Makushin is considered to be one of Alaska’s most dangerous volcanoes due to its proximity to Unalaska. Luckily, the vast majority of its eruptions are small, ranging from VEI 1 to VEI 2.
it is amazing the amount of information that can be gathered from earth layers and Glacial cores concerning past events and time frames. I find your information both useful and relevant. I have recommended your channel to many others who also became Subs , and I will continue to do so .... Great stuff Brother. Keep it coming Bro ... :)
It's become obvious to me after watching your channel for over a year that the Mt. St. Helens landslide followed by a lateral eruption is not that uncommon.
There are over a billion year old huge volcanoes in Missouri 5 I think that make up the heart of the St. Francois Mountains. That would make for an interesting video. Thanks for your content I watch and like every one.
So funny I paused the video to answer a question from my wife at 2:03 and when I looked back the volcano had an ash plume that looks like an angry dragon. Another great Geology Hub update. Thanks for sharing.
In just 40 memorable years of life I've witnessed so much geological change. Earth regurgitation and erosion is so much faster than I grew up imagining.
Yeah its a quite dynamic process and given how poor our coverage of marine eruptions is we are still missing quite a bit of the action. Geology is even in somewhat of a new plate tectonics paradigm shift based off our growing understanding of processes deep down within the mantle.
0:58 I was wondering about the large buildings shown in the aerial photograph. Dutch Harbor is where fishing fleets hang out, so the buildings must be mostly for fish/crab processing. And that's why so many people live near the volcano: the proximity to fishing grounds. I used to watch a lot of Discovery Channel.
Interesting the pronunciation of Unalaska. A comment sounded like looking at it as Un-Alaska which would be weird, like not alaska. Growing up there I thought it was more une-a-laska (no stops) but Googled for the pronunciation & different voices all said Un. 😆 I like hearing you saying it what I think is correct. 👍 Not faulting Google by the way, I'm sure those voices try and think they are slowly getting better. Way back when I first had the map directions thing on a smartphone, it took me awhile to realize the pronunciation was whacked (my street) having no idea what street it was talking about. 😆
Fascinating - I look forward to your vlogs everyday/ Any chance you could do one on the Dunedin Volcano or volcanic field as that is where I live. Also interesting info now available on the pulsating floor of Lake Taupo.
depends on the context of erupting as there are a few "supervolcanoes" which are currently erupting from side vents within or along the rim of their central caldera. If you mean a super eruption as I suspect you mean that is a bit more tricky. The next supervolcano to erupt as a full VEI eruption may very well not be on anyone's radar since many perhaps most such volcanoes will only have a few super eruptions over the volcanic system's entire lifecycle. It probably will take many tens of thousands of years at the soonest but I'd bet a volcano either in Indo-Pacific or the resumption/propagation of the Andes Altiplano-Puna Ignimbrite flare up that hasn't yet produced a super eruption. Well that or maybe Gakkel Ridge might blow again as that like Yellowstone seems to be one of the few more or less cyclic super eruptors
I don't know why it took seeing the bulge of Mount Saint Helens, but it was only at THAT moment I realized a bunch of pictures used are only examples of features, events, etc. Great big D'OH!! right there. 🤦♀️
I have an odd but in depth question. When looking at the movement of the Earth's plates over millions of years, as they slide around the planet bumping into, sliding under or over, and grinding against each other, do similar structures keep appearing in the same hemispherical quadrants on the plant? Say, take Iceland as a *_very loose_* example and not a direct observation. If an area of the plant produces a rift zone that pulls itself apart, then as the plates shift and do their thing over millions of years and a newer plate moves into the same zone, is there any evidence that over time the same features pop up again and again? I ask this as more of a thought experiment. You see places like Hawaii that sit on a hot spot, forming multiple volcanoes over the eons. But do you see this everywhere around the globe? I picture in my mind the malleable core inside a planet that spins, and have wondered how much of that momentum is transferred into the different layers of mantle and core. And how that affects the overlaying crust and the features that form on it. Do this transfer of momentum cause frictional heat between the layers of rock, helping to propagate the heat? Or even as a cause tectonic activity? Yes, I have a mind that constantly daydreams about the world around me. Wondering how everything fits together. Thank you Geology Hub for both feeding me with knowledge and giving me new things to think about!
This is a very difficult question because there are many complex factors at play and there are many different models or interpretations for how they interplay and which effects dominate. The equations of state for rock forming minerals at various pressures and temperatures are quite complex and generally well within the highly nonlinear regime. What causes hot spots or rifts are complex and have no universally agreed upon answers for example. Now that said there is a new paradigm shift brewing in geology which has been enabled by seismic tomography where the changes in the speed and propagation of wave modes through the Earth give indications of the internal structure below the surface that previously were only guesswork. One insight from this is that the typical context of plate tectonics is a bit overly simplistic really it would be better to think of Earth's convective plates being largely oceanic cells extending from the surface down to at least the base of the upper mantle, the Mantle Transition Zone(MTZ) which separates he upper mantle from the lower mantle. In this context plates are subduction cells with the cooling crust being the uppermost layer of this cell and continents being lighter primarily silicate glacier/iceberg analogs that are buoyant within these layers. We can also track subducted seafloor down to the core mantle boundary with an unexpected phase transition where the crust folds like ribbon candy as it sinks into the lower mantle though not all places have subducted slabs descending down towards the lower mantle so there remains mysteries especially related to what makes one subducted slab sink to the core mantle boundary or remain buoyant at the MTZ. The thermal hot spots like Hawaii appear to rise from this region at the core mantle boundary specifically from the Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces(LLSVP) which are huge masses of distinctively low shear velocity indicating they are compositionally distinct and positioned at the core mantle boundary. Notably while there are other smaller anomalies there are two huge LLSVP's which have slightly different properties in terms of density the thicker less dense one is found beneath Africa and much of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans while the other thinner more dense LLSVP is down beneath the Pacific Ocean. At least one factor that we do know plays a role is the formation of mineral hydrate layers specifically how much can accumulate before it reaches saturation allowing the remaining water to potentially ascend to the surface via buoyant hydrous mantle plumes. It is quite possible these and other compositionally differentiated plumes of upwelling buoyant material play a major role in Plate tectonics specifically in the break up of Super Continents as the erupted Large Igneous Provinces that break up supercontinents share compositional differences from thermal mantle Plumes. Since continental rock has greater insulating properties due to its thicker lower density characteristics the accumulation of heat and subducted slab material below large supercontinents may play a critical role in feeding both types of plumes on different timescales. In general hotter rock can't hold as much water in the form of mineral hydrates so as Earth cools a larger fraction of Earth's oceans ends up sequestered in Earth's upper mantle Prior to around 1 billion years ago Earth's interior was too hot for much mineral hydrates to form and so saturation was reached relatively quickly and plate motions were different from today shallower and more sluggish with water getting relatively continuously drawn down into the mantle as temperatures allowed. Around a billion years ago Earth cooled enough that enough hydrates could form to create hydrous mantle plumes which can much more vigorously drive supercontinent break up and mantle convection while allowing minerals accumulated in seafloor sediment to be more easily returned to the surface with more dynamic exchanges of water between Earth's mantle and oceans. This in essence appears to be based on recent research to be from a geophysical perspective the main mediator for Earth's current phase of much more vigorous and dynamic plate tectonics and by association supporting the complex and dynamic biosphere of the late Neoproterozoic and phanerozoic. There is also potentially some evidence to support the ongoing differential cycling of Earth's heavy iron rich elements into the core which may in part be what is geochemically driving the deep core mantle boundary cycle. If this is the case it suggests that plate tectonics as we know it is a superposition of these two geochemical cycles driven by the thermodynamics of Earth's interior. In this process the source of energy for the dynamics may be a mix of not just primordial heat and radioactive decay but also small contributions of gravitational potential energy and quite possibly chemical energy. Of course this is more speculative than what was discussed in the prior sections. Either way we have quite compelling evidence that there is a important thermodynamically constrained geophysical sequestration of water into the Mantle which is also looking to have been the main constraint on evolutionary progress of Earth's biosphere, and quite probably the origin of the biosphere as well given the discoveries related to volcanic glass as the catalyst which facilitates abiogenic RNA formation.
@@Dragrath1 Oh, wow, Thank You! I'll have to read this again later so it'll sink in better. That definitely filled in a few holes I have about the topic.
@@Dragrath1 Tysm. Tickled my dopamines reading that! Can you give a website with more of this info? So fascinating. Our wonderful volcanoes may be our creator, in a way How fitting. And hope for life on an ice world?
I like your question, as a ‘simpler conceptual thinker’ I can understand it; however Dragrath1’s answer is like reading a higher level essay and a tad beyond this layman’s grasp. One of the reasons I watch GH is that I’m fascinated as well as educated in a way that is universal.
Is there a chance that Mt Gambier will erupt and there is a small vocano at the Victorian Village of Ararat is there a any chance thios little volcano could erupt?
Idk I highly doubt that volcano ended the Roman Republic. The Roman Republic had been rotten since about the Second Punic War and Caesar's assassination was far more pivotal in the events that would occur up until 31BCE when Octavian defeated Antony at Actium.
