The Future of Cosmology: A live conversation with Brian Greene and Saul Perlmutter 

Thank you mister Greene for this video and all the others videos on RU-vid to give us access for all this knowledge. From a "simple mind" trying to understand the universe. Watching you From Brussels in my bed at night. With all my respect, Miro

Permutter's enthusiasm is wonderful. He must be a great teacher.

Professor Greene has been my inspiration for three decades, even though I'm not in physics.

Saul seems like such an amazingly nice guy. Love his smile, enthusiasm and warmth. Why IS it that mathematicians and physicists especially among scientists are so nice as people. A certain type of wonderful character seems to be unusually over represented in these fields.

As a lay person with no education in the sciences, you have inspired me to search for scientific knowledge. Thank you for your excellent presentations. They are ALWAYS my #1 choice.

Yes, notify us for the next sessions, please

Yes this was a great talk, like listening in on a conversation between amicable fella’s, Saul is a Nobel laureate but not at all stuck up about it, really a person who enjoys what he does.Brian does a really good job with timing the conversation , both have a ‘natural philosophy’ viewpoint that that’s easy to ascribe to. Thanks for an enjoyable talk.

I don't believe in role models or heroes, but Brian Greene, you would be the closest thing to it. Not only do you inspire me and my whole family in particle and astrophysics, but I try to copy your cadence and presenting enthusiasm in my own business presentations when presenting complicated topics to laypeople. I would love to have a beer or coffee one day with you!

Amazing discusion, I think every nobel winner should get a minimun 1080p webcam bestowed upon them with the prize.....:)

brian green, you have done more than any nobel prise winner, be proud of what you have done

We missed you! Your weekly live sessions are the best science news updates on YT.

Brian, I am going through cancer treatment and find these deep science conversations very comforting . I started a family and business at a young age and always had a regret that I didn't have the time to pursue my interest in science, you have helped me close that gap and I sincerely thank you.

Hi Brian Just wanted to say I absolutely love your videos, tho I may not always be able to see you live I always catch up. I would also like to say thank because after my son took an interest in the world science festival he is now into his 2nd year at university studying cosmology, physics & astrophysics we are all so proud of him and in part you played a role in that to so thank you so much from one father to another. Kindest Regards Simon from Warwick in England

To have either of these two as professors must be incredible. We need more of them.

I love you Prof. Brian Greene . I have learned so much from you and love your style and the kids..👏👏👏👏💝💝💝💝💝🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩

What a wonderful conversation! Fascinating subject matter and amazing synergy 👍👍👍

Thank you for a great show,,

Very insightful discussion as usual ! thank you very much Brian for these precious windows to listen to brilliant minds 🙂

Hey Brain, My names Sam and I just wanted to tell you I really enjoy your speeches on particle physics and string theory. You’ve helped feed my interest on string theory, the universe, the multiverse, and really just science in general. You’re a really genuine guy and I gotta tell you I mean it. It’s refreshing to have a communicator in science be as clever and well spoken as you. I really enjoyed this video. I have learned a lot from you and would maybe even like to be a physicist one day. I look forward to future World Science Festival events and hearing your talks. I would really like the chance to catch up with you in person one day!

It's great to see u both

I love that there is such contagious enthusiasm from both born of simply wanting to know how reality really is. Loved the discussion, could listen to both Professors for hours and hours, keep up the fantastic work gentlemen.

Wonderful interview. As always it has been a great treat to see this video. Dr Perlmutter's energy, warmth and character comes across fully. He appears as a great role model for future scientists. You both should be proud of your mutual commitment to educate the public in including a more scientific approach to solving problems and discussing all kinds of issues, particularly in these trying times. Thank you.

Brian, your books raised my interest in physics and science.. Can´t thank you enough! You are a wonderful person, as Anton always says... ;-)

Enjoying this thoroughly from a drizzly night in San Francisco!

😎 Thanks Dr. Perlmutter, Dr. Greene ⚓️

Saul is enthusiasm personified! Great talk!!!

HEY GREENE ! SURPRISE, SURPRISE, WE'RE NOT HERE FOR YOU, WE'RE HERE FOR SAUL PERLMUTTER, HOORAY FOR HIM !!!!!!

Thx World science festival and contributors for bringing this content to all who seek knowledge and understanding. Your appreciated !

I asked Lee Smolen this question earlier but haven't heard back yet: I've been having this debate with colleagues for more than 30 years now, and would like to close the chapter on it. I came across your writings and realized you might actually know this one. If you have a minute the question is this. Simply, an event that generates a photon, creates an EM wave packet of a quantized energy amount (frequency), which then travels to the detection point elsewhere in the universe along a straight line. That much we agree on. Thing is, it's an EM wave packet, so what shape is it? Does it radiate out in all directions like a radio wave, or does it have a direction vector which forces it along a specific path? The reason for asking is this. All the photons ever produced that have not yet hit anything are still traveling through the universe. They all contain packets of energy and their concentrations are higher in the centers of galaxies, so how much energy density is there per unit volume of space for all of the photons that are currently passing through that space per unit time? Sounds easy right, until you remember that the space is full of photons that have traveled from all of the stars that are visible from that volume, for all of the universe that is visible from that volume, not just the ones that strike a detector, but all of them. So say for a unit volume of space the size of a single atom, how much energy is currently passing through that volume from all of the stars that are currently visible from that location? It gets worse if you move an atomic diameter in any direction and check again, the same star is still visible one 1 angstrom , left or right! Has there been any measurements done by experiment that give us the true density of energy per unit volume from anydirection. Yes the CMB is measuring the concentration, its intensity, but I don't think we are taking into account just how much of that energy has already started the journey but currently has not yet been observed. The real question comes after you figure out just how much energy concentration there must be between galaxies that we haven't yet counted, since it must be having an effect on the speed (red shift) and also the expansion of space since it is getting less dense, which lends itself to the speeding up of the expansion of the universe by deduction. I never really got the opportunity to work with engineers and scientists that would even share the knowledge amongst their peers through my working life, and sadly one still finds that rivalry today. That said I now have time to think this through further and would appreciate the opportunity to talk to you if you will, further on this subject, it might even lead to a reason why EM radiation gets RED shifted, which is weird unless time itself is stopped at the photon entity. Faithfully

Brian, 1. You have such a beautiful mastery of the spoken language and 2. You are a very patient and thoughtful interviewer. Thank you for sharing your intelligence and gifts with us.

I would like to see Brian get a Nobel Prize too, and then have another conversation with Saul where the two discuss Brian's discoveries.

Terrific discussion! This is what makes the internet so valuable.

Great conversation, much appreciated! I am also thankful for your closing comments. Love

Great communication!

Awesum job as usual Brian. The questions u ask and the way that u ask them just set Mr Perlmutter off in such a way that it excited him all over again about the amazing work he has done. Great job. Thank u so much.

Another amazing conversation! Thank you very much and looking forward for the next one!

Thank you!

Light thinks it travels faster than anything but it is wrong. No matter how fast light travels, it finds the darkness has always got there first, and is waiting for it."

Beautiful Art! Thanks for being brave and going LIVE!

What a wonderful guest and conversation!

🙏🏼🙏🏼 thank you so much!!!

As one of those just clicking around various RU-vid channels that look interesting, I found this discussion fascinating and very informative. I look forward to future conversations on our understanding of science and our universe.

We are so lucky to live in an age where acsess to education of this calibre is but a click of a button away... Professor greene is one of the greatest educators to have ever lived.. And here I am being taught by him.. Crikey

I thoroughly enjoy listening to your shows, they're very informative and keep me up-to-date on cosmology and physics. However I have a problem with the volumes on your show. A lot of the time you are much louder than your guest and I have to turn up my TV so that I can hear what your guests have to say, making you seem like you're yelling and people complain that I have my TV too loud LOL. Could you please have your technicians work on equalizing the volumes it would be much appreciated. Thank you. I will keep listening no matter what but it would make it much easier for me to understand what your guests are saying without blaring the TV.

Hello. Thank you so much for a really fascinating and informative discussion. It is always a pleasure to watch your talks - so inspiring! Best wishes. Joan Nagase, Manchester, England.

DR. Brien, You're the greatest teacher for younger generations & still inspiring so many peoples - Like me to go back to university & finish whatever I leftover!.. Dr. Brien, My biggest problem is English. Now I'm paying more attention to my biggest problem first... before even trying to go back to university to claim what I want. God bless you Dr. Brien...stay healthy, safe & happy. I wish you a long life.

Wonderful guest and wonderful show.

Thanks for such great conversation!

Beautiful Picture! Thanks for the work you do Brian!

Dr Green you are a leader in the talent you have but even that you perfection with time.Bravo a great communicator and comprention also. 😎

God bless you Mr greene

Refreshing change from listening to Degrass Tyson interviewing himself.

Geez i love these convos!

Thank you, mr greene.

Thank you Sir

I can't miss one of your talk

Thanks again, have a bless days and Happy New Year🍇🎉🪅

felt like the shortest 1.5hr video. need more, thanks.

58:43 exactly :-) nice to hear from you. Thank you RU-vid/Google+++ for freeing up access to information from all sourced to production.

I love that the whole research team got to enjoy the Nobel hoopla. Yes, Saul and a few others names went down in history. But you can bet there was a lot of pride in those people who took part in the research and made the "collaborative" effort succeed. They mattered too.

great conversation brain i started watching these because i watched a show on netflix with you in it and then your utube and i cant stop watching them. I am not a student of physics but i wish i did go into this when i was young. to me the universe is the greatest fairy tale that came true i looooooove this stuff .

Such enjoyable humans! Keep contagious....

Thank god for this!!!!

Your first obsession is what you've done something wrong. Love this

Hey Mr Stan…. Nice to hear your voice again. I Really enjoyed our talk My name is Sami and I just wanted to let you know I got your message.

Thanks 🙏

Thank you for a great video. I have been saving this for some time and just watching it tonight as the JWST is doing a final burn into L2.

A satisfying explanation of the universe and reality is having two Ashkenazi Jews holding talks with a Hainanese Jew(Wong Chong Boon, with a past life of Ashkenazi) in Singapore.

I love that line, The fun is in the mystery.

Love this format. Feels amazing like Start Talk with Neil deGrasse Tyson but on other (lighter) spectrum ^^

Dear Professor Brian, can you please discuss the impact of Russia-Ukraine crisis on the scientific community particularly on Cosmology?

Fascinating

I`d like to ask Saul Perlmutter: About Dark Energy, isn`t it just intergalactic dust that you are measuring but not taking account of when you calculated the brightness of distant Type II stars? Conservation of Momentum is an important law of Physics and I just can`t break that law.

I'm so grateful for the amount of time and money the USA uses for science and exploration of the universe. You are always ahead of everyone else. Not to mention that you have a company without tax dollars (SpaceX, correct me if I'm wrong) heading to Mars, that's unbelievable. Greetings from Europe!

My public comment... how lucky was I to stumble into your chats today… Thanks for having me, I certainly hope we all had fun, I did! Now I have to go back and retain..Just when I thought I had it all figured out! Wink wink…

The black hole poster is amazing. Just one thing: wouldn't the lines begin to swirl circularly as they approach the horizon at a tangent, almost?

The expansion happens before we look at it but it is the observation that forces the effect. Delayed choice and the quantum eraser

Greetings fellow sciencers from Cape Town

saved to watch later.

beautiful picture.. i need one!

Thats a very interesting point, faster cheaper development, I kinda like that idea..

welcome back!

I have some perplexing questions and hope that Brian or someone as knowledgeable can answer. Regarding multi-universes, I don't know how but I strongly lean toward believing that the multi-universes exist right here in front of us. The event that happened that made me start to research quantum physics is about 4 years ago as I was stopped at a red light in downtown Salem, Oregon, I saw a woman appearing to be homeless at the sidewalk, getting ready to cross the street. As I watched her, all of a sudden, everything about her stopped. Completely stopped. Her clothing stopped movement, nothing on her or a part of her moved. Everything else around her was in normal movement. I was really shocked and looked around to see if anyone else saw what I saw. There was a man, across the street from her to my right, he appeared to see her and then looked straight over at me, still at the red light. Then what he did is he turned around, looked up at the building right behind him, then looked back at her. After I saw him look at her, I looked at her and right at that moment, her action continued. That event stayed with me. I didn't obsess over it but I would think about it from now and then. After I started researching physics, the thought came to my mind that perhaps, multi-universes - string theory - all that is right here, not in some far place in the universe. As time as gone by, my hypothesis has remained and I've run into a conflict. Laying aside that I may have hallucinated this, and including what I've come to believe about physics, here is the problem leading to my questions today. I'm going to try and explain it as simply as I can, no matter how bizarre it sounds. If multi-universes are right here, that would explain the differences in what people believe nowadays. For example, those who believe in trumpism and those who don't. It was so bizarre to me that those who call themselves Christian yet support people like Trump and the like. It's just not explainable. Trump's character is the opposite of Christs. This is just one example. There are many unexplainable things that people who seem sane, believe in which are blatantly insane. It dawned on me that perhaps it has something to do with multi-universes being right here. In their universe, different real things are happening that are not seen in our universe. Another example, Joe Rogan may have died from covid in our universe after being anti-vax and all, maybe he didn't die in a different (non-seen) universe, that's right here. So, in reality, if this theory is right, that's why there is so much conflict with us right now about what is truth and what isn't. So, again, if this is true and we live in multi-universes every day, how do we deal with it? The only thing I can think of is to just not question another's mindset on something that I think is hogwash. I have good friends and even family who are in a different world in what they believe and no talking or reasoning can change their beliefs. I would like to have constructive opinions and responses about this. I do know what I saw a few years ago and I haven't seen anything like it since, so I don't believe it was a hallucination and I do believe we are living in multi-universes right here, right now. I do believe in Christ and I believe he is revealing many of his secrets at this time. I don't think the earth will ever be destroyed, God loves it. I don't believe in eternal hell fire as God is compassionate and forgiving. I do think that it's possible that for those who are just simply evil and have no love in them, they will just cease to exist, or perhaps sent to a universe that teaches them what it's like to be the recipient of the harm they caused others here. I realize that I'm throwing much out there that took me many years to realize so it all may sound crazy but I'm speaking from what I've experienced, read, researched, and from trusting Christ to teach me what he wants me to know.

The economic principle: "Sunk Costs." Upfront losses, accepted because of the long term benefit.

How does time dilation affect our ability to measure at long distances if at all?

What is going to be seen the view image from Webb telescope compare to hubble??

Could the tension be the emissivity (a correction factor) of the universe? The detectors are of the same family that reveal and measure emissivity.

Off topic but you two could be brothers!

great

It's good to talk about stuff.

I had never before heard a renown theoretical physicist use the word "why'. I wish Dr. Greene would have elaborated on the intermingling of his "how's" and "why's".

How does the expansion of the universe work in proximity to the different flows of time in proximity of things like black holes and near absence of matter between galaxy's.

These guys look like they could be brothers.

I love Saul… fire in the belly… glint in the eye…interesting… you’re in deep

My brain ALWAYS reads it as cosmetology first.

"Trust no future, however pleasant.”

I had the privilege of knowing Dr Perlmutter's father at U Penn. I laugh because he is just so much like his dad.

I propose at the very beginning of the Big Bang the Universe was just a bunch of Photons packed in a very tight space, when we try to look back at this with our current knowledge, this would be our Universe at the point where Relativity breaks down. Mathematically this point could possibly be narrowed down by finding the Planck time for the moment when Relativity no longer works, it would be at this point where the Universe is timeless and massless due to it just being Photons. At some point the Photons collided to create our first forms of matter, the W and Z Bosons, which has already been experimentally accomplished. It is at this moment that Relativity works because the formation of matter brings with it the creation of time and entropy. Time is the bi-product of matter moving through space. The Planck time for the moment Relativity starts to work would be the moment the Gravitational force separated, first matter is created, and the flow of time starts. From this point on you would just pretty much follow the current cosmological model. The above could then provides us with two distinctly different portions to our Universe existing together. On the first side we space, photons, energy, and motion, all of which have their other own unique sets of laws and can be non-relative in their nature. On the second side we have everything that has matter or mass, which is not just subject to the laws of the laws of the first side, but also those of Relativity.

Thanks god,

Regarding new geometry, I am wondering since a while if it would make sense to look at the expansion of the universe from a kind of "outside" coordinate system which assumes the size actually as constant and not expanding. The inside of the universe, from that outside view, should then look somewhat collapsing. Again maybe some similarity to black holes and maybe the difference in expansion rate when looking at different distances and times could be related to a growth of the universe from the outside view. Anyone knows if such kind of cooridante transformation has been tried if it makes any sense at all?