Replacing capacitors in vintage equipment 

I’m a vintage hifi guy. Golden rule is if it sounds great you don’t need to replace anything 👍

Many years ago I was troubleshooting a car amplifier when an electrolytic cap exploded. The metal can (part of the cap) hit me right in the middle of an eye and within a couple of minutes I went blind in that eye, all I could see was light or dark. Luckily I was wearing a hard contact lens when this happened and the lens spread the force enough so that there wasn't more damage to my cornea. The lens itself tore. (Yes, a hard lens, not a soft one). The cure was to spend 3 days in the hospital with both eyes bandaged, the good eye had to be bandaged to keep them both from moving. The cap wasn't in backwards, the amp's internal voltage "booster" somehow was putting out much higher voltage than it was designed for and higher than the cap's rating. Since then I never work close to live electronic equipment without safety glasses.

I want to add one more caution after watching the video. Paul is talking mostly about electrolytic capacitors in baseband audio circuits. But never blindly re-cap tuners, phono EQ circuits, tape EQ or bias circuits, basically anything where the cap tolerance is critical. If you do you will probably throw the unit out of alignment, especially a tuner. Small mica and ceramic caps are very rare to fail. And they can have tolerances from 5% to 20% especially in consumer gear. When the unit is aligned at the factory, those parts tolerances are nulled out of the circuit as a whole. If you replace parts, re-alignment is often required. And today it may be hard to find a service shop with FM tuner test gear as well as someone who knows how to use it. Electrolytic caps in tuner circuits are usually just power supply bypass caps and OK to replace but again it's best to stay out of RF and even audio EQ circuits unless you know for sure the component is bad.

$2500. Power cords. $5000. Speaker cable ? But questions about spending ,maybe less than $100. For parts and if you can do the job yourself? I don’t care what or who made it ! They are not going to put the best ? It will work ! But time is the master…and nothing stays the same ! I’ve had great pleasure in restoring certain gear with fresh parts ! I see people spend more money on lottery tickets ! Than what some caps cost ? Your car tire has some tread left ,it works ? But a fresh set has grip and security ! It’s always a fine moment when you hear the difference! The topology is very good on some older gear ,if you use what is available now ,you would be pleasantly surprised . Paul is the Mr.Rogers of audio ! And I mean that as a compliment ! Very good human being skills.

Back in '07, I sent in a HK Citation 11 preamp (1973) to the repair shop. Among other things, they replaced all the leaking caps, tuned it up to factory specs. When I got it back, the sound was glorious.

Nice video. Reminds me I have a lot of vintage audio gear that is probably due for caps replacement around 20-25 years old.

Lol😂 love your cap story. I never blew on but I had some co workers that thought it was all sorts of fun to wait till the shop was nice and quite and let one off in the back room by plugging them in to line voltage. I just remember the massive stink and mess they made.

Very nice video, Paul, thank you!

Hey Paul - far as i know i ‘invented’ the variable height workstation. I worked for Acadia university in canada. The acadia advantage was an ibm partnership which brought 5,000 laptops on campus around 1997. Our faculty needed something to prevent back issues during 3 hr evening classes. The manufacturer was InLine Systems from... you guessed it - Toronto Canada

Another thing to take into account when determining if you should replace caps is actually how little the component has been used. Specifically if it has been sitting without power to the caps for years. Non-use can dry a cap out too, as use actually works the electrolytic, keeping it in its intended state. And as stated in the video, excessive heat kills them by drying them out.

Love the 4K video quality. Keep it up!

Mouser has a great selection of caps, as Paul said go for the low ESR and make sure you get the polarity correct! bak when I was a bench tech I worked next to Vinny who was one of our senior techs. He was running up the variac on a new unit and about 2/3's of the way up he uttered oh shit, before he could get that big variac turned down a tantalum cap that was backwards launched itself - A slug rocketed out of that chassis and shattered the two 8 ft fluorescent lamps above the bench. We both froze but had the presence of mind to close our eyes as we got showered with glass from the shattered tubes. he later said he felt the variac groan because of the load that backwards cap cause but could not spin the 280v 20a 3 phase variac down fast enough.

Thanks for posting. Interesting story here. When I was in high school I was taking electronics in a vocational school. Well my instructor was teaching one day about capacitors four students thought it would be funny to hook the caps up and increase the voltage well over the printed max value. And you guessed it they were thrown out of class. So polarity makes all the difference. My instructor was Ex- Air Force. I thought his decision was fair. Again thanks for posting.

Low ESR caps are mostly used in switching power supplies where the resistance matters to the feedback loop. In linear supplies that usually means they can heat up with large ripple currents and in time dry out quicker, but they don't make things sound worse.

Man I miss the old days of FM radio. Me, and my friends growing up, used to not only spend hours in front of our radios. But we would talk about it all the time, we recorded it, and shared it too. We had college stations (WRIU from URI, and WBRU from Brown University), and WCOZ out of Boston. And plenty of other great stations here too (Rhode Island, I was born in Newport). Every Sunday night we used to stay up late listening to Dr. Demento at very low volume, so our parents wouldn't know. Heck even the top 40 on the weekends was good back then. Thankfully a lot of this was preserved, and can still be heard, but it's not the same of course. We had no idea how good we had it back in the day, before the world became so corporate.

If you live in Toronto, ‘Ring Audio’ specializes in vintage audio. The store repairs, restores and sells vintage gear. They will swap out you capacitors for you. I had been a customer of Rings until about 5 years ago, when all of my vintage gear was replaced by new high-end stuff. You’ll love the store.

Man, i asked the same question just a couple of days ago. I srsly thought "Hey wow, they replyed to my question" and than it was another one with the same. Only difference, my gear is 40 years old but works and looks like out of factory since yesterday.

If you replace them make sure the polarity is the same as the old one. polarity is sometimes marked wrong on circuit boards.

Paul, a place in Minneapolis, Brown Inst. Was a great electronics/radio school/trade school, after making it to the 3rd quarter were we staring working on power projects , we had the fun, or embarrassment if installing the different kind if caps. The larger the cap , the bigger the pop and many kids , including myself ,blew ourselves on our respective asses when a good sized cap blew up.we kerned fast to watch polarity. Fun as hell back in 81

Great information Paul

Good video.. If you have a piece of gear that has a constant 60Hz hum (not a ground loop), look at the power supply caps. The hum is often a sign of failing power supply caps.

When I was in electronics technical school, we had an ex-Army instructor who gave us a demonstration of the power of a 100uf 25V rated cap wired backwards in a circuit. Within seconds, the cap began to emit gases then exploded. He had put the entire thing in a protective enclosure, so no one got hurt, but no one was expecting the bang we got that day. I learned my lesson without having to learn that lesson; check and double-check that replacement's polarity!

We used to swap capacitors around on the first year Electronics student when they would come to class and turn your test message on the power supply would be on with a capacitor 15 volt on the 50 volt Supply with reverse polarity with reverse polarity. We got a real bang out of it! Lol

I have restored quite a few 1960s and 70s stereo components. And I am fortunate to have acquired a used but very good Sencore LCR meter. Most of the caps I check are still perfectly good. Now not everybody wants to go buy an ESR meter although there are some good low cost units on Amazon. And blindly re-capping a piece won't hurt anything, provided you don't accidently do other damage. But as modern caps are as much as 50% smaller physically for the same value and voltage rating, that can be a problem for large chassis mounted electrolytics. Yes you can kludge in the new smaller caps but if the old parts measure good. I just leave them as-is. Now this is gear that gets very little use and again before I get pounced on here, there is nothing wrong with re-capping a vintage piece of gear and is the best option for day to day usage. My point is only that many of these 70s Japanese caps are still perfectly good today.

Man, I wish I had you as a professor in my college days.

I want to work there! It would be a dream come true to be able to earn a living working with top notch audio gear. Ahh, a man can dream...🤤❤

When I started out as a bech tech I had the bench next to Vinnie who had worked there for a long time. He was workig on a large rack mount series of supplies and had just turned the variac up on one, he said oh shit and turned the varaic down. It seems a large can cap was installed backwards and he felt the variac groan when it began to suck up current. As fast as he turned it down it was nit fast enough - the cap went off like a bomb and sent a slug of material into the overhead fluorescent lamps. We stood there withour eyes closed as we were showered with shattered glass from the lamps. Fun times at Ridgemont high!

I am so envious of that new Engineering work space. I can remember some pretty nasty work areas I was in. One of the Labs at MIT ( in the 60's ) this Phd guy had his own special filing system. He filed engineering drawings by levels of yellow. The oldest being the lowest in the stack and the yellowest. But if you ask him if he had drawing XYZ he'd be able to find that pretty quickly. Imagine working next to that. Also, he'd change his shirt once a week whether he needed to or not. Same goes for a shower or bath.

Spot on. To answer the question: "is it worth doing"? In most cases, yes absolutely. As for the DIY approach, not many of us are keen on that. I suppose with an old easily replaced unit, it is ok, but I would not dare try it for fear of screwing something up on one of classic monsters of old. I'd rather have a qualified person do it. There in lies the problem though, not many of those around at all. Having a qualified person do it can run from $160 to $300. Still worth it at that point?........It depends. If you love the sound of your old unit then it may well be worth it. Also, you would be buying another 15, 20 years or maybe a bit more of service! Some units of old are very worth it. For example, I have a Sansui 8080db, circa something like 1973 and the sound of this thing rivals anything off the shelves today and some high-end units in the $10k to $15k range! I have had it go up against a couple of those and the rep said "don't ever get rid of that Sansui"! To get the sound of my Sansui in today's field I would have to spend at least $10k at minimum. It is just pure pleasure to listen with and right now with a pair of $1000 speakers hooked up it makes mince meat out of my reference system in progress!!!! A situation I hope to fix soon, but it has me worried. I found a guy who can work on these things a couple years back, who has the credentials. I don't know if he is still around or not. I had him do a complete recap on the power and amp boards buying me at least 15 more years of service and likely more. It ran me about $250. For this thing, well worth it.

Paul, You are missing out on a great use for these desks in your videos - you could put sketches on the part toward the camera and then raise the desk to illustrate your point, and then lower the desk back down to finish your monologue.

Cross over circuits in speakers also contain electrolytic capacitors. Old speakers will "die" because of aged electrolytics. Don't throw the speakers away when this happens. Just have the capacitors replaced. Other parts like resistors and inductors will normally last forever.

A good way to describe what out of spec capacitor do, is to say they turn themselves into a resistor, especially those old paper in wax/oil dc blocking capacitor. Good electrolytic capacitor would include Nichicon UPW-UPM high temperature for psu, panasonic FH series, kemet, sprague, Illinois TTA for axial equipment, they're more expensive, but it looks so much better.

I read that Aragon used to seal their capacitors, so I imagine they might last a bit longer. But what do I know?

I have a old pioneer sa 5500 II I'm wanting to do a complete overhaul on. If for nothing else just for the sake of the exspierience. Now I do have a question... After or during this process is it necessary to use a scope at any point? Or do I just swap and solder??

Maybe you can help us out Paul what is the best capacitor to replace a metal pack capacitor? Like in a leak tl12 I've heard paper in oil and that's always a good capacitor any other suggestions.

Have a fan running to the amp , I have a £500 ONKYO AV AMP with a built in auto fan that has NEVER span so I use a PC fan external on top with a battery to cool it . Comasitors are always ontop of the heatsinck to heet them up .

As Paul can attest, many times the cost of a device's capacitors is the driving factor in the final MSRP, and can easily double the price.

Should one replace just the large electrolytic capacitors on the input power supply part of the amplifier? (I'm guessing its setting up the DC bus but I'm not an EE.) Or, do you need to go all out and replace every single cap in the entire amplifier? Thanks in advance.

Keep it. Restore it. Love it. Or sell it for a profit. The old, good gear, is fully restorable and is appreciating. Keep the faith.

Excellent info, Paul, much thanks. BTW, I wonder if it's a good idea to replace electrolytic capacitors with lower ESR solid state capacitors (e.g. tantalum, polymer film) of similar capacitance value and equal or higher temperature and voltage capabilities.

Come to Northeren, IL and talk to Heil, the man that invented quadrophonic PA systems for the big bands in the early 70,s...Meet him and seen his treasure chest of tube amps with many original caps still. Some people who watch, actually know what is what.

hi Paul greetings from Philippines,my question is irrelevant,just wanna ask if you know andrew jones personaly,coz you two have the same passion and for me the best audiophile masters in audio community.thanks

Question about the bipolar crossover caps orientation: I was reading that bipolar caps in crossovers have an outer and an inner foil. And that the outer foil should be orientated to the negitive terminal. Something about the outer foil being suseptible to interference/distortion. Is it worth worrying about when replacing crossover caps?thanks for sharing yer wisdom, Hamish, Isle of Skye

Hello guys!I want to recap my NAD 1155 preamp.My question is can i replace old electrolyte capacitors with new film capacitors with the same impedance and higher voltage.People say the voltage can be equal or higher,but the impedance should be the same...Thanks if anyone responds!!!

I have a pair of klipsch chorus speakers and want to recap them,looking high and low on the net with no luck getting the same values,talked to crites and he wants $90 +shipping to Thailand plus exchange rate and import duty.....$180 cnd for 8 caps....ouch!!! Any idea where I could purchase replacements... 7 uf and 68 uf 100 volt,and 2 uf 250 volts.....

Hello from Lompoc, CA.

Paul...l get the idea of replacing the "caps" on our amps, receivers etc., however, what about our 20 to 30 year old source components....CD, DVD etc? Billy Mike

An oil cap on one of my VTL 300s failed. The company told me to take it into a local dealer who replaced it. A few seconds after turning on, the cap spectacularly exploded spewing oil round the room. The dealer had apparently scratched the paint on the outside that serves as an insulator. Bea at VTL then let me take it to them to be put right.

I've a bunch of those blue large can capacitors from old Mark Levinsons, Krells and Threshold mainly from Sprague and Mallory and they all have or exceed there initial caprating (uF). Even the oldest ones from my Levinson ML-2's from with datecodes like 7852 meaning week 52 in 1978 (all Spragues Series 36DX) still exceed their initial capacitance rating. I always understand that small electrolytics with low voltageratings get into problems first. Some lytics like the brownred Roedersteins used in vintage Krell equipment dried out in a couple of years. Leaking their fluid corrosive substance on the PCB and corrode the coppertraces is far more serious like those Elna Long Life caps (see the irony) in the Adcom poweramps like the GFA-585.

Back when I was working a a bench tech I was working next to Vinnie who was working on a fussy power supply we made for Hughs ircraft. We were both doing our own thing when I heard Vinnie yell "shit" and shut down the 20a 3 phase variac as fast as he cound - but not quite fast enough. It seems there was a 180uf 40v tantalum cam in backwards and it took umbrage at the revere polarity.. That cap launched itself off the board like a rocket and went up into the 8 foot fluorescent fixture where it shattered both tubes. We both stood there with our eyes closed waiting for the shower to end. There was glass, paper and foil everywhere. Whwen a tantalum cap lets go it does so with 10X the ferocity a regular electrolytic does. This was a three phase 400 HZ power supply and Vinnie felt the grunge in the variac but just couldn't get it powered down fast enough (a three phase 20a variac has some serious mass)

Thanks for post this Paul, people need to hear this, know about it, ~ sadly ~ people simply don't "get it"... I have this conversation ...all of the time..., people will fight and make excuses for how ~30 year old 'caps are testing fine' or whatever foolishness. The tough thing is that, these components ~ s l o w l y age ~. It is something that a person can barely recognize the gradual degradation. Like wrinkles on a face over time... they become *springs with no bounce... that soft and woolly vintage sound.* [YUCK!] I am always in favor of newer engineering, newer component technology... much that may not exist, back when these parts were made, sourced and equipment was built. I actually had the ARC service department offered to sell me "vintage (20 year old) OEM parts" for recapping an amp. I declined, was stunned by their comment, bordering ignorance. Mouser, was just a few clicks away... It is always ~incredibly rewarding~ to experience a favored old 'relic' spring back to life.

2 Weeks ago, it was just a 470µF/35V and I was testing Amplifier Boards which I had put aside to desolder or put them to some use later. I connected a MP3 Player with some Music, and the Amp was playing fine. After about 2 Minutes I stood up, because something fell off the Table and "BAM!!. In disbelief I looked at the PCB, mounted on a pretty good sized Cooler and 2 Thoughts were in my Head: 1.:" Wow, this whole Thing (the 4x6cm PCB) is on Fire! This is something new ... oh boy, these flames must be 10cm high! ..." 2.:" Hey, cool, the Music is still playing, the chip seems to be unharmed ..." I had to act fast, and the only Idea I had was to use the same Technique which is used on Birthday Cakes: I blew the fire out :). Why did this happen? I think I was a little tired when I soldered this Amp together and just mounted the one Electrlytic the wrong way round. I hope, I never make such a Mistake at my Subwoofer PSU, because there are, amongst others, two 47000µF/ 50V Electrolytics in use. :)

great vid

I am replacing a can-type electrolytic capacitor in my old Scott LK-30. After 40 years of storage, I decided that it was time to see if the unit worked, and the capacitor leaked and smoked up the room. I need to know whether the outer can of the capacitor is supposed to be grounded to the chassis. The original was mounted on an insulator-type mounting plate. The new one came with a metal mounting plate. So with that mounting plate, the capacitor shell is grounded. Is that proper? Thanks to anyone who might help. Harry Jaeger Longwood, FL

Some repairman was a bit disgruntled I had the caps replaced in my Philips speakers from 1978. He said they were actually still fine dispite looking horrible to me on the outside.

Not only polarity but watch out value. I purchased bipolarised capacitors in 1992 value 9uF and they all the time until now (26years) measure unchanged 10uF Capacitors 9uF I buy new today they measure values 7-9 uF.; Capacitors I measure in gear produced in 1983 still are bigger than average eual by nominal values in shop today. So not always we regain capacity by obligatory replacement - usually we loose. . Which may be is not critical in supply but in crossovers or tone control it will make too much modification of timbre

i have an older pioneer receiver...the volume cuts out for short (5-8sec's) from time to time..but continues to play well..are the caps going? or something else?

Bwahahaha! That was funny :-) I came here hoping for much more of a hands-on tutorial for how to actually replace a capacitor. My knowledge of electronics in certain areas I would like to think is extensive! With the reality being I know next to nothing when it comes to electronics as a whole. That being said I do feel as if I learned something new today as a result of watching this video. Plus the story gave me a good laugh :-)

We have reached a point now where replacing silicon becomes just as important. Capacitors are not a blanket yes, many times what I remove test better than what I pull out… (70s ELNA capacitors)

I got a pair of AR5s I bought new in the 70s, I had the 10 inch woofers tweeters n pots replaced in the 80s with original AR units when AR was still in Britain Dunstable I since replaced the tweeters bought from the US SH quite expensive SH but originals in early 2000s, I had them in my shed since I manage to buy a pair of AR9s SH the Real AR9s with a 10 n 12 inch woofers mid range 8 inch tweeter n super tweeter I found out trying my AR5s recently one of the electrolytic capacitors is gone finish of course I will replace both they are huge, someone said to me now days they have better caps not paper wound ones is this true? and how do I get the right one and will they degrade the sound quality in any way?

Who makes the desk?

That story got me laughin xD

Is that standing desk for work force efficiency, or to control prairie dogging?

The bigger issue is finding a competent technician locally to replace the amp caps. And if you find a competent technician out of town, you have to ship your amp, risking shipping damage both ways.

Learn from mistakes.. Hopefully those of others.

I have a few vintage amps from the 70's. They still work fine, my hesitation to get them re-capped is finding the right guy that's going use the best caps. It's kinda scarey giving your presicious amp to a stranger, besides there aren't a lot of these guys left that do this kind of work anymore.

Go to any online forum and you will find people who rip into their equipment and replace every cap and then power up the unit and WOW it doesn't work. Some will send up smoke signals or blow a fuse. If it ain't broke don't mess with it. Also many integrated circuits are static sensitive and any discharge will kill them.

Yes, great info. I just replaced the input caps on my DC-AC power inverter after about 5 years of use. There were 3 - 3300uF low ESR caps in parallel, and there was a massive cloud of smoke when they finally let go. I replaced them with the best Panasonic caps I could find and so far working much better and quieter than before: ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-l6wNL93Nmjs.html I also improved the cooling, as these caps were stuck down between the two main H-bridge heat sinks and I think they were just getting cooked, drying out the electrolyte. So yes, well worth replacing caps, especially ones that see a lot of load or that are in a hot area.

not all electrolytic capacitors are polarized. i have some bipolar in the input section of one of my amps.

7:15 spirals of paper and cc........chunksss over the room!! LOL

Great video but 20 years is often too late, if the component is exposed to heat, everything inside the casing will deteriorate much faster than say a "colder" DAC. (Krell amplifier for example run very hot and I did recap after 10 years, some of the caps were already gone...)

how cool is that paul,

I want a hammock desk.

You are very nice person.

YES! the old electrolytic PS capacitors in vintage equipment because modern ones sound and perform better!

Been watching a few vintage amp repair vids lately. The amps seem to be in the 40 year old range (if not more) and only ones worth the effort of course. Anyway, even after 40 years they weren't replacing all the caps. In other words 20 years is probably unnecessarily aggressive.

The exploding capacitor! That's a great story!

The capacitors on my old Sansui amp keep blowing very often. Its the ones that cause the LOUD cracking sound in the speakers. Im sure the technician replaces then with good quality caps of the correct specs. But he cannot figure out why this keeps happening. Does anyone have any clue?

I have a Pioneer Spec 2 1978 power amp...do the caps need to be replaced

I don't think you answered the part of the question as to what the effect on sound would be with old Caps?

Besides the capacitance value, the voltage rating, the physical dimensions, its polarity, and the ESR, as you mention, one should also pay attention to the tolerance of a cap, and really you don't want one that is worse rated than the original one was, (even though it was out of spec due to its age). If it was originally rated to be a +/-10% cap then you would want a new one that's at least that tight to its rated value, and NOT one that is rated at only +/-20 or 25%, etc., because the value under use and at various operating temperatures might change too much between its highest and lowest extremes for the circuit to always operate properly and within its designed specifications... Which leads me to another point... Another very important thing to consider, especially in power supplies, or anywhere where a capacitor is mounted close to a heat sink of any kind, or where the capacitor is being used in a relatively warm or hot environment, is its temperature rating. You always want to go with a new one that has at least as high of a temperature rating as the original one had. If the original one was rated at 95°C then you would ONLY replace it with one that was rated equal to or higher than that, like 95 or 105°C, but never with one that is only rated for 85°C, otherwise the heat extremes of the associated circuit and the heat generated by the components around the capacitor would put too much stress on the cap, possibly causing it to fail prematurely! And if anyone takes the time and goes through the time consuming trouble to replace all of the electrolytic caps in any kind of audio component or other equipment, then you definitely don't want to have to do the job over again before the next capacitor life cycle is due! (Usually about 20-30 years for electrolytics if they're good quality ones, depending on how, when and where they are used.) (The effective lifespan is considerably longer than that for other types of caps normally. Most other types besides electrolytics potentially never need to be changed for the life of the overall equipment they're in unless they get an overvoltage power surge or physical or extreme temperature damage.)

Great story! 🤣

I'm currently working up enthusiasm to re-cap my amplifier. It has 74 of the bloody things inside and the power caps are 15000uf 50v. It's not gonna be cheap or a quick job. It also could do with the bass and treble pots replacing 😥. Also wanna convert it to 4mm banana plugs for the speakers.

Audio gear have full wave bridge rectifiers which means the negative part of the line voltage is rectified to become positive

Can’t find anyone to do this for me in my AVR. Gotta do it myself probably.

Question since you're an expert.. If I own high end audio equipment from Accuphase, dCS, and McIntosh and I want it to last as long as possible... is it better to leave it on all the time? or turn it off when not in use ... in terms of keeping the capacitors and other components health inside.. and last longest?

Hi Paul.. this is Frank from Singapore, million thanks for all the valuable knowledge off books. It will be awesome if my question catch your swift attention.. I got a power conditioner few months ago, wondering do I still need the original socket EMI noise filter in my dac and CD player ? It doesn't sound right to my ear , could that be over kill ? Or I should just take it off from dac or cdp? Pls advise.. good day..

Since electrolytic capacitors wear out, is it possible to replace them with something that does not wear out? What about film capacitors?

From my experience amplifiers from the 80s have most capacitors still in spec. From the 70s about half will be off and 60s most are. However i never had a capacitor lose value, they always gain capacitance. My akai reel to reel player had almost every capacitor twice to triple the rated value

Short out the large caps with a 10k ohm 5 watt resistor before doing anything or you will experience the storage capacity of a large capacitor and it could kill you if you don't know this.

Yes, caps do go bad . I've replaced some before in a Kenwood and a few others. My old 50's HMV no it's just a collection piece .

What an exercise in marketing! Very well done!

Paul, why didn't you mention "capacitor forming?"

3:15 Electrolite capacitors are not used in AC power, they have polarity so you can use them only in DC power line

KBCO audio, why it's not the same. Two problems, the HD transmitter alongside the analog FM + the passing of their old chief engineer Bill Kleronomos. RIP Bill.

I think the capacitors need to be replaced in my Yamaha 7.1ch receiver. Not sure what’s going on but it just doesn’t sound as clean and crisp as it used to. Though I have had this receiver for about 9 years now and there’s so many circuit boards in this unit, with it being a HDMI digital surround sound processor as well. Not sure if it’s worth fixing and just upgrade. If it was a vintage amplifier I could see it being worth it to fix it. I want my music playback and my surround sound seperate eventually and want to get a decent audiophile grade 2ch system with the preamplifier and power amplifier seperate.

In 11th grade I had a crotchity old teacher that taught the 2 period "career electronics" class. When explaining about electrolytic caps he purposely connected one backwards about ,5 in long x .25in dia then stood back as he turned on the power. It of course exploded bowing the sides of the metal trashcan. He explained that if it did this to the can what would happen in someones hand. somethign to definately be respectful of.

I just sent my speaker crossover in to have the electrolytic capacitors replaced. The speakers are 40 years old.

Recently I faced this strange case : I was recapping an Akai AM2250. Just out of curiosity I checked the values of the old capacitor s from the Akai .I was surprised to find , a 1 microfarad capacitor showing over 2 microfarad and a 10 microfarad capacitor showing 17 microfarad.I cannot find an explanation for this. Any help is welcome . Thank you

Working in TV, a fellow engineer would charge up old caps, when not expecting it... “ here, catch”. Or ones from a high power transmitter he would sneak up and crowbar that thing right behind you ..scare the crap out of you, but funny.