The Huge Extinctions We Are Just Now Discovering

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What graptolites tell us is a story of incredible changes in the ocean, of periods where the oceans became poisonous and suffocating before eventually clearing up again. They unlock extinctions and recoveries that scientists didn't see. And, most of all, they show us how unpredictable the Silurian period really could be.
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Опубликовано:

15 окт 2024

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Комментарии : 474

@feratgoogle 10 месяцев назад

Trained as a geologist in the 1980's we prepared for field works in Spain at the museum of Natural History in Leiden, NL. In Spain there would be Silurian outcrops so we were told to look for graptolites. What kind of animal was it, we asked. The answer: "we have no idea". Knowledge has emancipated the graptolites.

@DavidBapst 10 месяцев назад

Technically, plenty of people (who study graptolites) thought it was solved in the 1940's, but there were some hold-outs who disagreed for a long time.

@feiryfella 10 месяцев назад

@@DavidBapst My Uncle did a lot of work on them in the 1970s.

@ericherrmann4355 10 месяцев назад

🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉😊🎉🎉😊😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😊😢😊😢😊😊🎉🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊😊😊🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉😢😢😢🎉🎉🎉😢🎉🎉🎉😊🎉😊🎉🎉😊🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉😢🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊😊😊🎉😊😊🎉😊🎉😊😢😢😢🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊😊😊😊🎉🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊😊🎉😊😊🎉🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊😊🎉😊😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉🎉🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊😊🎉🎉😊🎉😊😊🎉🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊😊🎉🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊🎉😊😊🎉🎉😊🎉😊😊🎉🎉😊🎉😊

@tonytaskforce3465 10 месяцев назад

🤓🖖👍@@feiryfella

@secularmonk5176 9 месяцев назад

The free-floating graptolites are flippin' Dr. Who villians! lol

@theobozikis8225 11 месяцев назад

Great video! Can you make one telling the story of the Multituberculates please? I don't think it was ever established exactly how they went extinct after sticking around for 130 million years. These were the longest lasting mammals of all time!

@susannahdrazin220 10 месяцев назад

I think the monotremes have them beat for longevity.

@everettduncan7543 10 месяцев назад

It is thought that songbirds outcompeted them for seeds

@WolfieDawn 10 месяцев назад

I would like to see this too!!

@antoniohorta5656 10 месяцев назад

Mammals? Wtf are u talking about?

@jamesredmond7001 10 месяцев назад

@@antoniohorta5656 Multituberculates are usually classified as crown group mammals, i.e. those groups descended from the last common ancestor of all living mammal groups (granted that's not as high of a bar to fill as you might think due to monotremes being a thing but still), and are actually usually placed closer to Theria (so marsupials and placental mammals) than to the monotremes (platypuses and the like). So they're true mammals, as opposed to more basal synapsis like the cynodonts.

@Merennulli 10 месяцев назад

I was a fan of paleontology as a child in the 80s and found fossils in the gravel fill between parking lots around my hometown. After all this time I finally learn what one was that always bugged me that I couldn't find it. 0:57 "B" looks almost exactly like what I couldn't identify back then. This is my first time hearing about graptolites and I'm really excited to finally know. :)

@tonytaskforce3465 10 месяцев назад

So pleased. 🤩🤓👍

@jessicab6177 6 месяцев назад

I love that you folks provide so many pictures in your videos. It really helps me imagine what things might have been like back then.

@ef1876 10 месяцев назад

Could we get a video on the evolution of the placenta/live birth and how it evolved convergently in both certain reptiles, amphibians and mammals? I've always been interested in how that came about but it's pretty hard to find information on (that doesn't require several years of study to understand 😅)

@AndrewTBP 10 месяцев назад

They did that video already. It’s called _How the Egg Came First_ and it’s about amniotic eggs

@ef1876 10 месяцев назад

@AndrewTBP I've watched that one but it only really covers eggs

@jeffreybright6354 10 месяцев назад

@@AndrewTBPthink ef1876 is referring to vivpary popping up in species that don't have much relation at all. I'd also be interested to learn how/when/why some snakes give live birth. Kinda like how bioluminescence has popped up independently dozens of times across various species.

@coppersandsprite 10 месяцев назад

I believe the Scishow covered this.

@frankheilingbrunner7852 9 месяцев назад

For a deep dive into the human placenta, I recommend "Life's Vital Link: The Astonishing Role of the Placenat" by Y.W. Loke.

@rainstormslove 5 месяцев назад

My dissertation research is used in this video! So cool!!

@southernpanda33 День назад

That’s awesome.

@AngryKittens 11 месяцев назад

This is the first time I found out that graptolites have living relatives. That's so cool.

@nicolasbekkouche7153 10 месяцев назад

I'd argue that they are indeed still graptolithes ;)

@Entety303 10 месяцев назад

According to Wikipedia one genus of graptolites still survives, Rhabdopleura

@joyful77777-m 9 месяцев назад

@Entety303 and even better it's a genus that is that they live all the way back to the Middle Cambrian. Imagine living for 500 million years

@Entety303 9 месяцев назад

@@joyful77777-m yeah neat stuff.

@veggieboyultimate 10 месяцев назад

Secret extinctions until PBS Eons revealed them! What an amazing video!

@BatteredWalrus 11 месяцев назад

It's amazing that Graptolites are still around today, 10 years ago, a paper came out concluding that Rhabdopleura is an extant Graptolite.

@MaureenLycaon 11 месяцев назад

Just double-checked that. OMG, you're right. *Two* papers, in fact! Thank you for my mind-blowing paleontology fact of the morning.

@BatteredWalrus 10 месяцев назад

@@MaureenLycaon aye they're not doing too bad for a 500 million year old lineage

@gabormolnar2208 10 месяцев назад

By studiing geology and paleontology in Czechia, you hear a lot about graptolites, but noone ever explained to us what type of animals they really were

@edweinb 11 месяцев назад

Trying to learn as much as possible about the Paleozoic Era. Fascinating underrated time. So much going on. This is really our origin story.

@inappropriatejohnson 11 месяцев назад

Thank you so much......the Silurian needs some love. Devonian as well.

@Ethan-pr3rz 11 месяцев назад

Nothing better than a new Eons video

@kylezo 10 месяцев назад

the resemblance to jellies and comb jellies is hard to ignore!

@Tsotha 11 месяцев назад

I've either never heard of graptolites or only fleetingly until now, let alone had any idea they were so central to understanding all the drastic environmental changes that took place during the Silurian era that were hidden in plain sight for palaeontologists. There are so many weird things in Earth's prehistory I would never ever have heard of were it not for PBS Eons, and today I can add yet more to my list. By the way Michelle Barbosa Ramirez continues to be the world's best dressed palaeontologist, from the modern goth take on the 1920's/1930's vamp/flapper look to those cat skull earrings. How often do you see someone who makes their living educating people about weird extinct animals put this much work into having an instantly recogniseable fashion sensibility?

@MassimoAngotzi 10 месяцев назад

Fashion sensibilty ? Just another flamboyante Latina with stupid tattoos and tacky earrings. There are literally millions in south California.

@StonedtotheBones13 10 месяцев назад

Iconic tbh. Idk about fashion sensibility but I love the style. And the fact that many many ppl tried to tell me I wouldn't get jobs with piercings and tattoos... And Michelle is here as a PBS educator, rocking it 💜

@hungryluma27 11 месяцев назад

The Silurian has always been one of the most interesting to me, ever since I saw that segment of Walking With Monsters :)

@RodneyPage-d5i 10 месяцев назад

Love the show as always, you guys rock! Loving the new you, and those earrings, trend-setting for sure!

@TheOneWhoKnocks70 11 месяцев назад

I hope there would be a history classes for these period in history It would ne fun to read "the fall of Graptolites"

@Redbeardblondie 10 месяцев назад

I’d love a longer in-depth vid of trilobites 😊

@tonytaskforce3465 10 месяцев назад

Gosh and darn! I've heard folk going on about graptolites all my life but none of them ever stopped to explain what they were. They seem to have had a hard time of it 😍

@wlewisiii 10 месяцев назад

As an aside, I got my calendar yesterday and it's lovely! Thanks!

@masonbricke4568 10 месяцев назад

Those earrings are weirdly cool. 😊

@admiral_m_10k35 10 месяцев назад

I LOVE learning more about seemingly "uneventful" periods in Earth's history!

@johntouchet7178 10 месяцев назад

I appreciate the continuing undercurrent that outlines the completely random events that led to the present day. The likelihood of replicating our planet's history in some other star system becomes vanishingly remote.

@tsm688 10 месяцев назад

LOL, as if it would be the same even here. We've already found exoplanets in the habitable zone with tentative life signs. This is just pessimism for the sake of pessimism.

@TragoudistrosMPH 11 месяцев назад

A small request, can start with how long ago, please? 1:09 *"Silurian"* , and I instantly was distracted by trying to remember exactly when :) (I have the handy Eons Scale Bar 😁, but I'm still memorizing)

@09Dragonite 7 месяцев назад

Okay, so I love the video, but I also LOVE your earrings! They're so amazing!

@everyonexist 11 месяцев назад

i love our history thanks for continuing to help reveal our past

@patreekotime4578 10 месяцев назад

Awesome video with awesome style!

@mothslanding0324 11 месяцев назад

Great episode!! It’s amazing how similarly to jellyfish they look… I suppose free floating is a similar niche? (Wonderful earrings btw)

@annaabney1420 6 месяцев назад

Your earrings are amazing!

@angiewu932 10 месяцев назад

Eons is the perfect study break :D also, love the earrings! 😄

@SuperLuckynumber2 10 месяцев назад

Would love a video on the geologic history of the Colorado Plateau!

@lal6996 10 месяцев назад

I adore what you guys create ❤ Keep it up!

@OnneWierda 10 месяцев назад

Huge fan, thanks for all the interesting videos. Was able to low key binge most of them last year and ran out. Please make them more frequently (:

@FearTheBeans 11 месяцев назад

Nice to see some graptolites! Hard to find them but they're cool when you do within some shale

@indiealaska 4 месяца назад

We are always learning something new here!

@ursusspelaeus9568 10 месяцев назад

Really cool video guys! One small thing, I'm pretty sure that the jellyfish-like reconstruction have been proven incorrect, check it out. Love your content.

@johntorrington2672 4 месяца назад

No, read 1985 "Flotation devices in planktic graptolites" paper by Finney. Complete fossils show they had floats.

@GeneralLeia 10 месяцев назад

Would be nice if there were more labels of the photos, and size reference for the fossils.

@THNTOS-t7o 7 месяцев назад

I’m doing a presentation on graptolites in a few weeks for my invertebrate paleontology class and this is an exciting jumping off point for my research!

@IICJZII 10 месяцев назад

Another punchline could have been: They lived on Earth before it was cool.

@CulturedCarlo 11 месяцев назад

Perfect timing I was just thinking about the silurian.

@mariothibau1070 10 месяцев назад

Amazing!! I always like deep ancient history videos

@amelade 9 месяцев назад

i have a suggestion for accessibility- it could be helpful for scientific terms to be said a bit more slowly and distinctly from the rest of the sentence. doesn't have to be a big change, but for people (like me) who don't use that terminology very often it can be hard to understand and contextualize sometimes. thanks for all the wonderful work y'all do!

@patricialessard8651 11 месяцев назад

Love those skulls! Of course, the subject today as well.💖😊

@dundrumleith 11 месяцев назад

A great episode. Thank you.

@Pottery4Life 11 месяцев назад

Thank you.

@anamnesiser 8 месяцев назад

This channel always reminds me of the chorus to 'The Boxer' by Simon and Garfukle.

@menkomonty 11 месяцев назад

I love those skull earrings 🤩

@reuireuiop0 7 месяцев назад

. . . But free-floating graptolite earrings would've been even better 😊

@feiryfella 11 месяцев назад

My Uncle did his PhD on this in the 1970s.

@DavidBapst 10 месяцев назад

Interesting. The world of graptolite workers is not very big... Does he still work on graptolites?

@feiryfella 10 месяцев назад

@@DavidBapst I truly wish he was! He was very involved with utilising graptolites to work out geological boundaries, temporally, as well as physically. He did a lot of research on the Burgess Shales, a continuation of which is in Wales. This was when 'continental drift' (Plate tectonics) was still young in science. Sadly he passed away some years ago from ALS-I could have really used his help on my dissertation lol. He was a wonderful, funny man and I miss him.

@DeinoWolfhybridhero 11 месяцев назад

Ever want to know more about graptolites one of the most fascinating and unknowed group that have had an important place in evolution. Thanks 👍

@sydhenderson6753 10 месяцев назад

I didn't realize that these were hemichordates. Who knew that they once were so abundant?

@Bethany342 3 месяца назад

Can we get some more sea videos? Like how the clams and their relatives live so long

@Langz_Noir 10 месяцев назад

I love all of these videos and the information and presentation and etc but I gotta say the stand out in this one is those earrings holy crap those are incredible!

@grokeffer6226 11 месяцев назад

Fascinating. 🖖

@blackkittycat15 10 месяцев назад

Educational and great quality as always, but I gotta comment on how adorable those earrings are.

@invisiblepants6477 11 месяцев назад

And here I thought that hosting colonies of tentacled polyps was unique to my refrigerator. The past puts everything in perspective.

@sizanogreen9900 11 месяцев назад

there truly is nothing new under the sun.

@martijn9568 11 месяцев назад

May want to clean your fridge at that point😅

@sizanogreen9900 11 месяцев назад

@@martijn9568 isn't that normal?

@JasonBehrmann 8 месяцев назад

I loved this episode. Fascinating.

@minecratsilentbuild5720 11 месяцев назад

great episode this is the best channel on youtube

@DavidBapst 10 месяцев назад

Regardless of my eye-rolling about graptolites with great big balloons attached, this is a great video and I appreciate all the hard work y'all put into this to expose people who've probably never heard of the wonderous Graptolithina to their beauty. - Dave Bapst

@rocketGimbal 10 месяцев назад

Do you mind elaborating on your reservations? Where did those artists get the idea for those renditions with big ballons? And why do you seem think they are mistaken? Genuine curiosity here, you seem to have some sort of authority on the subject.

@Whomobile 11 месяцев назад

It's no longer a secret.

@napoleonfeanor 11 месяцев назад

Pssss hush, don't mention it

@erichtomanek4739 10 месяцев назад

Let's hope Graptolites do a Coelocanth on us!

@MrFleem 11 месяцев назад

The Segundo phase was a big night where they were holding out for Louie Prima.

@dier7144 11 месяцев назад

It’s surprising how often we find out about new extinction events, like; how did we not know some of these things?!

@Rook986 11 месяцев назад

Fossils are actually really rare, and so much is lost to natural geological processes

@lpeabody 11 месяцев назад

None of these things are obvious. It takes scientists, who are obsessed with uncovering the truth, years years of digging through data and testing theories to figure it out! I'm grateful for them, they keep things interesting for us working the desk job life 😊

@FelixR1991 11 месяцев назад

I'll put you in a large warehouse and tell you to find a thing. Not saying what thing it is, but you'll have to find it anyway. That's how I imagine archaeology to be. You can find a lot of things, but you might have no idea what it is or what the context is.

@eldorado3523 11 месяцев назад

Because the true starting point for any knowledge is ignorance, saying otherwise is deceiving.

@Ezullof 11 месяцев назад

We don't often find out about new extinction events. There's like 15-16 of them, in more than 450 millions of years. *You* find out about new extinction events.

@Manj_J 7 месяцев назад

Those skull earrings are amazing!

@isaybug 10 месяцев назад

Where are those earrings from? I really love them

@peachwhite7404 8 месяцев назад

we thought we know everything, but there's more...

@JobiWan144 10 месяцев назад

I like the jokes a lot better than trivia questions. I was thinking of joining just to make you tell one of mine, but now, I guess not

@Telarii 11 месяцев назад

I am envious of those earrings, damn.

@jimmyzbike 10 месяцев назад

I always learn from your episodes

@Medic_naturalist 10 месяцев назад

Thanks!

@سلامسالمي-ر6ذ 11 месяцев назад

Could you make a video about extinct gliding mammals of South America (Gaylordia macrocynodonta) And why North American flying squirrels never takes it place despite the lack of competitions in the continent I mean, it lives in Central american rainforest, which connects to South America rainforest.

@stevenhughes3298 10 месяцев назад

Yoooo! The fit 😻😻😻

@Vorador666 10 месяцев назад

Voted in the Survey for the show, I've done my part o7

@fairly-celestial4715 10 месяцев назад

Your earrings!!!! Where did you get them?

@charlotteb6450 10 месяцев назад

the earrings are 100% worth it

@rubenkoker1911 11 месяцев назад

fun fact: extant Graptolites still live at the bottom of the North Sea and the english channel

@DavidBapst 10 месяцев назад

Also plenty of Rhabdopleura near Bermuda and off of Antarctica... ;)

@nsl-u-boot8464 9 месяцев назад

Thank you so much! You are the embodiment of what makes humanity special!

@hektor6766 Месяц назад

So wrong.

@honderdzeventien 10 месяцев назад

I thought you meant my vinyl record collection! 😂😂

@PaulaBean 10 месяцев назад

I love the skull eardrops!

@ruyfernandez 10 месяцев назад

Is there any direct or indirect evidence to discuss graptolite gene pool shallowness?

@user-eh6th9wj5k 11 месяцев назад

Great episode! Great topic. Michelle’s outfit is amazing!

@SaidAlSeveres 10 месяцев назад

I love PBS ❤

@SaidAlSeveres 10 месяцев назад

I think I’ve never donated so now as an adult with a job I shall

@vaultdude4871 10 месяцев назад

I like those dino-halloween earings ngl

@mastanickel 5 месяцев назад

Those earrings are awesome

@antiisocial 10 месяцев назад

Cool. Ty

@setelliott9683 10 месяцев назад

Survey taken. Forgot I have taken it before, but only remembered well after the question, sorry! Also, bad at time, may have been watching longer than 5 years 😅

@H._sapiens 10 месяцев назад

What is the name of the graptolites that look like Daleks?

@justcallmeSheriff 10 месяцев назад

The boom-and-bust cycle of graptolytes makes me think of Mass Effect's cycle of galactic civilizations finding the Mass Relays, developing along predictable lines, and then being destroyed by the Reapers.

@GamerChick5567 10 месяцев назад

Poor little graptolites😭😭😭😶

@craigkdillon 8 месяцев назад

You described a Global Anoxic Event (GAE). They occur when the global circulation (now the AMOC) shuts down. They seem to occur during periods of warmth and high CO2 levels. The AMOC is currently slowing down as our CO2 levels rise. I don't think the CO2 level for shutting down the AMOC is known, The last GAE is thought to have happened during the Paleo=Eocene Thermal Maximum) about 55 mya. The Earth was tropical at the poles with crocodilians and large snakes in Alaska. An interesting thing about GAEs is that our oil deposits were mostly laid down during GAEs in the Mesozoic. Oil deposits was Nature's way of sequestering excess carbon out of the atmosphere, giving us the cooler world of ice and snow since the Eocene. Our pumping and burning of oil and gas returns that carbon to the air, warming our planet. At some point, a Global Anoxic Event will happen. I wonder what species will go extinct then???