SUPER HEATED STEAM ROCKET ENGINE 

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I like the foam + KMnO4 mix. Very simple. The downside that I notice is that it burns up, and I doubt you're getting full use of the O2 from that tiny amount of foam fuel. If you want to get that hybrid rocket effect I think it would be better to have a non consumable catalyst and a solid fuel further down the line. For a similar material to your flower foam that is less prone to combustion you might want to look into intercalated graphite. It's possible to intercalate graphite with KMnO4 and I bet it would make an excellent catalyst in that state. There's a paper I replicated at one point that turned graphite powder into an excellent low density foam titled: "One-step room-temperature preparation of expanded graphite". A little KMnO4 in the mix would probably make it into an excellent catalyst, though perhaps too fragile. Another option might be to follow any number of intercalation methods mixing a little KMNO4 into concentrated sulfuric acid, and soaking graphite in the mix for an hour or so. A very durable, flame resistant, and porous option that might make a good catalyst is treating carbon felt in this way. Carbon felt is a wonder material in it's own right and might work for your purposes as is once soaked and dried in KMnO4 solution.

Isn't decomposition one of the 5 type of chemical reactions🤔? Intezga must've meant its *not a combination reaction* , the type of reaction found in combustion💥. Video Suggestion: attach a turbine and propeller on the exhause of a rocket to increase thrust, similar to a turboprop/fan in planes.✈️

If you want to concentrate the h202 better, check out Explosions and Fire, a couple of years ago Tom has concentrated it to 100% and then took it further.

You may want to try that evaporation under slight vacuum, given lower pressure it might speed up the time it takes to concentrate

@integza, you can try vacuum distillation to concentrate the H2O2 solution. You can then probably use a temperature close to room temperature (around 30C) to boil off the water out of the H2O2.

@Integza, you might find molecular sieves particularly useful for drying and concentrating hydrogen peroxide. It’s used to make products anhydrous all the time. You would need quite a lot of them, and they are reusable.

Integza, I think that if you ground the potassium permanganate into a fine powder, it could then be used as a paint base to spray into the mixture/reaction chamber. This would allow a chamber filled with catalyst coated rods running the length of the chamber. These rods may increase the surface area enough to react quickly. Another option is to coat the injection tubes as well.

Would love to see you build a Jet engine Glider! :)

you've improved a lot. you went from recreating existing designs, to designing and creating a brand new type of rocket all on your own. this is real science. as Cave Johnson from the Portal franchise said, "science isn't about 'WHY?', it's about 'WHY NOT?'!"

Hey Integza! Looks awesome! I was thinking something that could help the design would be an improved injector. This goes along with what you said about surface area, where if you can maximize the contact between the peroxide and the catalyst you should get better results. Maybe an injector that does a better job of atomizing the peroxide rather than spraying jets of it directly into the catalyst would be beneficial? I also thought the charcoal/ceramic idea was really awesome and pursuing this could have some interesting results. I think early H2O2 rockets used pellets of catalyst in a chamber, so the chunks of charcoal might be the right idea, trying mixtures with permanganate and maybe some other additives would be awesome. In future videos I'd love to see improvements on this and maybe one day combustion of the oxygen product to make a bipropellant rocket! Keep it up!

Cool video!!! Using steam to power an RC airplane's propeller could be an interesting experiment. Something, you could try out in the future: building a jet engine that has a hole in it. Let me explain: Similar to your Dyson engine, it could have a hole running through the middle to increase the output thrust. However, this time, instead of building the compressor into the handle, you could build it around the hole itself, so you don't need a handle anymore. I've been thinking about this concept for a while after watching your video and would love to see this peculiar jet engine in action!

To concentrate the peroxide, maybe try to do what Tom from Explosions&Fire did, which is using sulphuric acid to dehydrate peroxide. Took him months, but it's worth a try.

Genuinely love how you don't just gloss over details and just tell everything how it is. In terms of catalyst, what if you used acid to etch away silver so that the surface becomes pitted and exposes more area? Kinda like activated charcoal. And speaking of activated charcoal, how does it work with peroxide? I was surprised coconut coal can decompose it

Reactions only happen at the interfaces, which is why meshes/foams work better. You need to give the same attention to peroxide. Improve the injector so the peroxide droplet sizes are smaller and you will get a more violent reaction.

A) SOOO nice of you to give Backyard Ballistics a shoutout! That guys is both entertaining and adorable. B) You absolutely NEED to effectively use up the excess oxygen. Try giving the flour foam a bit of alcohol, or go back to a liquid mix system where the permanganate is dissolved in alcohol.

Fantastic video, as always! Have you considered utilizing the oxygen generated from this reaction for a second stage? It could burn additional butane, potentially squeezing out more thrust.

Really great video, as always! Perhaps a bit of a change from your usual content (but still in line with your channel theme), I would love to see you build a Tesla Egg of Columbus. They are so cool and I can't find a tutorial for one anywhere. Seems like a fun thing to have around to demonstrate Tesla's induction motor. Anyway, thanks for your hard work on these videos!

Thank you so much for exploring chemical deposition of metals in your videos! Your method of copper plating the electrode in the bladeless fan episode gave me the idea of using electroplating to make custom PCBs in my apartment workshop, and so far its working well!

Integza If you put the charcoal in a pressurised steam cooker you get activated charcoal. Cody's lab has a video on it.

An option you could do as a middleground option that's both accessible and interesting for your foam + KMn04 strategy is to create a carbon foam using bread. AvE did a video on it years ago, and it might work for your strategy. Hilariously enough, one of the topics you'd need to figure out would be the optimal bread to use to have the best crumb structure to absorb the KMnO4 and react with the peroxide. Would a dense foam from the dense crumb of a japanese milk bread be optimal or would an airy open crumb from a ciabatta or even airier with pan de cristal be best? Either way, super easy thing to test, it's as simple as getting bread! Also depending on the results, you could possibly even put the carbon foam to be milled as you did the flower foam. Probably not with an airy bread, but the japanese milk bread can have an incredibly dense and fluffy crumb, especially if you do the method when its baked in a lidded bread pan. Also fun fact, I accidentally discovered the ability to concentrate peroxide in highschool where I had filled a bowl with it for something with regular household peroxide, but forgotten to dump it and it sat on a shelf for a few months. I found the near-empty dish and dumped it, but accidentally touched the tip of my thumb to the small amount of remaining fluid. Over the next couple hours, half my thumb was white and it bloody hurt like crazy.

Thanks for the cool videos, Maybe 60degrees temp and some vacume would be worth trying. A rocket using all the oxygen from the decomposition would be a nice video idea. There will be even more heat and a faster jet at the nozzle.

I love this video. Your journey to find the right material is something I can really relate to. The video is very well put together.

The rocket belt you mentioned in this video. I did the machine work on the engine parts. The catalyst pack in the engine was silver plated stainless screen material. If I remember some kind of stainless steel screen. But it was all heat treated in an oven somehow. I’m not exactly sure of the process. (Not the part I did). But it was very tightly packed requiring a press to do this. Then the engine was welded together. The hydrogen peroxide they used was distilled from 50% solution in a special lab/trailer they built. A very, very, very dangerous thing to do. If I were you I wouldn’t do it. But it’s up to you. Anyway on the rocket belt there was a high pressure vessel containing 6000 psi of nitrogen (if I remember) that pushed the hydrogen peroxide solution into the catalyst pack in the engine. This expanded into two tubes that exited thru nozzles (Designed by my friend). On the end of these nozzles we’re sort of flow directors that could divert the flow for spinning the rocket in the vertical axis. The whole belt/engine hung on a hemi joint on the pilots hack which he controlled by the two handles you see in you video. The whole flight time was around 60 seconds. The pilot had a vibrating devise on his wrist that alerted him of how much time he had remaining left to land. This thing was mainly flown in stunt shows at stadiums as an opening event type of thing. The test flight I saw the thing was very loud. Like a jet plane taking off. The guy that flew it must have had ball of steel. Because when you run out of fuel you fall!

Have you tried Vacuum distillation? The assemblies aren't super cheap but this also isn't the most expensive thing out there and you can for sure find one for a reasonable sum. OR you can just buy some glassware and pull a vacuum on it with a pump and you're good to go. It will affect your ratio since the pressure curves for peroxide and water are different but it'll take out most of the time needed and you'll use less energy it will be faster and you can probably also get higher concentrations with this. You will also save peroxide since you can capture the distillate.

@Integza Here is a concept for getting better contact between the peroxide and the catalyst: When you cast plaster, insert a bunch of corkscrew shaped pieces of steel (such as a stretched out thin springs, coated in mold release spray if needed, or perhaps literal cork screws). Then, when the plaster is hardened, remove these corkscrew shapes by unscrewing them out of the plaster. Then, inject the peroxide into these corkscrew shaped channels. As the decomposition happens, any liquid that gets pushed by the released gases won't just shoot out of the channel like it would with a straight hole; any liquid droplets propelled by the gases would much more likely slam into the wall of the helical hole, enabling it to react with the catalyst. Try this and see if it doesn't result in more efficient use of your peroxide.

this one is my favorite so far, you are actually a genius.

If you want to take this concept further, I would suggest you try to get in contact with Eric Teboul. He's a European drag racer that was running a hydrogen peroxide powered rocket bike for 20+ years up until he retired at the end of 2022. He managed to run a 4.9 second 290MPH pass over the 1/4 mile on the last run before he retired. If anyone could possibly help you improve it, it's probably him.

Integza you should try to build a valved pulse jet and compare the efficiency to your old valveless jet

As always, Great video, and fun idea! I'm actually thinking about buying a 3d-printer this weekend so i'm looking forward to following in your footsteps. I also have a videoidea for you: Please team up with Peter sripol and make one of your rockets actually fly! You could mount it on a low speed plane, but I want to see if you could create and actually fly a jet-plane

This was pretty cool. I liked the explorative and experimental nature of it.

Hey Integza! Looks awesome! Thank you so much for exploring chemical deposition of metals in your videos! I think you should try to make a particle accelarator about physics!

Hi, could you try to make a rocket engine with liquid ergols like LH2/Lox. Thanks, your videos are awesome

📷Video Idea: Would love to see you exploring how to make engines more efficient in terms of the ratio between consumption x thrust 🍅

Awesome work and effort. great job

Excelente vídeo Joel!

it's important to note that, while is wasn't made clear in this video, the V2 **is not** an hydrogen peroxide rocket, it has hydrogen peroxide driven turbopumps, but the main thruster was an ethanol-lox engine.

Can you make a video on how solid rocket motors or boosters, are made and how they produce a consistent flow? I know you can buy them from hobby shops but an explanation of how they work would be interesting. A see-through motor would be an awesome video too.

Glad to see you upgraded to the X1CARBON as well I haven't touched my resin printers since I got it with the quality it produces

Use a block of Chalk (climbing/weightlifting chalk) instead of foam, it'll absorb an enormous amount of Potassium Permanganate.

Hi Integza, great video once again! I've been enjoying your content for quite a few years now and still love every video that comes out. Just a little mistake that I noticed in this one though. Regarding the V-bombs. Namely, it is not "Vergertungswaffe", but "Vergeltungswaffe". Vergeltung of course translating to retribution, or vengeance. Keep up the great and informative videos though!!

Hi integza! I think you are getting there! BUT, be careful with the H2O2 concentration. As you concentrate it, you need to keep a certain level of “stabilizers” in it. If not, it could spontaneously combust. That is why high concentration H2O2 is considered so dangerous. I suspect you already know this but just for everyone else, this stiuf can get nasty if you don’t know what you are doing with it. So be very careful and don’t do this in the house and make sure you know the chemistry properly (with the stabilizers) or you could get a nasty surprise from this stuff. And that assumes you do all the handling properly (everything ultra clean because just a dust spec can act as a catalyst to set it all off). Cool, and looking forward to the next version!

now this is real backyard science love it, verry educational :)

Great video! I did catch that 1.5 ml vs 250 ml is 233 times the expansion. It is even greater the open volume of the mixing chamber's volume was not factored in- definitely 250-350 expansion. This is a slower expansion than gunpowder but still very powerful. A gunpowder explosion is instantaneous being quite destructive. This expansion is slow and not so destructive unless the gasses were trapped in a container that can hold the pressure. A gunpowder rocket burns gunpowder slower than a bullet propelling it over time but still a relatively short time for burning. The pressurization of gunpowder accelerates its burn speed. In open air gunpowder burns slowly, almost as long as this chemical reaction rate. In a rocket pressure is released out a nozzle to prevent blowing up by too great and more instantaneous explosion. The nozzle is designed with enough open a nozzle or opening on one end to prevent over pressurization and instant explosion. As a kid I learned that there is a ration of 1/3 to 1/2 of the inner explosion chamber that the gas must have to prevent explosion. Too much pressure on the fuel not released will blow up the fuel chamber.

C-stoff is not made of potassium permanganate, it was a mixture of several components consisting of (by weight) 57% methanol, 30% hydrazine hydrate, 12% water, and 1% potassium tetracyanocuprate, combined with high test hydrogen peroxide it created a hypergolic fuel which combusts at very high pressure and temperatures. Potassium permanganate mixed with H2O2 does not generate anywhere near enough heat and pressure to be used as a rocket fuel, and unless you inject fuel into the oxygen stream it will provide negligible thrust.

Hi Integza! Im getting a 3d printer later today! Love you man keep making awesome shit!

Integza: "I want to make a V2 Rocket" London: [Breathing Nervously]

The print quality is great!!!

Have you looked at molecular sieve for concentrating the H2O2 or would it also cause it to decompose?

Idea for future video: make a thrust vectoring nozzle orrrr even cooler a rocket fueled with hydrogen ,also love your videos

Bravo adding Also elettromagnetismo to the Cloud from the exit maybe

Wow! Love your videos Integza! I particularly love the little bits of history you add to every video. A cool video idea would be to look into the so called "Thunderstorm Generator" which is supposed to improve the efficiency of internal combustion engines by up to 30%. Whether you can replicate that improved efficiency or debunk it I think it would be an awesome video as the "generator" works be pulling a vacuum to collapse air bubbles within the Generator and ionise the exhaust gases for reuse in the engine.

Now I'm wondering if activated charcoal is the best thing to adsorb the permanganate onto. Also I'm assuming you must have stumbled onto it, but ExplosionsAndFire has a great video about concentrating hydrogen peroxide.

What an awesome concept! I’ve worked at spacex for 8.5 years, first as an engine technician, now as an analyst. I’ve worked hand in hand with test engineers for years and have been sharing your videos with some of them, specifically ones that have worked previously with 3d printed propellants

Great video! Love to see the progress. I was thinking...in order to concentrate the peroxide, how about a vacuüm chamber? You won't be needing an elevated temperature at all in order to 'boil' water in vacuüm, but maybe combining both principles could yield even more interesting results. Keep up the good work!

To improve the efficiency of the engine, you could create instead of the showerhead/brass tube design, use a series of impinging injectors, it would be really easy to manufacture such an injector plate with 3D printing. For the KMno4, maybe look into seeing if it could be mixed with aerogel, it's lightweight, has an incredible amount of surface area and would make a great video, even if it might not work.

I used to make H202 rockets and distilled my own 90% peroxide using 50% food grade, a simple home built vacuum still and a halogen light bulb as a safe heat source. I could easily distill about 2 gallons of roughly 90% from 5 gallons of 50% in about a full day (you lose a lot with a crappy homebuilt still), but storing 90% peroxide is way more challenging than distilling it, stainless works, but 1060 aluminum containers are best. Also, 99%+ pure silver screen works great as a catalyst with 90%+ H202, not so well for anything below 85%.

Two engines that have always fascinated me are the RAM Jet and SCRAM Jet engines designed for extreme high speeds with little oxygen. Might be interesting to see a hybrid pulse detonation SCRAM Jet engine.

Hey integza! I love your nerdy engineering content! Keep it up!

I like your multilingual translations, it made it easier to understand

I'd like to see you make a self-propelling charcoal turbojet engine!!

Okay I can't help but imagine using a flash cotton instead of the flowering foam... That's would be interesting

The idea with the foam is really cool. Perhaps you should try to cut different patterns into it so that the surface area is bigger at ignition.

hello and happy new years from new zealand!!! suggestion for fast evaporation just sit a fan on the top of open container blowing up and away from container but with enough room under fan to allow air convection current to draw from top of liquid.. takes a while but its cold no heat tho if slightly warmed will work faster..but at least you can leave in corner for a few days and won't cause any issues!

Hi

You are a genius i think you should try on building iron man suit Who supports this comment? Like!!

Small correction. I assume this has been said before me but the KMnO4 does do a chemical reaction with the H2O2 it's a RedOx reaction 2KMnO4 + 3H2O2 > 2MnO2 + 2H2O + 3O2 +2 KOH. The decomposition in the other examples is also a chemical reaction 2H2O2 > 2H2O + O2. Now I am just a TA not a Studied Chemist but the coconut charcoal got me thinking how it would work with Active charcoal as it is used as a katalist in similar situations

Wow, great motor! ❤

Theme for future video!! Make a plasma powered ekranoplan and stick some tomatoes on it!!! 🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉 Congratulations on 1M subs 🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉 Edit:- I always like my own comment Edit 1:- Ma, i am famous Edit 2:- lol, read the replies. A whole ww3 going down there.... Boom!

Like if you think tomato's are disgusting

Great video, try activating the coconut charcoal. If its acting as a catalyst, I'm certain activating it will give you a better effect.

Look into a rotation detonation engine, very neat.

This seems like it would work really good in space as a propellant for small crafts maneuvering.

@Integza You can try it with the frosting method try to put your peroxid and water solution in a freezer with min. -18°C and let it freeze slowly so the water doesent captute the peroxid after that try to decant the peroxider off the water and repat this process a few more times. Sute this might take a bit longer but with enough Patience its doable or you can use dry ice to speed things up

It's a catalytic monopropellant thruster! A little refinement and you'd have yourself a nice reaction control system solution!

Great video 👏🏽

I’ve signed up for Nebula because of those two channels you listed. 😁 I’m super glad that you are joining Nebula as well.

Finally a new Integza video :D

I love the video's I would love to see this stuff optimizing with CFD simulation, ah I want to make this stuff as well. Awsome!

Look up the hybrid rocket engine in the SSC land speed record vehicle. Concentrated peroxide is injected into a catalyst and the byproducts (heat and oxygen) are used to burn, essentially, rubber to provide the thrust.

Great Build idea. Safe steam generator for use with projects like the Tesla Turbine. See, I told you, it’s a great idea.

always a good day when integza uploads

Regarding silver coating. Can be acheived via Tollens reagent/test for aldehydes.

I did some looking and found that enhancing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide through evaporation is most effectively achieved in a vacuum. Also, molecular sieves can potentially get the concentration to between 70-80%. However, it's important to note that hydrogen peroxide often contains stabilizers that might disrupt certain processes. Apparently, the highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide used in rocket propellants is formulated with specialized stabilizers that do not hinder its application. It's not exactly a suggestion for a show topic, but I hope this counts. Good luck!

Manganese dioxide also works with peroxide very well. Cheaper than permanganate, and you can mix it into stuff and bake it or even sinter it to make a ceramic composite. Some rocket packs use it instead of the fancy sintered silver catalysts.

the reaction between peroxide and Permanginate is a chemical reaction forming O2 and MnO2 that catalyses further peroxide decomposition. Decomposition is just the kind of chemical reaction it is.

This is really cool. One thing I often try to figure out is how to build a large rotating vessel into space for under $100K. So far, my best concept is in a pizza cutter shape. The outer wheel is made of fiberglass and spins very rapidly holding hot water. The spin and heat are the energy storage used to power the hot plate to steam the water, as it flows out the pizza cutter handle. An electric generator sits at the center (drawing power off the spin). The spin also pushes the water down a tube that flows down the pizza cutter handle to the hot plate just before the exhaust nozzles. The exhaust nozzles only need to gimbal on one axis because the spin of the wheel holds the vertical orientation. The gimble is therefore generally turned against gravity to the wheel can spin against the pizza cutter handle. Water expands 1,600 times when it changes to a gas and it has a lot of mass so the thrust is quite strong. This vessel would look something like a big Ferris wheel. Yes. Water is heavy but a heavy propellant gives a lot of thrust and the energy storage has no weight at all, using this method--it's just heat a spin. I have some equations for this and I am convinced it is workable with a fair amount of room for the weight of the vehicle itself.

I hope one day you will make a video about searl effect generator. I wonder how it works to generate electricity and the possibility for it to be applied in rocket engine

they make drying pelets you can add that draws the water out and will give you a purer result and faster as well nile red uses it all the time to pull water out you might try them

I actually think I might join you nebula, sound amazing!

Hey Integza (I'm new to your channel, so don't know yet your real name, etc), I just subscribed to Nebula for a lifetime (via your link) because you make such fun and good videos. I really liked the last one with the 2.5HP RC engine to power a bike. Funny style, backed with a lot of craftsmanship, so carry on. I like this.

Good job making large leaps in catalyst design. I was wondering if crushing your ceramic soaked in the KMnO4 would work well too. Although it wouldn't be as light as the foam

Next video: Build a more advanced low bypass turbofan jet engine, with at least 2 shafts, with afterburner, use also VGV's and NGV's (Variable Guide Vanes and Nozzle Guide Vans) for better performance. And use it in a jet plane. Work very hard in it for it to have great thrust (above 60kg thrust) and good efficiency. BTW, love your content, and it's first time i ever find a Portuguese person in RU-vid making interesting content. (I'm also Portuguese)

Take the water out with molecular sieves, they're faily cheap and can be reused a lot. They're also good for making anhydrous ethanol which is fun

Great video, as always! Perhaps a suitable way of evaporating the water would be to use a partial vacuum. It lowers the boiling point of water to a lower temperature, even room temperature if the vacuum is strong enough. I''m unsure what it does to the hydrogen peroxide, but I think it's definitely worth investigating.

Great video! I have suggestions for your next things to try. Musing more than anything else, but one extra step to the flower block A material that has these properties is exactly what you need. It transmits heat to clinging water so well it can boil ice water with sunlight. I understand this material has more surface area than the famed coconut husk carbon. Pyrolize it. Then heat it under pressure at 300C with nitric acid and iodine for 6 hours. Cool, open. Heat to 90C to drive off the nitric acid. My geeky brain thinks this should be perfect.

We should try using MnO2 to speed up the reaction if it's less expensive or try increasing the surface area of the foam through porous spaces to increase it even more

4:47 Star Trek has a patent on that. It was in the Season 2 episode "The Doomsday Machine," aka the planet killer.

heres an idea for your nebula series, everyday astronaut has a pretty extensive set of videos covering how rocket engines work, even a family tree one, you could if you wanted to ask him for help on your one. just a thought

An interesting thing to look at with this might be some of the old British rocket programmes - IIRC the Black Arrow launch vehicle used RP1 and HTP (highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide) for a clean, if somewhat heavy rocket engine. Perhaps there might be a way to mix the HTP monopropellant effect to prime and ignite a bi-propellant reaction?