I have found repeatedly that when someone claims to be in the 99%, they are usually in something more akin to 1 or 2 %. No offense. Just an observation.
There was a good point raised in a recent Event Horizon video.Venus' atmosphere is so acidic you can't measure it on the PH scale. Like you said, no life form on Earth has ever encountered an environment remotely like it.
I remember back in College in the 80's (also known as the Dark Ages when Dinosaurs rule the Earth according to my kids) I had a professor who lectured on the places that life did not exist on earth. The deepest Oceans , Extremely high heat areas like near volcanos and heavily radioactive areas. Well guess what? We found life in all those areas here on earth. I think it be great if life either evolved on it own on Venus or if it does turn out that earth life is still living on Venus. Really make me wonder about places like Mars and Europa .
There are places, wet places even, with no life on Earth. In terms of extremophiles, they have had the luxury of billions of years of evolution to adapt to those niches on Earth.
@@DrunkNamedJohn I'd suggest that extremophiles have also had the luxury of billions of years of evolution to adapt to niches on their respective planet. And we see??
It's probably pointless me saying this, but I find this "oh haha, lets all look at the dumb man who disagrees with us and mock him in our safe bubble" thing pretty repugnant. It's everywhere in society and it's such a crude, child-like, base-level of interaction. Imo, a lot of the time, something seemingly negative can often be turned into something constructive if you have that inclination. But when negativity is responded to in kind, it's salt all the way down lol. Evan's comment should just be an opportunity to explain why it's actually interesting and why it does matter and why it's a meaningful thing to pursue. There's millions of Evan's out there who pay taxes that may fund these areas, and in democracies, it might actually help to not just respond to them with contempt
When astromomers found those colliding neutron stars, that was quite exciting . A molecule is not exciting and that too on a Toxic as hell planet but the way he said it sounded a bit rude i guess.
@@Thumbsupurbum Just placing our Moon out there at Earth-Moon distance from Pluto would make it appear 1000 times less bright than to us, so maybe magnitude -5, similar to the brightest Venus ever gets but spread out over a larger surface area. Charon is closer and made of ice but is also smaller, don't know how all that works out but I assume it will be easily visible. I have worked in Moon-light, don't think I cloud work in Charon-light though :-)
@@Prof_Tickles92 Eh, I get where you're coming from, but as far as biology goes when it comes to planets, it was always still going to be #2 behind Mars, due to it being at least a terrestrial planet that's technically in the habitable zone AND has an atmosphere at all that isn't prohibitively cold, or.....well, I mean do I need to say more than just "c'mon, Mercury?".
You guys do an amazing job. Thank you Fraser and thanks to your team as well. You're like a modern version of Sagen with fewer philosophical bits. Still, you keep me daydreaming about space stuff all the time. Thanks for keeping the passion alive.
from what i gather with my little brain, dark matter is that which pops in and out of existence in the voids adding little tugs of gravity before they go. unless matter only forms these clouds around matter then sooner or later expansion will stop and the universe will shrink again. any outward energy would be unlikely to stop the inward rush of matter. but then maybe theres a universal oort cloud of somesort thst leaves our universe looking like some misty sun. radiating energy pushing against gravitational. like a planet but less dense and the size of a universe.
"[...]so imagine, like, growing up on a world and not being able to see the Milky Way above you but seeing other stars around you." Due to light pollution, this _is_ the case where I live.
Here's a question for you. Why if hydrogen leaves Venus at such a rate like you stated, then how is phosphene being made? Isn't it phosphor and 3 hydrogen atoms?
Any form of life we could find would be something amazing. Doesn't matter what! Related, unrelated... In any condition. Anyway, something I found really interesting about this announcement is that people received it in a totally different way than what happened in 1994. I mean, no religious people saying stupid things like "the end of the world" and so on. It tells us nothing about the discovery itself or about alien life... But it tells us a LOT about us. Looks like we evolved since then. Go figure! (It reminds me of the time I studied the UFO phenomenon and people involved with it... Absolutely no knowledge about aliens were there, but LOTS of knowledge about human beings.) Anyway, stay safe there with your family! 🖖😊
hey Frasier, do we know of any multiple star systems that include a black hole of sufficient mass so that the stars orbit it like planets orbit a star?
@@frasercain I meant specifically stellar objects with circularized orbits. black holes of varying sizes obviously come in binaries, and recently we saw "impossible mass black holes" merge in the accretion disc of a supermassive black hole. i'm wondering if there is a system somewhere away from a galactic center where 3 or 4 stars orbit a central massive (say 1000 solar masses) object. thanks for the reply, I'm a big fan ❤
Fraser's response to the complainer was glorious. If that can't change their mind (or expand it), I actually feel sorry for that person. The idea that life, even as microbes, independently evolved at several Solar System locations would have MASSIVE implications for life in our galaxy.
Hey Fraser. TIME and SPACE. As Einstein says. Time moves slower around larger masses. Does this mean? Moments after the big bang, when the universe was infinity dense. Time was extremely slow, and over the lifetime of the universe, time has been getting faster and faster?
Finding even the simplest microbial life outside of earth that had a separate genesis would be the biggest discovery that man kind has EVER made. It would indeed be something of an existential crisis of a discovery because of the fermi paradox. The fact that educated people don't understand this is something I find amusing as it points to an extremely shallow and dare I say rather immature focus on the topic. Sure when we are kids all we are interested in are the shiny baubles of whatever topic we find ourselves fascinated in. T-Rex for paleontology say, but if you never evolve your interest past this point to the nuanced details of the subject and gain an appreciation for the whole scope of the subject, you really have failed to mature in important ways.
I miss watching Fraser Cain's vids while these are live. Always a joy to engage with the enlightening mods and with the respectful chatroom peeps. Life has been keeping me busy at these moments. Thank you Fraser for making and sharing these vids. 🔭💫
Hey Fraser, Question: Could we detect gravitational waves emitted outside particle horizon? The early universe was blocking lights from traveling but not gravitational waves? There's an area outside the particle horizon but still within the event horizon. If yes, where were they from? A universe that has no causality with our bigbang by then? Thanks!
It depends on whether we're related or not. If we're not related, then yeah, that's a sign that the Universe is more dangerous than we originally thought.
I just watched your life stream about UFOs (Open Space 88) and you mentioned sleep paralyses. Could sleep paralyses be the origin for the claims of people being abducted by aliens?
In skydiving you really don't feel the "falling" because it is like an elevator, once you are at a steady speed, you are in 1G. Even leaving the airplane you don't feel it because you are thrown against air that the plane is moving through and you have acceleration forces slowing you while your vertical is increasing. Only jumping from a helicopter, balloon, etc do you feel that falling for about 3 seconds, then by 5 seconds you are at 1G.
Yeah, once you get to terminal velocity, you don't feel it any more either. We don't have many places here on Earth that we can experience that feeling for very long.
4:04 wow! It's like saying "After watching Harry Potter, I am not interested in travelling by a car when they could apparate in the movie. Wake me up when they invent apparition."
You can do it for yourself here: www.omnicalculator.com/physics/emc2 Just put in the mass and it'll tell you how much energy would be released. It's a very easy calculation to do, it just turns into very big numbers.
Wow, fantastic video, fantastic question and fantastic answers! I really like to receive the newsletter, already aubscribed! Greetings from Brazil, and take care.
Question! How close could two star systems be without each stars gravity interfering with the stable planetary orbits of the other star system and how long would it take for an alien civilization to travel between the two systems with current or projected technology? I'm wondering if it would be possible for each system to have an alien civilization where they could become friends... or enemies.
The stars would need to be far enough that they don't throw each other's planets out into space, but it would definitely be close enough for an advanced civilization to travel in between them.
Hi Fraser. At 10 minutes and twelve seconds in this video, there was a beautiful surprise guest answer-er. But who was it and what was he/she trying to tell us?
@Adam Fraser Ok how about the possibility of a freak weather phenomena that pushed microbes to the top layer of our atmosphere and then got skimmed by asteroid/ meteorite than crashed into venus.
@@novosprospectus882 The severe cold of outer space would kill it, then the sun's unabated range of radiation would fry it and break it down. It's DNA would no longer replicate.
You would still have the same situation. Things that are likely to live on earth are unlikely to survive on Venus let alone able to survive the transition of the heat and radiation of impact, then the cold and radiation of space.
15:35 isn't it true that in a few millions/billions years as the Moon recedes and Earth rotation slows, Moon will reach an orbit where it's revolution time around the Earth will match length of the day at that time?
Have astronauts tested artificial gravity in space yet? I was thinking the two dragon capsules that will be docked to ISS soon could test this by connecting top-to-top with a long sturdy cable, extend it out, then fire thrusters perpendicular to the cable in opposite directions so they swing around each other and voila, artificial gravity in both capsules?
Question: If people were only 2 feet high, would our current scale stay similar? It seems many of the limits of our construction are set by the materials and not by our size. So would an excavator still be a similar size to now or would they all be smaller? Would houses be the same size but with 10 stories inside?
@@frasercain That's what I mean! Our world would be the same size but would we expand our horizons to fill it. A smaller car would be great for going to the local shop but e.g. to coss America in the same time we'd need vehicles capable of it and a 6 foot long car with 10hp just isn't up to it. My original thoughts were to genetically enigneer humans to be smaller so as to make space travel much easier ... but then I though everything we'd take with us would still at the limits of engineering so our size wouldn't make much difference.
What is the terminal velocity in interstellar space? Do you need to take anything into consideration in addition to fission enhanced collisions and relativity?
Hi Fraser. I've been thinking about space colonization ideas and my gut feeling tells me that we gonna end up with rotating habitats "parked" on orbits of Moon, Mars, asteroids etc and use advanced VR sets to operate even more advanced robots (and machines in general) on the surface, to mine, build stuff etc. What's your view on this?
Q&A question: So you just said astronomers have discovered some rogue starts. Well then, have there been any discoveries of rogue - idle planets that are not orbiting any stars, just hanging somewhere in galactic or intergalactic space? I am guessing it would be too hard or even impossible to detect them since there would not be any light behind them that would dim because of these planets huh? Considering other planets discovery methods doesn't really work that well for such planets...
4:00 Any animal or civilization had to start as microbes, finding microbes is an evidence of how common or uncommon those animals or civilizations are. If we don't find the microbes it means civilizations are even rarer. Also, if you don't find microbes as interesting as macroscopic animals, I suggest watching Journey to the Microcosmos. They're incredibly intelligent and dynamic little critters. 6:00 Also, new chemistry could even potentially have industrial applications. 26:00 Imagine a civilization around a rogue star first discovering galaxies, that would be mind blowing.
Hey Frazer, great show again. My question is, can you please explain in simple term what is Halo of a galaxy? How big is Halo of Milky way & andromeda galaxies?
The halo is the hot gas, dust and stars that surrounds a galaxy. It's much larger than the galaxy itself. In fact, the Milky Way and Andromeda's halos are starting to interact.
Could we possibly send a probe into Jupiter (Or other gas giants) that is capable of handling immense pressure near its core? If Jupiter is too difficult, what about the smaller ones like Saturn, Neptune & Uranus? Would be amazing to get footage of a rocky core.
I am curious as to what makes you so very sure? I was also leaning in that direction, except for the other clues, including the fact that the biomarker phospine gas is not found at the poles on venus, and the fact that somethingis absorbing ultraviolet light there, and more...
Hi Fraser Did you know that Thiobacillus is a bacteria that produces sulfuric acid as a byproduct and therefore the sulfuric acid in Venus' atmosphere isn't inimical to it? In light of this, would you like to reconsider your answer re: Venera Bacteria? Ps: I understand if you don't change your answer. After all, carbon dioxide is a byproduct of our processing of oxygen and yet it is poisonous to us in high enough concentrations, so it's entirely possible that in high enough concentrations, even thiobacillus might find it hard/ impossible to survive in more than 200mL of 50M H2SO4...
Hey boss, a question for your next Q&A: Is there any rock formation - layers in the core of Jupiter, or is it only gas all down to the core? if so, how does all that gas stay together without a strong core gravity?
I just watched the first five episodes of "Away". Terrible show. The science isn't "too" bad though not great - but the crew are complete morons and so psychologically unstable I think that they must have recruited them from a loony bin. This is like Grey's Anatomy in space in my view, and that show was became pretty terrible pretty quickly (how it's run for so long I've no idea). Bad show, hopefully Netflix don't make a season 2.
Hi Fraser, I don't know why, but I have been really bothered that someone like yourself believes we are the only life in the universe. Here is my response to another viewer who was defending your perspective: "I guess what I'm trying to say is that there is more evidence for life than against(even though there is no real evidence either way). My argument is: the ingredients for life are abundant in the universe, we know that with the right conditions life can and will prosper, and the odds are that the right conditions didn't only occur once in the universe. From my perspective, the odds are heavily stacked in favor of those conditions occurring many times throughout the universe, even within our own galaxy. I just don't know why the immensity of the universe isn't sinking in. Quote from Nasa web page: "One of the most fundamental questions in astronomy is that of just how many galaxies the universe contains. The landmark Hubble Deep Field, taken in the mid-1990s, gave the first real insight into the universe's galaxy population. Subsequent sensitive observations such as Hubble's Ultra Deep Field revealed a myriad of faint galaxies. This led to an estimate that the observable universe contained about 200 billion galaxies. The new research shows that this estimate is at least 10 times too low." To my knowledge the average galaxy is thought to have 100 billion or more stars. That likely means at least 500 billion planets, and trillions of moons. What's 2 trillion times 500 billion planets? What's 2 trillion times trillions of moons? That's only the "observable" universe... Are you beginning to see why it is so hard for me to accept that we are the only life in the universe?" Please don't take this as an attack, because it's not. But I ask you to ponder this for a few minutes.
The astronomers thought that if there was 200x more volcanic activity, that could be producing the Phosphine. We think that's not possible because Venus should be tectonically dead. What if it's not; Earth should be tectonically dead, maybe Venus has very active volcanos. What will we make of that?
Unfortunately, the "disgruntled commenter" had a point: If life IS found, (microbial life) that news would not bring much interest for the world, and be forgotten after just a few small article of fame, then filled away as "oh, we know that now..." But I still have hope for the human race. It's around here somewhere... oh, yeah, it's under my computer case, keeps it level.
Hi Fraser question for you. Given that ISS and Hubble are both in a low Earth orbit would it have made sense to orbit them close to each other in order to facilitate repairs and upgrades to Hubble? Why wasn't this done, is it dangerous, or is it just the ISS orbit isn't suitable for Hubble etc? Expanding on this, why wouldn't you have all your LEO assets near the ISS to service / upgrade them?
If I got all my scientific knowledge from science fiction, I would have a great way to terraform Mars and Venus simultaneously. Mars has very little atmospheric pressure and is lacking in (amongst other things) nitrogen. Venus has too much atmospheric pressure (for life as we know it). Nitrogen is only 3.5% of Venus' atmosphere, but by mass Venus has 3.4 X as much nitrogen as Earth. So all you need to do is open a stargate/wormhole connecting Venus to Mars and let it run for a while. It would be great if you could put some kind of filter that kept the acid on Venus, but even without that there must be someway to deal with it. Any planets in the solar system with PH of 14? If Venus needs hydrogen, just open a wormhole to a part of Jupiter with higher pressure than Venus. I would think Mars would have enough atmospheric pressure long before Venus had shed enough for Earth life to live on the surface. But at that point you might want to build a massive solar shade to reduce the temperature enough to freeze the CO2 and further reduce the pressure.. Then you pave over the planet trapping the CO2. That will leave you with tons of parking. All you need then is a shuttle to take you to and from your car. But the key is developing wormhole/stargate technology. Somebody get on that please.
Hi Fraser. In your opinion (given that you believe we are alone) what is the solution of the Fermi paradox? Is is rare abiogenesis, rare complex life, rare intelligence or rare technology? However, if life and especially technologically advanced life is abundant across the cosmos what would you put your money on? zoo hypothesis , "stay at home aliens", doomsday argument or something else?. Would really like to hear what you think. Thanks
Super excited 0.01% here. Anyone else? If you don't understand how finding life on another planet - *any* other planet in the *universe*, regardless of your priorities, beliefs, etc, then we're very sorry - soerry even. Your life must be so meaningless and sad.
If the JWST mission fails for whatever reason like the rocket explodes; how long do you think it would take NASA to make an exact copy for a replacement? I guess six years. Your thoughts?
No no no. The feeling you get on a roller coaster or elevator is not from the freefall. It is from the rapid change of direction/acceleration. When you jump out of a plane you do NOT get that feeling because you do not experience any rapid change of direction/acceleration. When you jump you are still moving forward at the speed of the plane and slow down and start to fall. I know this because I've made a few thousand jumps. Just my $0.02
I think the "who cares about microbial life" haters also don't appreciate how much that would rocket science ahead. Most of chemistry is based on understanding organic chemistry from life. If we spent a $10 billion dollars to get exotic acid resistant, UV loving, water starved microbes from Venus back to earth and we could cultivate samples and send them to science labs across the planet, that $10b would look like couch cushion change compared to the new Chemistry we'd get from interrogating that life for it's secrets
Subbed, and for the record if microbial life starts to exist on Venus then that is grounds for other life forms elsewhere especially far away places like Super Earths. Don't rush life, practice time management. Patience is a virtue. 👁👽
I've heard that panspermia is possible, but wouldn't it require that the transported life land in a similar environment to one that they evolved in originally? Venus seems very different than Earth in that respect, except for the upper atmosphere, but even then could life from Earth just float around in the upper atmosphere and thrive? Seems more likely any life found on Venus would have evolved there, if you believe that life could evolve on other planets. Of course, if the alien has DNA and it's DNA matches ours, then I would believe it most likely came from Earth.
Do you think there will ever be a basic scale for categorizing planets like Star Trek's "Class M Planet" or will they be far too diverse for such over simplification? Stars seem to have lent themselves onto a basic scale but I would imagine that with so many factors the best we could do is "earth-like" and "non-earth-like" which would not be terribly useful. I mean, just the size alone is a factor that will affect all other factors. But so is whether that planet has a magnetic field or not.
Another question popped into brain: How do we know the CMB is extragalactic? Can we somehow tell it isn't for example caused by the Heliosphere hitting the intergalactic medium? Or caused by some Dark Matter bubble around the milky way?
You measure the wavelength of light from the CMB, which corresponds to red light which has been stretched out by 13.8 billion years of the Universe's expansion.
@@frasercain - so, no real observational evidence for it being extragalactic then? Interesting, thought they had some actual evidence, not just theories.
@@Mosern1977 The CMB is not just random noise: its shape is affected by the presence of distant galactic clusters in several different ways, and some galactic clusters were even discovered using data from the CMB, and this definitely confirms it as a background object relative to even the most distant galaxies.
From what I have read Jupiter has more like ~3500 kilometers of differentially rotating fluid which can be thought of as an atmosphere of sorts accounting around 1% of its mass. Below that things get weird and outright exotic as the net differential rotation cancels out causing the planet to rotate more like a rigid body. Point is the standard term for an "atmosphere" around a gas giant is currently a very arbitrary definition not a physical boundary. The whole ~3500 kilometers form enormous convection cells which cycle around at an immense scale resulting in the atmospheric bands that surround these planets. The shallow convection hypothesis has effectively been ruled out for both Jupiter and Saturn thanks to the work of Juno and the Cassini grande finale missions respectively. For Saturn due to its lower mass and far easier time losing heat it turns critical very deep into the Planet over 9000 kilometers down and the planet is largely almost entirely differentiated most of the impurities or astrophysical metals in Saturn's atmosphere are now understood to be the constantly infalling ring material crashing down into the depths of the planet repolluting Saturn's atmosphere with heavier elements that rain out within a few months to years.
Ok, but, if, what is detected on Venus are biological processes, and not 50 years old communist bacterial life, then, it might have been there for millions or even billions? of years? And in that case, would there not all be deposited on the surface of Venus? Does not the phosphine consist of 3 hydrogen atoms?
Personally I think the "this is boring" comment is actually kind of useful as it gives an opportunity to express why it isn't actually boring, unimpressive or meaningless - and I think comments like that are actually destructive in a good way: they can remind an echo-chamber that not everyone see's certain issues as that echo-chamber does - and that's potentially useful for better communication to the wider population on issues like this. I know he was being unnecessarily abrasive, but you didn't need to return that sass in your own way; even if the impulse to do so is very natural. Personally I massively respect people in positions like your own who don't get caught in the sass and instead use comments like that as an opportunity
About a Bussard ramjet, what if you could convert the matter of the interstellar medium directly into energy, e.g. by feeding it into a micro black hole that was blasting out Hawking radiation? Would there then be enough fuel? I thought there was a more fundamental problem, that the energy required to accelerate the matter to the ship's speed would be greater than the energy you could get out of it. So that the concept could potentially be used for braking, but not for accelerating
Fraser, Fraser, Fraser. Stop posting dead, banner notices days before you post. Just stop doing it. If notifications are used, why not make them as plainly obvious it is only another reminder. Use a different banner a plain, big, bright diagonal red line that denotes another useless, irritating empty link. Then tell all your creator friends so they can do the same.
If superconducting materials levitate in a magnetic field - can they levitate in the Earths natural magnetic field? How big would a piece of superconducting material need to be to levitate in Earths magnetic field?
Sorry Frazer, you have got your analogy of the tides incorrect. If the moon moved into geosynchronous orbit, the tides would remain the same format of bulges on both sides of Earth, just higher on both sides
