my last three months has been horrible. my mom is an essential worker and got sick and got me sick with covid, later i had to close my business down permanently and liquidate everything, then had to put my grandfather into an assisted living facility, little over three weeks later and he is currently in the hospital with covid. f%¿& this country. edit: yeah i did not have a relaxing summer. glad to see you back. i need this. my spirit is broken.
Sorry to hear this. Hopefully both of you will recover and prayers for your grandfather (the elderly are hit the hardest). At this point, you're at rock bottom and everything else in your future has to be UP (except your grandfather's passing). I know the feeling, lost alot of business lately and buried my wife from cancer last year, Hang in there.
@@blackandcold Ok, what happens if you had an albecurrie warp drive and you are gong from Star A to Star B. In the middle of that trip is a Black Hole. Would your warp field push it out of the way?
@@blackandcold I see. So it appears that whatever you try and do (even with super advanced technology) there might be no way to enter a black hole. I was just curious about the Albecurrie warp drive and what would happened if it encountered a black hole. Thanks for the info.
Here's one for you, how much evidence, or what kind of evidence would it take for you to believe that aliens are here, or have been here. Not a sarcastic question, just curious.
Scientific evidence, ie can be tested. Smudged photos and blurry easily explained videos and eye witnesses... dont cut it.. When or if we find life it will be very obvious.
Hey Fraser! Since we are inside the Milky Way galaxy. How do we know for sure that the shape of our galaxy is spiral and not elliptical or any other shape? Thanks
Hi Fraser, question: is it correct to say that when a neutron Star transforms into a black hole, it starts by its surface and then propagate in the inner layers of the Star? Because the gravity is the strongest at the surface. Right at the center, there is no gravity force. Usually the representation of a forming black hole starts by the center of the star and sucks the different layers upwards... Am I right or did I miss something?
I think it might about pressure, not gravity. Sure, the net gravity effect on the center of a star / plante /anything spherical is zero, but the pressure is at its most. Could be wrong, Fraser do correct me if I am!
Question! I always struggled with one concept, and I am surprised no one seems to be as confused as I am. It's related to the big crunch / big freeze discussion. The explanation is that the big bang inercia is expanding the space everywhere, and also dark energy, while gravity is holding the expansion. But my intuition tells me that gravity affects stars, planets, light... Anything with momentum. But why it also affects space itself? I know it can bend space, but halt its expansion? It would seem more logical that gravity tends to group all the "stuff" in the universe but space keeps expanding, unaware of what matter and gravity are doing
We don't know what actually caused the expansion of space itself. That was somehow started out by the process of the Big Bang. Even if mutual gravity started to pull the galaxies back into each other, it wouldn't actually be pulling spacetime with it.
Is it possible a previous lander or atmospheric probe to Venus could have carried with it living microbes from Earth? If those microbes were introduced to the planet's atmosphere, could they have survived since then? Thanks for the always great content & information, Fraser!
I've heard that there were anywhere from four to six stellar explosions (supernovae, kilonovae) that contributed heavy elements to the protoplanetary nebula that collapsed to become the solar system. I've forgotten where I read that though. I think that what's inside the event horizons of black holes are particles of spacetime. Like other quantum fields, spacetime should exhibit particles where the energy density is sufficiently high. The idea that the curvature of spacetime becomes infinite is, I think, wrong. It reaches whatever maximum it can, and then it forms spacetime particles. We'll never see them, though, because the energy density needed to make spacetime particles is greater than that needed to produce an event horizon. Too bad for us.
There is a muscle that some people can flex and others can't. That's what Terry Virts means when he does this mouth movement. I have been flying frequently for a while because of my job, and I learned to flex those muscles even without moving my mouth anymore. My wife says I look like I'm concentrating on a fart because it still requires some concentration to flex that muscle. An idea that you got the right muscle is the fact that it basically almost deafens you for a moment and you mostly just hear a low rumbling sound.. But hey, other people are able to wiggle their ears, yet again other people are able to flex muscles I don't even know about.
Fraser I think they had meant the nearby supernovae that triggered the section of the molecular cloud that would become the solar system to collapse still unknown due to time though I think I remember reading that due to evidence for some short lived radioisotopes in asteroids that suggest the Solar system formed in the vicinity of a Wolf Rayet star. Also it is worth noting that there is evidence for multiple r process generation sites which range in the timescale they take to occur. The unidentified rapid process (thought to possibly be collapsars) which follows star formation by a few million years and the kilonova which follow star formation with a billion year or so lag. That adds a bit of nuance in terms of identifying the source of r process elements since that earlier paper came out. Regarding the structure of our home Galaxy what I have been reading literature wise suggests the number of arms are complicated with two old stable arms but last I checked there still is evidence for possibly two ephemeral arms of young stars has the literature changed? I know GAIA isn't able to parallax massive variable stars which would remove young structures from its map so that might not be resolved. That said I don't think we are considered to be in a spur anymore rather an armlet a partial arm attached to the larger arm which is overall probably linked to the Radcliffe wave. Also worth noting that the resonance between Neptune and Pluto keeps them from being in the same region of the solar system at the same time thus they normally are on opposite sides of the solar system which is why any scifi scenario that involves Pluto and Neptune both getting destroyed by some advancing alien dismantler thing makes no sense whatsoever. >_> Also have you heard about the Phosphine detection in the upper Venusian clouds? It isn't a confirmation of life but it certainly increases the odds that there is life in the Venusian clouds.
@@disrespecc9678 we have know there was life in clouds of venus for a long time. Just like there is life in the earths clouds Venus only became a hell hole 750 million years ago. So there was time for bacterial life to form and evole to survive in the clouds, Perhaps if the change on venus was slow enough there could be life underground on venus... That is my theory. As for the op, I would be interested to know what triggered the collapse that created our solar system. I think we are in a bubble just off one if main arms in the milky way.
22:22 Two things we need to bring to the moon is coal and nitrogen. I think that's the toughest task in colonizing the moon. And phosphorus. Three things we need to bring to the moon... And soft cushions... And comfy chairs... And coffee. I wouldn't go without coffee.
OK I checked, you do always have a tune that plays when you finish up the show, pleeeeease don't get rid of that!! I'm probably not the only one who now subconsciously felt something was missing
We don't know what's being simulated. The simulation might just be a recreation of the Universe with high accuracy, and we just happen to be a side effect of the simulation.
Hi Fraser, this one might put you outside of your comfort zone so you might enjoy it :) - The Earth is facing a "sharp" sand shortage due to the amount we consume every year for construction (desert and beach sand are no good as they are too rounded). The sharper sand is the better as it makes concrete structures much stronger. Perhaps one day if spaceflight is cheap enough we could be importing "sand" from the Moon in the form of Lunar soil. Would it be suitable, do you think for concrete / building? I understand that Lunar regolith is particularly sharp and nasty so it should make great concrete? :)
@@frasercain It was a bit of a silly question on my part I'd had too many shots of moonshine when I was writing it. I'd just read an article about how the Earth's running out of sharp sand for making concrete. 😉
Hi Fraser. Talking about BH and primordial BH, is there a theory/model to explain the supermassive BH? are they thought to be primordial BH? or models support a BH merge approach?
The main idea is direct collapse, that huge clouds of hydrogen were able to collapse directly into black holes. But if primordial black holes are possible, then you might have started with even larger seeds.
@@frasercain Thanks, Later on I thought about that as an alternative. btw these gas clouds, should have collapsed mainly during the dark era right? (I mean before the first stars)
It would be possible to sterilize out a microbiome before travel to Mars.... with repeated testing... sterilization and quantine on the journey it's a massive task... but possible..... I feel like that's relevent to current events
@@frasercain You couldn't eliminate all forms of skin flora, And you wouldn't want to. But you absolutely could on an individual by individual basis administer heavy courses of multiple antibiotics; Including ones able to be nebulized into airway, Bathe in betadine and get put in a room that's been ozonated. Once through the airlock that itself is probably similar to a laminar flow hood. The subject would be given a course of carefully prepared starter cultures for their G.I. and skin to innoculate with known safe and essential flora. If given to a sufficiently "blank canvas" in a high enough innoculum they will push what's left to local extinction. Continue to monitor and take swabs over the course of a month, provided all checks out and that person is cleared to enter the greater population.
I posted this to an international IT group I belong to last week. I can prove this world is NOT a simulation. Any real gamer would have reloaded a previous save point by now. LOL someone replied, or at least rage quit ending the simulation.
The age of the Milky Way is thought to be around 12.5 billion years, and the Solar system orbits the center of the galaxy with a period of around 225 million years. So at our distance from the center we've only gone around 56 times. That number seems paradoxically low considering how flat the galaxy is and how it's talked about as being almost timeless. Is the Milky Way still a baby or am I thinking about this all wrong?
if planet 9 is a primordial black hole, could humanity one day use this black hole as a source of energy or in any fashion such as interstellar travel, etc.?
The answer to the question about the rogue planet skimming Saturn has me wondering - how quickly does a body disintegrate when it passes the Roche limit of a larger body? I'm guessing the breakup you're talking about here isn't a Roche limit thing, but more atmospheric-heating based...
Hey Fraser... Is the CMB a kind of inside-out white-hole? In all directions we look it is there... we can't look past it and this light (albeit redshifted) is appearing from it
Hi Fraser, is it possible that the orbital perturbations linked to planet9 were caused by a 'recent' brush with a far off, dark, transiting (never orbiting) body? I.e. we are looking for something no longer there? Has this possibility ever been modelled using current best observations?
I don't think you are quite right about the black hole and the neutron star. According to general relativity the space time gets inverted and all paths inside black hole inevitably lead to singularity. Granted, we don't really *KNOW* what is inside, but math of general relativity has quite a specific answer to that.
Hi Fraser two questions. How does the Hubble telescope manage to stay up there without its orbit decaying and falling into the earths atmosphere? Second question, when it was first launched the Hubble telescope had problems with its mirrors, do you think it was possible to fix that problem with software means without sending people back to fix it? thanks.
Hi Fraser, great to have you back. At 6:12 you say a neutron star can shine. What is the mechanism for this illumination since fusion of neutrons is not possible? Is it just residual heat? And do we observe these objects in visible light? Thanks!!
Fraser, regarding the question about black holes (is there a neutron star below event horizon) I think that even we still don't understand black holes fully actually for this question the answer is known. As far as I know the singularity for the event horizon is the so called ,,coordinate singularity'' (similar for the question ,,what time is now on the north pole'') however one can switch to another type of coordinate where this singularity disappears. I think that there is general consensus among scientists that the ,,material neutron star'' below the event horizon is no more: once the mass exceed the critical value there is no way to stop the collapse of a neutron star and it collapses at least to scales where one cannot ignore the quantum effects of gravity-but these scales are far far smaller then the scales of typical event horizons. This is what I learned from various videos on RU-vid (I'm not an expert in these topics)
Well our star is a second generation star so its formation is attributed to the death(s) of older generation stars. So although most of the material our star is made of is from the Big Bang, it would not exist as is if it wasn’t for super novas.
I have a question. It seems that astronomers have a pretty good idea of the amount of dark matter in a typical galaxy (though I know this can vary widely). It seems that dark matter only reacts to gravity, so dark matter that is near a black hole but does not strike the event horizon would not become part of that black hole. However, any dark matter that actually hits the event horizon would fall into the black hole and become part of the black hole's mass, since not even dark matter can exceed the speed of light. Given a stellar black hole with a mass 25 times the mass of the sun, at what rate would it collect dark matter as it orbits within this typical galaxy?
You know what they say about vacuum instability, that a more stable vacuum could propagate out through the universe at the speed of light... But since the expansion of space means these events could be isolated, even moving at light speed, does that imply that universes themselves could be defined by these different vacuum states?
Hi Fraser, my question is regarding M dwarfs. Why do they make so many super earth planets and not gaseus planets? Most of the superearths are found around M dwarfs, correct?
Further to the planet 9 black hole. If it was one that formed from a star then it will be much more massive than our Sun and therefore it wouldn't be orbiting the Sun, the Sun would be orbiting it and that would be obvious from current observations.
If mars can reach 20C during the day does that mean it would be possible to safely spend some period of time outside a habitat wearing nothing but a full face mask?
Question; What are a possible list of mechanisms that cause a nonreactive element like gold to gather into a geological deposit? Can you describe how the element gold is formed within a supernova (not the atomic creation details) and manages to stay clumped together to form a deposit on earth despite all of the aeons of geologic time and forces involved? It seems to me that there would be many opportunities for a thorough mixing given the time scale and to still be clumped together after so much time is a mystery which has eluded my efforts to understand.
I had heard that the whole planet 9 thing was mostly caused by observation bias. After more and more observation of the belt objects had been done the weirdness of the orbits wasnt actually weird.
i have a question about black hole: in Star hydrogen and helium are fuse in new elements, like iron... supposedly the most stable elements, Does in black holes does elements still keep fusing into iron or heavyer elements and increasing masses and density ??? Is it all about ?
Iron can be created but not further fused in a star, of any size. Black holes are about ripping every physical object apart, including the energy/forces holding them together/apart, swallowing it all up, and burping.
@@SpaceCadet4Jesus You describe a black hole like its a giant shredder ... Its sure it ripp of everything that pass too close, but that doesnt in anycase even rip gavity ... it just attact them, object falling doesnt lose theyr gravity, they are just pull by something really stronger... However take a look other heavyer element than iron exist, as you say if star can't fuse pass behond iron, how could we got silver Gold and other element... this explanation you just gave is quite innacurate.
@@xynor001 Without reposting comments: Stars cannot fuse past iron: astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/11880/does-any-iron-fuse-in-stars-before-they-go-supernova Within that post is enough info describing r-process and s-process which creates other elements. Think of blackhole as a gravity well, a bottomless pit, a rotating swirl of gravity waves where space collides and time stops. Yes, it's a giant shredder, even liquifier, compressing down every known material and every force holding that material together until its smaller than the tiniest part of that material. Basically, all the material and energy is transformed into (who knows what) gravitational waves.
@@SpaceCadet4Jesus So basicly we don't know if fusion still really going or any other form of prosses. All we know black holes will just evaporate in a far away futur. Basicly know as hawking radiation. But what happening inside within this seem to apply a kind of matter transformation, but on what really going on... I'm curious about the composition of the blackhole itself. Does hes elements stop fusing and insted just become a hazardous mix of any kind of matter clump up and compressed. Because what we know of how some super rare elements are made, you need so much pressure and energy, this prosses should occur in a blackhole, or just befor the falling in the acresion disk.
@@xynor001 By the time stars have burned through energy stores of hydrogen, helium, etc and have reached iron, they cannot fuse iron (it takes too much energy) as a self-sourced power source. Stars reaching this end-of-life iron condition, and if a certain size, can implode, then explode and potentially create a blackhole in its place. Hawking radiation is a theory, not fact, not testable nor falsified yet. Hawking radiation as it is may not exist. We cannot prove it. As for blackhole composition, other than gravity waves, we cannot see what's internal beyond the event horizon. It obliterates all forms of electromagnetic/atomic/nuclear/particle energy and holds every known force hostage. Since gravity is an intrinsic property of all matter, it stands to reason the blackhole feeds on incoming material and converts it into rotational speed of gravity waves, a gravity well, as it were.
How long does a black hole last? In theory, if they lasted forever, and all the stars eventually collapsed into a black hole, then there would just be black holes everywhere. ??
Nobody really knows. In 1974, Stephen Hawking argued for a theory of shrinking blackholes via radiation called "Hawking Radiation", but I remain unconvinced of this argument. All the stars will not turn into Black Holes, there are certain requirements for becoming a blackhole. Planets won't turn into blackholes, nor will sparse pockets of leftover gas.
Question: have any astronauts ever been taken seriously ill on a mission and what happened...did they have to come back early or did the mission continue. If not are there procedures in place for what will happen if a astronaut for example get appendicitis when on the space station.
Astronauts have gotten ill in space, but never bad enough to have to leave the station: www.space.com/getting-sick-in-space-coronavirus-astronaut-health.html
Pluto was inside Neptune's orbit from 1975 to about 2000. I don't remember the exact date, but I remember it was just a few days after a big IAU conference, the one where they kept Pluto as a planet (which didn't last). I ribbed them about that at the time, "So... you guys think the outermost planet in the solar system should be Pluto??..." when it still had a few days or weeks to go inside Neptune's orbit, but they saw the trick and didn't bite.
Sure, they've been seen by Hubble as long ago as 1997. hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/1997/news-1997-02.html?Year=1997&keyword=intergalactic%20stars
I can see that a collider could slam particles together hard enough that it would be as dense as ( Black hole, Neutron star, draft star matter ) for a pico second but without a intense gravity field wouldn't just explode or expand back to full size? That's why I am doubtful of there being primoral black holes what force could keep them in that collapse state? Even if there was a earth mass, atom sized black hole wouldn't it just explode to full size? Taking a good amount of the space around it with it ? Maybe for a several light years if that release happened in that Pico second time frame. Primoral black holes that you mention in this V'log are impossible If I'm right, they would dissolve into nothing before they could have an effect.
Colliders dont have that amount of energy, probably never. Think of black holes as converters, converting material objects into gravitational waves, the essence of where everything came from, Nothing. God created the universe out of NOTHING. Blackholes should not, in my opinion, be thought of as a unique form of liquified matter/energy. Rather, think of blackholes as gravity wells, bottom less pits.
How do we take a image of the CMB ? wouldn't the star/galaxy and the rest oushine it ? or the CMB shine in a very specific and unique light frequency, but with the scale of the universe i would be surprise if the CMB what emitting on a frequency alone Sorry for the English i am not sure if my phrase make perfect sense, but i did try
CMB = Cosmic "Microwave" background. Microwaves are emitted from low frequency (much less hot) objects/events, whereas stars are much hotter and higher in frequency. Specialty equipment can tune out frequencies when mapping.
Here is a bit more to the answer about a neutron star collapsing into a black. A neutron star does not turn into a black hole simply because it has enough mass to be a black hole. Rather it has enough mass to overcome the neutron degeneracy pressure. This causes it to collapse to a smaller size. At the smaller size it is now dense enough to be a black hole. This leaves two questions about what is inside. First, we don't know what happens to matter when neutron degeneracy is overcome, even outside a black hole. Second, physics goes "wacky" inside a black hole. We don't know what that does to the results either. A theory of quantum gravity might allow us to make a reasonable guess. Currently all the theories (with solid evidence) give nonsense answers inside a black hole. Edit: I should have watched a little longer before writing. He covered some of this. Hopefully there is still some useful information here.
Hey Fraser ... welcome back ! I have a short question ... Is my birthday (or a start of a new year) always on the exact same point of earth's orbit ? Thanks !
Could there be life in outer space? I don't mean on a distant planet, I mean in space itself. Like some sort of microbes that exist inside nebulae gulping up gas and slowly drifting about.
Cannot see on the Sun's opposite side, for one. The exoplanet data comes from cyclical light variations emitted from stars and is represented in a histogram of data. To my knowledge, there have been NO observable photographable (as in, say Cheese) images of exoplanets. There is a 9th planet though, Pluto.
Amazing as always. And as always, a question: if you put a starship traveling between two bodies - say earth and Mars - would that allow us to shuttle material between the two bodies without stopping (for example, offloading when it was in NEO or NMO) or would that be ineffective? Related, would the slingshotting between the two planets speed up this 'shuttle,' or is that not really an issue?
How are you going to slow it down for loading by other vehicles while in NEO or NMO? And then speed it back up without spending a huge amount of time sling shotting it back out (not much faster) by gravity? Better direct our attention to developing Scotty's teleporter, at least it makes a better TV show.
Hey 👋 @Fraser Thanks so much for everything you do!! I have a question tho... how fast do supernova&Hypernova send elements away from it when they explode ?
??? I've always imagined the interior of a black hole to be pure energy, all the matter being under such pressure and heat that it undergoes fusion, but the energy cannot escape. But if it all turned to energy then how could it have a gravitational field? So what's in there, plasma?
If this were the case, energy regardless of form does have gravity according to Einstein. Spacetime sees equivalent values of mass/energy as the same thing.
@@dustman96 They are essentially the same thing, we just experience them as separate. E=mc^2 isn't just for conversion in fusion or fission reactions, it can be used to find the "apparent" mass of some amount of energy. As an example, a black hole has less apparent mass than one of the same actual mass spinning really quickly because the spinning one has more energy. You could theoretically create a black hole by shining enough lasers at a single point in space, creating a high enough density of apparent mass
Photons are indivisable packets of energy. Electrons in atomic orbit absorb or emit these packets when increasing/decreasing their energy level. Photons, as far as we know, have no mass, yet is affected by gravity. Did that help confuse the issue more?
- A mix of Ionized hydrogen and ionized nitrogen atoms, otherwise called Plasma, is multitudes larger than the photons that cannot escape from a blackhole. - There is no plasma in a blackhole, unless incoming photons magically reassemble themselves into invisible plasma in its core. A blackhole does not combine two or more particles to make a different particle, as is done in fusion. - A blackhole squeezes all matter, all energy and all forces between particles into a mush of what seems to be only a collection of timeless gravitational waves. I've always imagined the interior of a blackhole as "nothing". A bottomless pit, a gravity well. A portal to a different dimension, if you will, where spacetime does not exist inside but does have a physical external existence in converting all matter to a sometimes rotating collection of gravitational waves.
I hope aliens are just as concern about bacteria when they swush around in space as we are, we shower in antibac every day while the aliens doesn't even wash their hand and instantly infect us with some nasty disease
@@SpaceCadet4Jesus - if I see a spaceship landing, and the alien comes out a little too fast after I hear this typical toilet flushing sound I only do a first bump, hope he understand
You may be just taking literary license using the term "trillions of years" but I do not recall any physics discussions using the term trillions of years.
We need to goto Venus i heard there was a gas that might be a lifeform indicator, its crazy I know but if we find bacteria in the atmosphere of Venus what does this say about life on any planet, it sounds like a good goal to have. Searching for lifeforms in areas like our volcanic vents but in the air on venus.
