck.

@michaelmccoy1794 Месяц назад

@@rustyshackelford1413 shut up, Dale ...😂

@jimjimmy3131 Месяц назад

Some say its twice that now. Hm . It will be a loooong wait either way huh ? @cdprince768

@DMZZ_DZDM Месяц назад

If you count fundamental particles, over 99% of you is 13.8 billion years old

@winterrobot9605 2 месяца назад

The important thing for my own understanding is that the heavier the elements, the more spectacular and mind-blowing the origin.

@ScienceAsylum 2 месяца назад

Indeed! It got weirder as we went down on the chart.

@aressilverfox 2 месяца назад

Even weirder if you think about neutron stars, just 1 neutron before collapse into a black hole... The one with lower angular momentum wins. ^^

@loupax Месяц назад

I like imagining scenarios where we find elements we consider artificial floating around in space.

@steefant Месяц назад

i wouldnt call the big bang mundane though :)

@yuseifudo5830 Месяц назад

@@ScienceAsylumMay I ask whether the physicists wonder what seems to be the reason why Tc is left out from all of the neutron capture processes ever happened in the past? Thank you for your video, it answered many of my concerns perfectly.

@Ghsdkgb Месяц назад

Worth adding that stuff like Technetium is actually made in supernovae, but its half life is so short it never makes it to Earth. So while we never see it in nature, and thus all of it we've ever had is made in a lab, it is a thing nature makes.

@AkukAkuku Месяц назад

Thanks! I was waiting for them to mention that element. 😅

@markevans2294 Месяц назад

These include the likes of Astatine and Francium which have no stable or long half life isotopes.

@davidcroft95 2 месяца назад

1:43 to be precise, temperature were high enough to produce heavier elements, but it dropped to colder temeperature in orders of seconds therefore only hydrogen, helium, litium and their isotopes could be created (maybe some boron, but I don't quite remember). Another reason is because there is actually a barrier in the fusion at beryllium-8 (and helium-5 btw) which is unstable (t~=10^(-8) s). Only in the stellar cores this element can be produced, and used for fusion, because cores are hot and stable for a long period of time (millions of terrestrial years instead of a couple hundred of seconds)

@davidcroft95 2 месяца назад

sorry to be pedantic (again) but at 13:05 is a common misconception: the "r" originally meant "residuals" because there were some element that can't be explained with s-process (which again don't stand for slow, but I quite can't remember) that happened in the neutron spallations during supernovae

@ScienceAsylum 2 месяца назад

I appreciate the pedanticism. Please continue 👍

@davidcroft95 2 месяца назад

@@ScienceAsylum ahah thanks but that's all. The video is perfect as alwasys, I just wanted to add some little known facts that only "expert in the field" know (and they are barely mentioned during lessons...)

@_shadow_1 2 месяца назад

Small correction at 8:05: New hydrogen atoms can be formed from the decay of free neutrons.

@iamjimgroth 2 месяца назад

How common is it?

@liam3284 2 месяца назад

Those neutrons thrown out by nuetron stars, if they don't hit something, decay into hydrogen.

@PeterBaumgart1a Месяц назад

@@liam3284in something like 10 minutes or so, on average

@classica1fungus Месяц назад

Well yeah duhhh that's common sense (Jk)

@docteurlowbat Месяц назад

There is also proton and double proton emission !

@Volamek 2 месяца назад

I wish my wife would let me talk science at her for 20 minutes.

@_John_P 2 месяца назад

She would if you were Tom Cruise, Brad Pitt or Johnny Depp.

@Speed001 2 месяца назад

@@_John_Pok Johnny Pped

@donwald3436 2 месяца назад

I wish my wife existed.

@michaelmcdoesntexist1459 2 месяца назад

Tell her is about

@50PullUps 2 месяца назад

I wish I had a wife.

@entropyachieved750 2 месяца назад

Love seeing the both of you working together keep it up. Hello from Newcastle Australia

@thisguy00 2 месяца назад

Hello from the central coast!

@tonymax6632 2 месяца назад

BNE 🇦🇺

@stufromoz8164 2 месяца назад

Cheers from Melbourne

@Tonyface666 2 месяца назад

Hello from another New South Welsh Novocastrian!

@kariduanimations 2 месяца назад

Hemlo from NSW 🇦🇺

@vovacat1797 2 месяца назад

Every time the kilonova event of 2017 is mentioned, I stop to appreciate the sheer freaking coolness of it. Someone must have been having a moment of pure awe... "Remember that gravitational wave detection on August 17th? Well guess what, the gamma ray observatories caught it too, that one was actually visible, it was BRIGHT" Also still can't get past the image of two neutron stars colliding and bursting into massive amounts of GOLD

@ohasis8331 Месяц назад

There's probably quite a lot of it on earth, or rather in earth. Most of those heavier elements would have sunk towards or into the core in the early stages of the planet. If we ever manage to get down that far, there's going to be a lot of broke commodity traders.

@markstyles1246 Месяц назад

It may be that it's nearing 3am but now I want a cartoon of Mario punching a kilonova like a cosmic brick.

@whirledpeaz5758 Месяц назад

@@ohasis8331 I think mining of asteroid 16 Psyche will be an easier engineering feat.

@DOGMA1138 2 месяца назад

Not all hydrogen was created during the big bang as proton emission does create new hydrogen when the proton captures an electron.

@studibakre Месяц назад

Exactly And we still also see pair production, and it's feasible for a proton to escape and an older particle annihilate with the negatron

@ScubaDaveGSXR Месяц назад

Isn’t a proton all by itself technically already hydrogen, albeit in it’s ion form?

@DOGMA1138 Месяц назад

@@ScubaDaveGSXR Yes and no, most proton emissions end up with the proton being absorbed into another nucleus so it doesn't technically creates hydrogen, at least not for the long term. Overall about three quarters of all hydrogen and about a quarter of all helium was created during the condensation period (the first couple of minutes after the big bang) the rest was created by various other reactions primarily once stelar fusion kicked in.

@spacemanmat 22 дня назад

Neutron emission can also result in hydrogen being created. Also alpha radiation is just a helium being created.

@wesleyscott5637 16 дней назад

Where do you think the emitted proton was originally formed?

@peppipeppi51 2 месяца назад

great news! You are the first to tell me how heavy elements were really formed! Thanx.

@ScienceAsylum 2 месяца назад

Glad to help!

@ceoofgg553 Месяц назад

+1 !! Exactly!

@OrdenJust 2 месяца назад

Given that beryllium is made by cosmic rays, it seems amazing that somehow the beryllium gets concentrated enough on Earth for ores of it to be mined.

@BronzeDragon133 2 месяца назад

If memory serves, cosmic rays can strike oxygen and nitrogen atoms in Earth's atmosphere, causing spallation into lithium, beryllium, and boron, which then falls to Earth and can concentrate (via water sources) into ores. Over billions of years of these things, you get places like Boron, California (home of the world's largest borax mine!), where the boron concentrated and can be mined.

@OrdenJust 2 месяца назад

@@BronzeDragon133 Interesting. So, is the concentrating of beryllium basically its tendency to form crystals?

@michaeldeal4846 2 месяца назад

@@BronzeDragon133 I was hoping that ScienceAsylum guy was going to talk about such things (how the different atoms get incorporated into earth), such as you mentioned for boron. Maybe he will in a future video.

@BronzeDragon133 2 месяца назад

@@OrdenJust Pegmatites--look those up. When beryllium levels are higher yes, they tend to get concentrated even more by the tendency to form crystalline structures in the magma. Pegmatite has a high water content, which allows the beryllium to concentrate.

@BronzeDragon133 2 месяца назад

@@michaeldeal4846 I hope so. Stellar nucleosynthesis and f- and s-process neutron loading are the ways these happen, but even outside of "stellar" processes, like Earth's atmosphere, this still can happen. Sure, the oxygen and nitrogen was formed by star-stuff, and the cosmic ray by more star-stuff...but this, and then the processes that concentrate it into usable ores, are planetary.

@paradox7358 2 месяца назад

The 'Wamp' sound when those atoms collide is so satisfying.

@alexbranton426 2 месяца назад

I’d buy it as a text tone

@taploko 2 месяца назад

I want a 1 hour version of the womp

@orionred2489 Месяц назад

they use that same sound at the checkouts at Aldi.

@michaelmcdoesntexist1459 2 месяца назад

You guys have some very wholesome chemistry, but the thing that's stuck in my mind is that the Hydrogen in our bodies is as old as the universe. That's just so badass.

@johnjameson6751 Месяц назад

It is cool, but also a little bit misleading, as the protons in the hydrogen atoms have not all been in hydrogen atoms for the entire history of the universe. Some will have spent time in larger nuclei by fusion, then returned to hydrogen via fission.

@Bolpat 2 месяца назад

Me: Oh, a Science Asylum video just dropped. Imma watch it as soon as I can. Then me: OMG it's a conversation with M, that means it is not good, it'll be absolutely fantastic. Truly those videos are all in your top 10.

@ScienceAsylum 2 месяца назад

They almost always perform better than my regular videos.

@saphcal 2 месяца назад

@@ScienceAsylum she works as a good audience intermediary i think for people who might sometimes struggle with what you say. shes really good at breaking stuff you say down into more easy to understand stuff for the layman i think. also youre just adorable together which helps!

@33Bardo Месяц назад

I always like these conversation videos, a good change of pace.

@evangelosIt 2 месяца назад

I love the comparison with biology! That is my favourite way of learning!

@lsdzheeusi 2 месяца назад

I like this format.

@ScienceAsylum 2 месяца назад

It's very popular. Makes me glad I tried it on a whim several years ago.

@nowster Месяц назад

Blame Socrates. 😜

@prodanman Месяц назад

Dude, you need to include your favorite Stardust in more content. She's a natural and brilliant

@douglasboyle6544 2 месяца назад

"We're all made of stardust... with extra steps" Just doesn't sound as cool 😉

@ScienceAsylum 2 месяца назад

Yeah, nuance ruining everything again 😉

@7lllll Месяц назад

except for the hydrogen

@tyrantworm7392 Месяц назад

@@ScienceAsylum ""We're all stardust," but that's not actually true" In the end we are, however we nuance it. Are these always this clickbaity?

@PetraKann 2 месяца назад

Excellent presentation - i was in the group that believed every element up to Fe were made by stellar nuclear fusion (with H and He being forged at the big bang). Elements heavier than Fe up to U were made in supernova events. Always good to learn new things and revise my thinking. Cheers

@ScienceAsylum 2 месяца назад

Glad I could add a little nuance into your life 🤓

@edus9636 Месяц назад

Until the recent (!) and elegant explanation of neutrons decaying into protons and thus creating new elements, everybody has been a victim of the fairy tale that all heavy elements had been created in supernova events. Even with billions of years in between, I can't imagine that collisions of neutron stars (not to mention black holes!) are little more than improbable, not in an expanding universe.

@user-gz9zu2kw3p Месяц назад

Thanks for having Emily! Her questions and comments were very useful.

@junkmail4613 Месяц назад

For me a retired 75-year-old electrical engineer, I found this to be an extremely interesting video especially the outcome of neutron stars merging causing the higher elements I am so astounded thank you so much for this presentation. Very best regards.

@ScienceAsylum Месяц назад

Glad you enjoyed it! That means a lot.

@b4ph0m3tdk9 2 месяца назад

That was new, up till now I too thought everything came from stars. Thx for enlighten me!

@ScienceAsylum 2 месяца назад

Happy to enlighten!

@justinnovshek3091 2 месяца назад

I do have two pedantic issues with what you said in the video. 1. It wasn't just protons produced in the Big Bang, but also neutrons. I thought I read that most of the helium produced there was from those neutrons, rather than from the hydrogen to deuterium fusion channel. 2. My understanding is that most of the nitrogen in the universe comes from normal stellar nucleosynthesis in stars more massive than the sun through the CNO fusion cycle. I don't recall you covering it on this channel, so I suppose I can appreciate not mentioning it here. For anyone reading the comments and not familiar, most fusion energy in large stars comes from that CNO cycle. It starts with a carbon-12 nucleus in a star which captures 4 hydrogen atoms in succession, with enough time for radioactive decay to convert two of the protons into neutrons. When the last hydrogen is captured to form oxygen-16, it almost always immediately fissions into helium-4 and carbon-12, and the cycle starts again. While this does seem more complicated and involved than pure hydrogen fusion, it does end up being faster overall. As long is the star is big enough, as it takes a higher temperature to happen than pure hydrogen fusion.

@davidcroft95 Месяц назад

1) yes, and it's actually a very important parameter for Big Bang nucleosynthetis and abundancies in the universe! 2) yes and no: nitrogen is produced during the carbon/oxygen burning in the core (and eventually in burning shell). During CNO cycle theoretically should be formed none as C, O and N (and in hotter star even flourine) are used as catalysts. However, since the reaction that involves (one of the isotopes of) nitrogen has the slowest rate of the chain, it accumulates waiting for the reaction therefore most of carbon and oxygen is "transformed" in nitrogen. Hope this helped :)

@journeymantraveller3338 Месяц назад

You might add: Within a nucleus, the beta decay process can change a proton to a neutron.

@Roberto-REME Месяц назад

Excellent video, Nick, and thank you for clarifying the idea around binding energy. Also, I really like when you have Emily co-host your topics. Emily adds a lot of value in clarification, acting as a sounding board, and, in general, co-hosting the program. Well done as always!

@DrinkingStar 2 месяца назад

This makes for a great video to show in a high school chemistry class toward the end of the school year. It answers the question that almost never crosses one's mind about how did these atoms come about. I find it fascinating. Thanks.

@runtosh Месяц назад

I wouldn't mind seeing Em teaching nick something

@StreamMediaSkeptic Месяц назад

Werner Heisenberg was pulled over by a state trooper. The trooper asked him if he knew how fast he was going. Werner replied "no idea". The trooper look him dead in the eye and said 85. Werner in total disbelief responded, "Great! Now I'm lost."

@hunterchristian8372 Месяц назад

This is the best physics joke I've ever read.

@maverickmo8976 Месяц назад

I dont get it.....sadly

@maverickmo8976 Месяц назад

@@hunterchristian8372Would you explain it for me? I dont get it.

@silvergreylion Месяц назад

Reminds me, back in the 80's, a highway cop once pulled over someone going like 130 mph in a Ferrari. As the officer approaches, the guy rolls down the window, and the officer asks "Hi, who do you think you are; Niki Lauda?", the guy says "uh, yes", and hands him his drivers license. Turned out it actually was Niki Lauda, the famous racecar driver. They have a long talk about racing, and ends up with the cop telling him to take it a bit slower, and letting him off with a warning.

@JimmieBrown-sg8fq Месяц назад

Heisenbergs Uncertainty you can't know both momentum and location exactly, joke speed 85 no way to know exact location. Basic QM stuff little more to it than that but that's the punchline for the joke

@SSMLivingPictures 2 месяца назад

Science Asylum uploads - I click. Been a huge fan for years, thanks Nick

@collin4555 2 месяца назад

So not just stardust, but a whole melange of starstuff, having gone through various treatments

@declanquigg6343 2 месяца назад

There is a word that I don't use enough. Melange. Going to try and slip it into conversation tomorrow and gloat about how smart I am. 😂

@brianmessemer2973 Месяц назад

The spice must flow...

2 месяца назад

7:50 Most building blocks of life on Earth are made by nuclear fusion (except for hydrogen nuclei) but not all of them are made by stellar nucleosynthesis since nitrogen, potassium, chlorine, selenium, copper, zinc, manganese and cobalt nuclei are made by supernova nucleosynthesis, molybdenum nuclei are made by neutron capture in stars and neutron-star mergers, and iodine nuclei are made by neutron-star mergers.

@deadeye893 Месяц назад

"I feel so old all of a sudden." You and me both... Remember back at the big bang, when our hydrogen atoms were first created though? Gods, I was strong back then.

@ScienceAsylum Месяц назад

😆

@dariushmilani6760 Месяц назад

I.ve been a subscriber for a number of years now and find your presentation informative and enjoyable. Bear in mind that I've been teaching physics and mathematics for the last 35 years and think that you're doing a great job imparting knowledge. Keep up the good work.👍👏

@Deletirium Месяц назад

"We are all made of star stuff," was one of the strongest reasons that I ended up as fascinated with astronomy/cosmology as I am. The perfectly balanced, improbable, and terribly complex mechanism of the infinite universe coming together to form such a tiny, insignificant speck as say, Earth... it boggles the mind. Anyway, I like your approach to the topic. Definitely worth a subscribe...

@odysseus9672 2 месяца назад

Really nice video. As usual, a nit to pick. Binding energy isn't like activation energy. Binding energy is the energy liberated after the reaction is done. Lithium, beryllium, and boron have lower binding energy than helium, so when you get enough energy to make them you also have enough energy to break them apart into helium et al.

@gregorymccoy6797 2 месяца назад

Your wife is so pleasant. Great topic and endlessly fascinating.

@CellRus 23 дня назад

Guys, I love this couple already. I've been looking for an interaction video between a biologist and a physicist because i think such 2 extremely different sciences come together and discussing a common topic, you'll get a lot of new perspectives and ideas! I love this so much.

@HawthorneHillNaturePreserve 10 дней назад

I haven’t seen all of your videos, but I have to say this video with your wife is very effective. Her knowledge, your knowledge and the conversation really helped clarify the science. You should have her on more often.

@ScienceAsylum 9 дней назад

We're planning on doing this format more often this year 👍

@seanfisk2252 Месяц назад

Hey Nick. I absolutely LOVE your physics content. I especially like when you're explaining to M, who then turns around and gives a very thoughtful and smart non-Physics standpoint. Keep it up.

@amateurrants Месяц назад

I went and did the math: I am 40% around since literally the big bang. This revelation has thrown my personal place in the universe off a bit. Thank you so much. I love how you made the whole video👍🏽

@larshowen3319 Месяц назад

Crazies Nick and Em have such chemistry on screen!

@brianhiles8164 Месяц назад

(17:30) _ “Neutrons saving the day!“_ “Making _the day...“_ She stole your clever line! Thank you for this format of physics lectures; they make my brain hurt less.

@palerid3r311 2 месяца назад

Your wife is great cohost. Excellent content .

@SamtheIrishexan Месяц назад

Agreed the way she asks the questions a layman like myself with basic knowledge of all this stuff would ask if i was at a lecture in my college days.

@knotsochice 2 месяца назад

Always difficult finding qualified assistant death ray operators because I can't offer insurance.

@ScienceAsylum 2 месяца назад

"We're gonna need another Timmy!!"

@pontiuspilatus7900 Месяц назад

It is good to have two people explaining, because some questions and explanations would not come up otherwise. Thank you for this video.

@ScienceAsylum Месяц назад

Yeah, that seems to be what many people are saying. When I make videos by myself, I don't always realize what details are important.

@geoffreyraleigh1674 Месяц назад

I absolutely love this double act! Cheers for the upload!

@philochristos 2 месяца назад

This was really interesting and educational. The next time I'm in a conversation with somebody, and they said, "Did you know all the elements around us except hydrogen and helium were made in stars?" I'm going to say, "Well, actually. . ." BTW, I love listening you and your wife talk.

@hackedbyBLAGH 2 месяца назад

Thank you for educating us. I hope my daughters have my same appetite for science and truth.

@inthefade 10 дней назад

This is a fantastic format! I'm pretty good at focusing compared to most people I know, but even my eyes glaze over sometimes when watching educational videos. This, however, kept me captivated and following from start to finish.

@KeithCooper-Albuquerque 2 месяца назад

I love these episodes with your wife! She brings a lot of knowledge to your explanations!

@anguswombat 2 месяца назад

Man, I LOVE your videos. Thank you!

@ScienceAsylum 2 месяца назад

Thanks for watching! 🤓

@joelproko 2 месяца назад

Some radioactive processes generate lone neutrons, which decay into protons, which might pick up an electron to become neutral hydrogen, right? In that case, wouldn't it be reasonable to assume that among the gazillions of hydrogens in your body, at least one of them might be a former neutron rather than having been hydrogen since the big bang?

@liam3284 2 месяца назад

but even those neutrons were once hydrogen.

@ElSarcastro Месяц назад

The most amazing part about neutron mergers is that neutrons decay in around 15 minutes. So to hit a dust cloud they have to go really really fastfast so the time will slow down almost to a stop.

@ScienceAsylum Месяц назад

Indeed!! Relativity for the win!

@SSMLivingPictures Месяц назад

Hey Nick, Ive been watching your vids for years, so I feel I've long overdue to say your vids with Em are an absolute treat, so shoutout to both of you! ❤

@ScienceAsylum Месяц назад

Glad you like them! We enjoy making them, so it's nice that they're appreciated.

@punditgi 2 месяца назад

Love this channel! ❤🎉😊

@ScienceAsylum 2 месяца назад

Glad you enjoy it! 🤓

@punditgi 2 месяца назад

I also bought the book! 😊

@declanquigg6343 2 месяца назад

Wait there's a book!!?

@punditgi 2 месяца назад

@@declanquigg6343 Yes! Advanced physics written by Lucid himself. Check his web site. This is 😃

@ScienceAsylum Месяц назад

@@declanquigg6343 Advanced Theoretical Physics (Paperback): www.lulu.com/shop/nick-lucid/advanced-theoretical-physics-a-historical-perspective/paperback/product-24250687.html Advanced Theoretical Physics (eBook): gumroad.com/l/ubSc

@rashiqraquib1641 2 месяца назад

Star dust, big bang dust, neutron merger dust

@DavidFMayerPhD Месяц назад

Origin of Post-Iron Elements: Heavy elements are created by: 1. R-process: Ultra-rapid neutron absorption without sufficient time for decay between neutron impacts. 2. S-process: Repeated absorption of neutrons with time between impacts for some decays to occur. 3. F-process: While energy cannot be liberated from fusion of iron and more massive elements, such fusions can and do occur. Thermodynamics favors such endothermic fusions at sufficiently high temperatures. Such fusions can cool the core of a star, accelerating collapse. Such fusions produce high mass nuclei, which quickly decay into more ordinary elements. 4. I-process: Inverse fission caused when heavy nuclei collide (as in F-process) in the presence of very high neutron fluxes during supernova explosions. This process is approximately the reverse of ordinary nuclear fission. 5. N-process: when outer layers of tentative neutronium are bounced off of cores in supernovae, and are ejected from the stars, then spall into ultra-massive nuclei that quickly decay into more stable ordinary nuclei. Not all of the above processes are distinct, but rather grade into one another.

@beancounter2185 Месяц назад

I got the "Sound of Music" reference...🙂. "Let's start from the very beginning, a very good place start"

@arosnett Месяц назад

This channel is what Sheldon and Amy could have been😂

@michaeljordan215 2 дня назад

Sheldon is 14x smarter and more knowledgeable and you just slapped Amy in the face.

@frankwales 2 месяца назад

11:00 So, beryllium, lithium and boron are nuclear shrapnel, kind of?

@ScienceAsylum 2 месяца назад

Yeah, that's a perfect analogy 👍

@edwardlulofs444 Месяц назад

Your video is the first video that I have seen that has incorporated this new concept of neutron star element creation. Good work.

@SuperStingray Месяц назад

I like “neutron remnant.” Sounds like a post-apocalyptic anime.

@JimMcKeeth 2 месяца назад

Congrats on having 666 subscribers!

@ScienceAsylum 2 месяца назад

Thanks!

@leostvincent8430 2 месяца назад

An electron gets pulled over by a cop. The cop asks the electron, "Do you know how fast you were going?" The electron says, "No..." The cop says, "10,000,000 miles per hour." The electron says, "Dammit man! Now I have no idea where I am!"

@DrDeuteron 2 месяца назад

this is an unfortunate misrepresentation of the HEP: the expectation value is totally irrelevant, all that matter is the variance,

@ankokuraven Месяц назад

M had a good point bringing up activation energy. And I think that something deeper can be said about similarities between scales and fields. As a biologist with an interest in physics (hence here) I've found a lot the fundamental driving forces of physics, chemistry, and biology are all effectively the same just in different contexts. The concepts of "activation energy," gradients, points of stability, and etc are just universal. We look at something like evolution as a concept unique to biology, but "reiterate until the system maintains a state in this circumstance" describes chemical equilibrium. It describes our best understanding for why matter formed the way it did and not as something else. Systems not at rest keep interacting Unstable things cease being in their current form Things stop interacting when there is nothing left to cause the interaction Start this over if something changes.

@easygreasy3989 Месяц назад

Love seeing 2 brilliant people talking through subjects I always wondered about with such crazy grace.❤

@TheOldCatFunt 2 месяца назад

Fascinating and very enjoyable. A Gold Star to you both (one each, that is!) .

@Sinhalayaki 2 месяца назад

Many thanks for such an informative video!!! Keep up the good work!!!

@claudelorrain-bouchard6941 Месяц назад

It's a nice coincidence, I was looking for videos on where elements came for... and now this pops on!

@ScienceAsylum Месяц назад

It's not a coincidence. The algorithm knows.

@mikehibbett3301 Месяц назад

Thank you so much for explaining this in a detail I'd not heard before.

@ScienceAsylum Месяц назад

You're very welcome!

@knightofcydonia1192 2 месяца назад

God, I love this channel.

@tonybalazs Месяц назад

What an excellent episode. Thank you!

@senatorjosephmccarthy2720 Месяц назад

In the begining Yehovah Elohim created the heavens and the Earth.

@naturegoggle Месяц назад

great explanation and good dialog style video. Keep them coming :)

@cesarmoya7 Месяц назад

This video was so enlightening!! I am so grateful that you've explained the nuance of this process, I totally thought all elements were made inside stars as I constantly hear quotes from Carl Sagan or Neil DeGrasse Tyson saying "we're star dust". This just adds a whole extra layer of appreciation. I love it, also love Awkward M here!!! love u guys! ❤

@artificercreator 2 месяца назад

Good work!

@ScienceAsylum 2 месяца назад

Thanks!

@artificercreator 2 месяца назад

@@ScienceAsylum 💯

@emreoxal 2 месяца назад

as always very teaching video in a fun way to watch but also very accurate

@whirledpeaz5758 Месяц назад

As a former Navy nuclear power operator, I find it interesting how so much of my work was centered around the things created and destroyed by Neutrons. U235 and U238, Hf for control rods, Zr cladding of the fuel plates, Pb shielding.

@erikziak1249 Месяц назад

I must admit that I learned something new. Really cool that Nick Lucid is giving us a heads-up with regards to recent research. Also Em Lucid is lovely and much better than any clones of Nick. You both rock! Best wishes, Erik.

@user-ed6ff3bb4i Месяц назад

You did a great job with your little duo there ... made it very interesting and easier to follow. Well done.

@MrZPhysicalScience Месяц назад

I’ve watched and enjoyed your videos for years, but I enjoyed this change of pace with a more conversational style. Keep up the excellent work on your channel!

@LordPhobos6502 Месяц назад

I really liked how you brought up in your last video that big stars don't make iron, they make nickel-56. That gets glossed over A LOT.

@victorpaesplinio2865 2 месяца назад

I love your videos about cosmology and astrophysics, and the formation of elements is one of my favourite topics. I'm currently enrolled on a project to characterize a silicon detector at college. There, they collide heavy ions such as calcium nuclei, for example, and some of the byproducts are lithium and beryllium! Now I understand why this area of research is related to the formation of elements in our universe!

@whirledpeas3477 2 месяца назад

Awesome to have a partner interested in the same work. Congrats

@ScienceAsylum 2 месяца назад

I feel pretty great about it 😃

@fep_ptcp883 2 месяца назад

@@ScienceAsylum I love your videos with her. The conversation flows very nicely and the questions we would like to ask are often her questions too. It makes things easier to understand. Top notch content, man

@donwald3436 2 месяца назад

Carl lied to us????

@ScienceAsylum 2 месяца назад

Eh. Like most popular science celebrities, he oversimplified the truth 🤷‍♂️

@TheFranchfry 2 месяца назад

@ScienceAsylum but the accusation implied was that we were led to believe something on false pretenses and have only now understood the misguided beliefs held. He lied.

@pennsworth996 2 месяца назад

I think the quote was "we are made of star stuff" which (as an aspiring pedant) is distinct from "we are all made exclusively from star stuff". A cookie can be made from flour and sugar yet still contain chocolate chips. The English language is replete with ambiguity. I'd argue his statement is still accurate...insofar as "star stuff" is a thing.

@Fizzbuzz994 2 месяца назад

Not lied just left out steps. I don't think this video really condtradicts the statement that we are made of stardust despite the title. Stardust - or at least star remnant dust ;) - is required input to those other processes, so all that stuff that isn't produced in stellar fusion is still made of stardust. Gotta admit that "We are made of star-stuff" is more quotable than "We are made of star-stuff and some other stuff that is also made of star-stuff" though. PS: I was using a non-technical understanding of the term stardust. Just tried to look up the technical definition but after 20 minutes reading I lack the context to understand it. From now on I'll just say star stuff instead. 😆

@RafaelSCalsaverini Месяц назад

Wow, it's so nice to see you two talk. You have a nice chemistry.

@jamesmitchell6925 24 дня назад

8:18 she’s hilarious!! I laughed out loud when she said “she feels so old all of a sudden” and had to rewatch several times. This video is fantastic!

@SeanCMonahan 2 месяца назад

8:00 Is it strictly true that _all_ of the hydrogen in your body has been around since the Big Bang? Do individual protons never get ejected during any natural processes? I guess I've never heard of it happening. Alpha radiation are helium nuclei. Fission can toss lone neutrons. Electrons are comparatively easy to knock loose. But I've never heard of a lone proton aside from the OG stuff.

@georgelionon9050 Месяц назад

Indeed. Beta radiation from some fusion or fission is neutrons and those decay into proton+eletron, so a few are remade into hydrogen that way.

@PMA65537 Месяц назад

A free neutron spontaneously decays to a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino, with a mean lifetime of about 15 minutes. -- wikipedia on neutron

@Good13man 2 месяца назад

“Weird is usually interesting.” 😂 That seems like a nerd thing to say! 😂😂 However, I am also a nerd, so I agree. 😂😂😂

@ScienceAsylum Месяц назад

😂

@JimKrause1975 Месяц назад

I am so glad I found this channel! This is my favorite topic to learn about!

@olivialambert4124 Месяц назад

Whilst a good video I am a little frustrated at the absolutes used here. "These particles do NOT come from stars" is very much at odds with both what I was taught and my books on the subject. Alpha particle catalysed chains are very much a part of small star fusion and will produce many of the elements contrary to the video's suggestion. A wide range of atoms excluded will be produced in stars in fact. It seems more proper to point out a low proportion of that element comes from stars rather than to suggest it simply doesn't. Nuclear Physics is more a game of percentages than definite firm products. Another example would be the suggestion that all hydrogen atoms come from the big bang. Neutrons decay to protons all of the time, they aren't purely from the big bang. I understand the desire to stress that star fusion has very little to do with hydrogen production, but it just feels a little weird to say it in such an extremely inaccurate way. I checked Nuclear and Particle Physics, W.S.C Wells before making the comment but I'm sure most reputable scientific literature would agree. Specifically the chapter on Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics near the end if anyone needs a more in depth read at the undergrad level.

@serversurfer6169 Месяц назад

Get newer books. 😜

@Dragrath1 Месяц назад

Thank you for saying this the exclusion of the alpha chain ladder and the brief footnote mention of the dominant s process both were incredibly frustrating as these process while they are less likely outcomes occur in most kinds of stars of sufficient mass to reach triple alpha fusion which have much higher abundances compared to more massive stars and last far longer which means the combined results of both processes dominate the production of many of these elements by large percentages. We only briefly covered these topics in my stellar astrophysics class but even there we acknowledge the role these processes had on the formation of elements. In fact if we consider stars other than the theorized population III stars these two processes together play a huge deciding role in the evolution and fate of massive stars with the catalytic generation and destruction of Nitrogen as part of the CNO cycle forming the dominant mode of main sequence fusion.

@ScienceAsylum Месяц назад

There's always more nuance. I have to draw the line somewhere to fit the information I'm presenting into a digestable chunk. I like how you worded it here: "Nuclear Physics is more a game of percentages than definite firm products." Those are words to live by in nuclear physics 👍

@Dragrath1 Месяц назад

@@ScienceAsylum I understand I probably would have barely mentioned the alpha ladder beyond saying it exists and contributes significantly for several elements its the s process which I feel needed more attention as it appears to be a major point of confusion as the occurrence in lower mass stars means there are far more sources which actually start to dominate the story for some evidence.

@FinnPlanetballs 2 месяца назад

@ScienceAsylum 2 месяца назад

👋

@carlosj2292 2 месяца назад

Amazing video! Very comprehensive information. I was just wondering about the subject. Thank you!

@johnfromleeds Месяц назад

This is a great video. I knew the basic idea that the heavier elements were made in stars and supernova but this has expanded my knowledge which is always a good thing! Thank you.

@mimicray 2 месяца назад

@aressilverfox 2 месяца назад

A question for Emily: does a radioactive cat have 18 half-lives? Asking for a friend... with a cat... in a box...

@BrianOxleyTexan Месяц назад

Wow, wow! The interaction between you two is fantastic.

@ScienceAsylum Месяц назад

Thank you! 🤓 We feel pretty great about it too.

@123pok456ey Месяц назад

About 10:20, about the activating energy, it is the energy difference between reactants and transition state (like the height of the ground and the bar). While that binding energy is like the energy difference between individual nucleons and the binded nucleus, the spike in the Li to B is actually comparing them the the neighbouring He and C, so the spike is more like the energy difference between the reactants (He?) and products (Li, Be, B) (which is like the ground and the crush mat in the analogy), which is different actually