Old Norse and the Modern Scandinavian Languages 

I consider this a replacement for two old videos, "Old Norse vs. Modern Icelandic" and "What language is closest to Old Norse?" (by the altar of all that is holy, I will not put a question mark in a video title again).

The fact that you can even simulate a vocal stød is impressive to me as a native Danish speaker. Really well done!

Grea job with the "sj-sound" in swedish! Please do a video on the more distinct dialects of Scandinavia, such as jærsk, gutamål, bondska and älvdalska.

Your pronunciation is really good! (I speak swedish) and thank you for bringing up älvdalska! I wish our government put in more effort to keep that language alive. The only thing they've really done is open up a kindergarden in Älvdalen where they only speak älvdalska.

So interesting that when you first talked about pronouncing the h in “what” or “why” etc in English, I was unable to reproduce it myself. BUT when you wrote out “hvat” as in the old west Norse, I was able to get it instantly. I speak a northern Norwegian dialect and although we no longer have this sound (I would say “ka” for hvat) it came really naturally to me. It just made sense to put the h before the v-sound instead of the other way around. OK as I am typing this I realize that this is probably not interesting to anyone but myself, haha.

I lived in Sweden some 47 years ago and have managed to maintain the language over the years. For quite a while I've been trying to do my own independent study with Old Norse, as well as a comparison study involving all the Scandinavian languages. I have all the text books you promote, but there's nothing like in-classroom learning, because it helps having things explained by an instructor. Your videos are the next best thing. You've helped explain the things I've had questions for for a long time.

Wait! That sounded like Johnny Cash speaking Faroese! Awesome!

46:10 That does actually happen in Norway too. You'll have people who say "fjedl" in stead of "fjell". This happens where I come from (Sunnhordland), although it is falling out of use. Nowadays it is only elderly people and some younger farmers that still use it, but it's interesting nonetheless.

We still use "dem" in Swedish as we do "de". They are used in Sweden as (They=de) and (Them=dem) with some exceptions.

Well, here in Norway you have about six different ways to say "I", depending on the dialect (I guess some would call it accent): - Jeg - Je - Eg - E - Æ - I

Interesting that 'I love you' comes ''ek ann þer'' - it reminds me of the verb 'at ane' in danish, which means to notice or to sense, essentially. It would be 'Jeg aner dig', as in 'I sense you' (I'm danish ,so please, other Scandinavian speakers, let me know if its different for you)

Damn you are the coolest person. Haha thanks for this research. I’d love to sit through a lecture

One thing I noticed, the D in vad in Swedish is usually pronounced, which you didn't do. Sometimes it's left out, but it's usually when exclaiming suprise; then you may hear someone say ”va?!”, but otherwise it's vad with a D.

Elvdalsk har nok mye tilfelles med vest-nordisk da herjedalen var en del av Norge frem til 1644.

Amazing video and very informative! I learn so much from you. :) As a native Swede, I have to say your swedish is very good for an American. Your "sjö" was amazing for a non-native speaker! I sense that you struggle with "ä" as your pronunciation is unlike any dialect I have encountered at least. It is most commonly closer to 'ai' in the english 'pair', with a kind of smiling mouth.

Given the length and scope, a lot of dialectal variations had to left out (e.g. that there are placece in Western Norway where fjell has become fjedl) but a quite widely spread variant is where the hv - kv shift has become a simple k - as in ka (kva), kem (hvem/kven) and kor (hvor/kvar; even if kor is an accepted form in nynorsk) / kordan, koss, korleis (hvordan).

Tager is understandable in Swedish as well though it sounds very archaic or formal. The Taga form is also used in some more archaic songs/hymns so is also understandable.

It would be interesting to watch a video about the Swedish dialect in Finland. There are some Finnish and Russian influences, yes, but very little. It's still very different.

I reckon you have heard it before, but for those of you interested in norwegian dialects this video is literally a journey from the border to Sweden all along the coast to the border with Russia. ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-3lmjIppbVtA.html it starts at 1:12. Performed by a radio host that is a master of dialects and fun personalities.

nynorsk "me" for first-person plural pronoun coming from a verbal ending is a *very* interesting and odd feature. it reminds me of the common first-person plural pronoun in modern irish (western and northern varieties), where the first-person plural present verb ending -mid has been reanalyzed as the subject pronoun "muid"

I have to add some to the word "tager" and "tar": Evnen in swedish you can say "tager" but it is often used in a question like "tager du?" (do you take?). This is however a some oldish style and aren't used that often. The end "-om" was used in older swedish also and this we can see from lyrics from Bellman as "halkom" instad of "vi halkar" (we slips). I must say that you have explained alot of my language, swedish, that I never have learned before.

Heilsan úr Føroyum.

In my particular dialect of danish (that of Copenhagen) many words have been shortened from the "correct" way of saying them. For example "Tager" is "Tar" "Jeg" is "Jar", "Vil" is "Ve", "Kan" is "ka" and so forth. Mind you, we still write them correctly, but the written form poorly reflect how they're usually spoken.

Modern Icelanders have little difficulty understanding written Old Norse, the same can not be said about the other nordic nations. Icelandic has retained the grammar and the minor difference in spelling is not a obstacle. The vocabulary is familiar. I would say that by far the Icelandic is closest to Old Norse. I did not understand what you said about the difference between ann and an in Icelandic, I am probably misunderstanding what you were taking about but there is a difference between pronunciation of ann and an or enn and en in icelandic.

Similar to Icelandic, dissimilation of long l, n, rn and sometimes even mm is quite common in the South and West of Norway as well. So fjell can become fjedl, stol > stodl, stein > steidn, barn > badn, korn > kodn, ville > vidle (adj =wild, but not the verb ville =would), alle > adle (=all pl, but it still is alt in sg neuter). Only a few dialects have komma > kobma (to come), but the feature does exist.

Very nice video as always. Just a few notes, however: Faroese long 's pronunciation is closer to the stressed vowel in the English word . The -ki ending is also preaspirated though I have seen that some books on Faroese use the regular voiced vs. voiceless distinction but this is incorrect. Also, I noticed "tað tekur", the masculine form would be "hann tekur" just like in Icelandic. The Danish pronoun I (y'all) is always capitalised. The Faroese word for cod is toskur. The -r- in -rsk- and -rst- clusters has a habit of disappearing so we have toskur but also tosti for thirst (tystur for thirsty), also the Faroese cognate to fresh is feskur. As for Faroese þ > h, my speculation is that there's a slight chance that Gaelic _may_ have had some influence here. In Modern Scottish and Irish, the Medieval Irish has become an /h/ so the personal pronoun thu (you (sg.)) is in Scottish Gaelic pronounced like the English word who. But as I say this is just me speculating and I really should look in to that. But as I said, a great video as always, and keep up the good work. PS. most of the dialects of the Faroese island of Suðuroy have developed a glide in the pronouns you mentioned and it is possible to spell them out so you get: jeg elski tjeg, and tú elskar mjeg, however, I don't think many people are aware of this so you don't see it spelled out very often. They also do not use the words vit and tit for the plural pronouns but rather okur and tykur, which are most likely back-formations from the object forms okum and tykum (okkum and tykkum in Standard Faroese). But yeah, all this on Faroese is possibly a story worth its own video but as this afaict would fall outside the scope of your channel, the introduction made here is more than adequate.

I love your videos. Thanks for sharing. Have you considered including IPA notations when you describe pronunciation? It doesn't need to replace how you sometimes describe the sound value by giving examples from English, but its inclusion would help many of your international viewers, I'm sure.

Actually ... in Danish. "Jeg tager" (and the rest of the subjects) can be pronounced both "Jeg tar" (as you did), but also "Jeg tager". - or "ta'er" (with the "a" changing vowel ) Few danish people would notice which form you use although the latter might sound a bit more formal. (depending on dialect)

7:42 T H I C C

A note from a Swede: we sometimes have emphasis on the vocal, especially in short words. Jag, as an example, have emphasis on the a. And the a does not sound the same everywhere: in "jag", its a long thats sounds different then an English a. If you take our word for allways - "alltid", the a is similar to the pronunciation in the a in English allways. The emphasis in "alltid" is on the double l. Its a bit against common sense, but somehow a double letter is almost allways pronounced very short compared to a single letter. The pronunciation differ quite a lot between dialects, though. Especially in parts of Sweden that is close to the Norwegian border, Skåne (wish used to belong to Denmark) and Gotland.

This was great. Thanks a lot Dr. Crawford.

In the section of this video where the use of "I take" is explained (about 25 min), I would like to point out that Icelanders still use "vér" and " "ér" from old Norse when we want to be extra formal. It is spelled vér and þér.

English should reintroduce *Þþ* and *Ðð* in the alphabet. (And ditch *c* and replace it with *k* or *s* as much as posible)

You absolutely nailed the Faroese pronunciation. Btw I would call these languages "Nordic", since the term "Scandinavian" often doesn't include Iceland and Faroe islands

I recall once reading in an Icelandic saga, I can´t remember which one, but it struck me how amazingly close to English it was. As I recall it the sentence went ´Menn riða þar eftir oss.´which literally translates ´men ride there after us´ And what a typical Icelandic sentence that is, considering the endless feuds that fill the sagas.

31:26 you can say "jag tager" in swedish but it's old school

germans crying at the graph of all the germanic languages at 1:40, but no German to be found

The R:s of Danish and Scanian are iconic and stereotyped. In the dialect of Skåne/Scania (the southeastern variety in "Österlen", my dialect) in Sweden: gröt (or gröd, when exaggerated) - g(h)-rrö(t/d) - meaning "porridge". The dialect is now changing rapidly because of the standard language.

Good video, very interesting. Just a suggestion, but you might want to consider using time-stamps in the description in such a long video. Help people find the part they are searching for easier.

Just found this video and as a swede living in southern sweden I have to say your pronounciation is close to perfect in all languages. Crazy impressed!

What can you share with us about the seeming absurdity of ett/en in Swedish (and Norwegian)? Is there indeed some grammatical rules hinted in old norse that explain when to use one over the other?

Our Scottish Gaelic is inflected. Old Norse had an influence on us, especially in the Isle of Lewis and Harris, where i live

Kudos to you for knowing about the dialect of Älvdalen

Colorado is beautiful. Look much like my home place in eastern Dalecarlia (östra dalarna). Colorado är vackert. Är väldigt likt varifrån jag kommer i östra dalarna (eastern Dalecarlia).

Yay, another linguistics video! I discovered your channel through your video on the Indo-European languages and it's nice to see another.

Tager is swedish too but considered outdated and was only used formally I think, like "tager du denna brud" in marriage ceremonies. You still see this particular phrase in various articles if you google it.

The palatalization outcomes of "skepp", "sjö" and "kittel" in the Swedish spoken in Finland (finlandssvenska) are like in Faroese. There are also other differences of pronunciation between finlandssvenska and sverigesvenska, like the lack of pitch accent in the former.

Since the dialects in Norway are so different from each other, one should think that there was a noticeable difference in speech, already when Iceland was populated. What do the experts think about this?

What's happening with your voice in this video? I can hear some sort of tape noise or something in the background when your voice goes all deep for some reason, and there's strange reverb at points as well. Did you have a lot of problems with this one?

Nitpicking. As a Dane I would often pronounce the noun "gave" as "ga-u". In other words the v is not pronounced, but it changes the last vowel into a long u-sound. Your pronunciation is also correct, but a little formal or less sloppy (Norwegian kamelåså-video goes here)

Really good pronunciation overall, but I notice you fail at grasping the fixed length on Modern Icelandic syllables. That is to say stressed syllables are ALWAYS long (and unstressed short), with the original Old Norse variable length of vowels have made way for different vowel qualities, and instead the original length of the consonants controls the length of the preceding vowels and diphthongs. This means that stressed syllables with only one consonant following the vowel are pronounced with a long vowel, while ones with clusters or long (double) consonants are pronounced short. Most of the time you just pronounced all unaccented vowels short regardless of the length of the preceding consonant(s), making your Icelandic pronunciation of f.ex. "skip" sound more like "skibb" to my Icelandic ears. Just letting you know :D

I love your videos, as a... dedicated amateur historical linguist, but I'm sorry, I have to ding you for calling English a tap, and not an approximant. ;3

I still pronounce "eg" as "ek" haha, almost every "g" sound becomes a "k" for me idk why it just happens

Jag älskar dig🎵🎶 Du älskar mig 🎵🎶

Also as a Norwegian I’ve noticed a peculiar thing recently which is that for whatever reason foreigners, especially Americans, claims that Norwegian is Danish or a Danish language/dialect which of course isn’t true at all. Many Norwegians, my self included, struggle with understanding Danish, especially when they speak fast, and mumble, as opposed to Swedish. And I do believe this misunderstanding or false narrative comes from the fact, stated in this video that we took their written form. And yes some of our dialects is basically almost Danish, like in the South of Norway, Kristiansand and the surrounding counties, they speak a dialect very similar to Danish as Denmark is just a few hours south from Kr. sand across the strait, and into Jutland. And I hate Nynorsk, and it’s only one out of X amount of the different dialects that we have. Our dialects are the true Norwegian language, except certain ones heavily influenced by German, Dutch, and Danish.

As a Norwegian, history and language nerd who’s mom is a Norwegian language teacher, love your videos, but could you do a video on how and why the Danes decided to suddenly speak differently than Swedish and Norwegian, even though we too have been influenced byGerman and Dutch, mostly our western dialects on the west coast of Norway - Hansistic Leage, and how Danish would have sounded like today if not undergone that change? Also a fee fun facts, the Icelandic Vikings came from Sogndal, western Coast of Norway, and according to my bf who is Icelandic, they understand easier if not fluent in Danish/Norwegian, the dialects from the western coast if spoken slowly and clearly. And you should check out the dialect from Setesdalen, Telemark Southern Norway, as they speak a dialect that few Norwegians understand and find the hardest out of the X hundred that we have if not in the thousands, as it’s the closest you get to Old Norse… again my bf understood it fairly well.

Although "Kittel" is a Swedish word it is probably not used that very much. We probably say "Vattenkokare" or "kastrull" or "hurra" more often. And the word "Tager" is also used in Swedish (in addtion to "ta"). It is just quite archaic and mostly used during weddings when a person is asked if he/she will take the other person (ie marry them) with "Tager du denna Maria Andersson att bli din äkta maka?".

I was brought to your videos by Matt Colville's recommendation, and I find this quite informative and simple to understand.

I'm Icelandic who speaks Norwegian fluently. I find it so fascinating that the word in Old Norse ár (for year) in Old Norse is pronounced like år in Norwegian but written like ár in Icelandic.

It is perfectly ok to write «vi» in Nynorsk. «Me» was actually banned from textbooks in education for about fifty years.

In Dutch and Frisian the K "came back" in the word "I", namely: "Ik". Instead of the "G" endings in modern day Scandinavian languages for the words for "I". Or perhaps this is just a coincidence(?)

what do you think of the sogndal dialect ?

In Swedish "dig" (you), and "mig" (me) are pronounced "day" and "may" in everyday language. You CAN pronounce them as "meeg" and "deeg", but if you do, you really speak in poetic form, as if you're singing or reciting a poem.

And in Norwegian your-r are way too hard and too pronounced. We stress the beginning not the end. It’s not silent, but more soft.

Nice Vid. I have a question for you. Do you know witche of the Scand understand the most of the Scand langu..?

As a Copenhagener I would pronounce the wovel in torsk similar to o in the English word bored. But your pronounciation may be correct in Jutlandish dialect.

Please, call the Swedish dialects spoken in Finland-Swedish, not Finnish Swedish, or Eastern Swedish dialects. Swedish dialects spoken in Finland have not much to do with the Finnish language. The Eastern Swedish dialects proper have kept some very old traits, which some speakers of Swedish in Sweden mistakenly interpret as influence from Finnish. In modern day Swedish slang in cities like Helsinki, there are curious influences from Finnish and mixed languages, and some of these words are frequent, though not so many. They have no standardized spelling, but spoken like hevi, breini, divari, bisi, fillare, meaning heavy, brainy, shop for diverse things, busy, bicycle, words which might first have been picked up by Finnish slang and then in the next step also borrowed into Swedish slang. From a Finland-Swedish perspective also the Middle Swedish dialects have many remanining old traits, that are not so frequent any more in the Finland-Swedish regional dialects, like using the negation "icke" in spoken Swedish, instead of "inte", or "skulle" instead of the shortened form "sku". So there we have examples of continuing innovation and conserving, too.

It is hard for me to judge the other pronunciations but a think to consider with danish is that fx. what 'hvad' sometimes you would pronounce the d making the sound 'vad' instead of 'var'. Also to take 'tager', sometimes you say 'tar' also like the word tar in english, but in other case you prenounce the g and other letters similar to the danish word for roof 'tag'.

Hvorfor har dansk 'fjeld'? Høyeste fjell i Danmark er Himmelbjerget på hele 147 meter...

Elfdalian also has nasal vowels which were present in proto-germanic, I think. Kinda cool.

Fascinating! I'm quite intimidated by you and the knowledge you've acquired. But just as intrigued. And very much looking forward to learning what you are teaching! Thank you so much for spending the time and effort in these videos.

old norse is a name. it need not be "accurate"! it's a name! your name might be curly and yet you're bald. as we all know the worse storms are in the pacific.

In Scania in Sweden we have the east Danish dialect that is not the same as Danish but more close to the dialect talked on the Bornholm island of Denmark.

Note that just 80 years ago in official speech in Sweden, the forms Vi taga, I tagen, and De taga were recommended. This is still reflected in the phrase often seen on signs ”Obehöriga äga ej tillträde”, meaning ”Unauthorized do not have access.” The äga is because unauthorized is in plural, and so it is ”äga ej”, instead of ”äger ej”. Considering what has been done with Nynorsk, I really wish there would be an effort to reinstate these plural forms, and also with the form ”Vi tagom”. This -om first person form can be seen in the Christmas song Staffan var en stalledräng, where it’s ”Vi tackom nu så gärna”, instead of ”Vi tacka” or ”Vi tackar”.

Have you ever tried to figure the rules fore singular en & ett in Swedish: one book / one house = en bok / ett hus.

Skånska och bergensk är ganska likt. När jag bodde i Oslo var det flera som trodde att jag kom från Bergen p.g.a. min skånska.

Current Danish pronunceciation is more like "vi taer"

Excellent video, your pronunciations of most of the languages are pretty spot on, I can hear that it's Swedish or Norwegian you are speaking, you Danish pretty far off though, as a Dane I find it much easier to understand your Swedish, Norwegian or even Icelandic, then it 's to understand your pronunciation of my own language. Danish it's properly the hardest of the languages you actually speak, from the written word, we have a lot of words that are pronounced quite differently than the way it's spelled, unlike most other Scandinavian languages. We unfortunately tend to have a lot of words which have silent letters, but in similar words are not silent and the part of words that are stressed in Swedish and Norwegian aren't necessarily the same part that is stressed in Danish.

Saying ”aa” works just as well as saying ”ja” in swedish.

No hat :(

Thank you professor

My swedish heart is so happy about this😍

I'm Swedish, and as I'm sure you know there are some friendly rivalry between the different Scandinavian countries. Though if someone from the outside says something bad about them at least I will fiercely defend them. Regarding our languages though, we jokingly say that Norwegian is not an actual language, it's just Danish pronounced in a Swedish way. Norwegian is by far the nicest sounding of the Scandinavian languages though.

JAG TAR OR JAG TAGER AND DU TAGER DU TAR. jag tager mig en fru

How would i say "The Viking" in Old Norse? Does Víkingr already mean this or do you have to add a different ending? Thanks

I think the intent behind the question could be clearer. Perhaps a better phrasing that expresses the question I and a few others have is 'to what extent would learning Modern Icelandic facilitate the comprehension of the written form of Old Icelandic the sagas are written in?' While sure, you could learn the extinct form directly, there are infinitely more resources available for living languages, from apps, to tv shows and movies, to other living speakers. As modern Icelanders read the sagas in school, the question I have, is would the sagas be of a similar level of comprehensibility to an Icelandic speaker as Middle English is to an English speaker? Again, I should emphasise I am purely referring to the written form, not the pronunciation.

Doctor, might you have anything to mention (perhaps you already have? If so, do please forgive this... and please point me in the right direction) on the language of Älvdalen (a.k.a., "Elfdalian") of Dalarna, Sweden (which used to be part of Norway)? I would **love** to hear anything that, over all others, YOU would have to share on that! :)

It was very fun and interesting

I riddle you this, if i say "Ja kveit int naa ", what did i say ?

I wonder why you chose the neutral from for Faroese (tað tekur) rather than the masculine (hann tekur) like with the other languages...

iirc, Danish "I" as in you-plural is always capitalized, like English "I", for the example that you put up at 31:00

Hello. I am looking someone who specializes or shows a great interest in ancient Germania: the Chatti, the Cherusci, and the Marsi around the time of Arminius and the battle of the Teutoburg forest (possibly one of your peers or someone you know of comparable to your level of expertise on the Norse [of course, considering the limited evidence]). Even if in just good speculation, I'm very interested to know said person's thoughts on the subject(s). A point in the right direction would make me eternally grateful!!!!

Note that Icelandic DOES have palatalization, the original one that was in Old Norse, but it hasn't gone the common way of mutating into a palatal affricate. This means that Icelandic "gj" and "kj" are pronounced as the voiceless (unaspirated and aspirated respectively) PALATAL stop [c], rather than the velar stop [k]. These palatal stops are noted as specific phonemes rather than just pure allophones before front vowel sounds (as they were in Old Norse) as the rules of their appearance follows the Old Norse phonology system rather than the Modern Icelandic one. This means there are no palatal stops before the front /ʏ/ (u) and /œ/ (ö) as they came from Old Norse back /u/ and /ɔ/ (ǫ); there are palatal stops before the back /ai/ (æ) because it came from Old Norse front /ɛː/ (æ) and /øː/ (œ); and Old Norse front /ø/ resulting in palatal stops even after the merger of (ø) and (ǫ) into (ö), making a difference between Modern Icelandic "görðum", from Old Norse "gǫrðum", and "gjörðum", from Old Norse "gørðum". This fact is quite apparent in the loanword "gæji", taken from English "guy", which breaks the predictability of spelling to sound by having a velar stop [k] in front of the (æ) just like in the language it was taken from, which sets it apart from all native words with "gæ" and "kæ" spelling from an original Old Norse word. Of course, what Jackson Crawford was referencing when he said "palatalization" was the eventual of change palatal stops into palatal affricates, so this comment is really just a huge nitpick on semantics, but still, the more you know and all that biz.

At what chronological/philological point(s) did old Icelandic/Norse become something called "new Icelandic"? I'm dealing with (not only) Adeline Ritterhaus's "Neuisländischen Volksmärchen..." from ca. 1900, and in spite of having translated other folk collections from the mid-1800's, hers is the first time I've encountered the literary distinction, "new Icelandic". -- ?

Dr. Crawford, I am thinking we know that English is less orthographic and i.e. Norwegian is midle orthographic. Lingvists examplify with standard writings but how about examplify with transcription? We can clearly see the differences in written words but would transcription show the real differences? Orthographic Word > Ord. Window > Vindu etc. I don't dare try for transcription. Maybe it would be hard to do transcription on a forreign language. Also there are many dialects and no standard spoken language - at least not in Norway. Still it's a possibility for transcription since it's launched and a probate tool for lingvists. Do you get my point? I mean. It is a difference in the visual standard writing and the phonetic pronounciation.

You have that typical american norwegian accent, just like my English teacher! Thank you very much for your work. A bit off -topic but Nynorsk was created by Ivar Aasen during a very nationalistic period in Norwegian history, right after becoming independent from Denmark. The period known as the "National romantic period". During this period people was trying to find Norways own identity. We started romanticizing the Norwegian countryside, norwegian folk music (fx.myllarguten) and more! These cultural aspects were pulled into light and put on a pedestal. Ivar Aasen deliberately collected these countryside dialects (esp. from the areas Voss, Sogn and Hardanger) that was as untouched as possible by Danish influence. He compared them and and when in doubt also looked at old Norse as inspiration when creating Nynorsk. I see Nynorsk as something born from a period of strong nationalism. You've probably done videos about this topic though :)

a swedish journalist made a documentary series on swedish dialects (in Swedish though). Quite interesting! can be found on youtube. here is a link to episode one: ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-mhQ6L_4jTFw.html I have seen most of them, though my native toungue is Danish, I understood 90%of it.

Takk fyrir 🥰

A phrase like _"jag älskar dig"_ is still said as _"ja elska dej",_ so actually a little closer to Old Norse than the spelling suggests.

Great Video! Our old Swedish accent/dialect Gute spken on Gotland is VERY similar to Icelandic/Färöisk in many ways if you listen to "Skaoul" for Cheers, Jaouu- Yeahh! or their common word for "butter" "Smjör" ;)