How (Some) Plants Survived The K-Pg Extinction

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Perhaps for plants in times of great stress and ecological upheaval, the more DNA the better.
Thanks to Franz Anthony (franzanth.com) for the incredible reconstruction of plants in the aftermath of the K-Pg extinction.
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References:
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12 апр 2023

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Комментарии : 527

@YesmynameisBob Год назад

As an evolutionary botanist and population geneticist, let me just say that I both love and also hate genome duplication events. At least half of my research time is accounting for potential polyploidy.

@JohnCooper-gm6mn Год назад

As an angiosperm, I concur.

@diplosbae Год назад

I never made the connection between invasive plants and polyploidy, pretty interesting. I always figured polyploid plants were more resource-intensive as their fruits and flowers tend to grow larger (strawberry, rose)

@mimisezlol Год назад

That sounds like so much work. My condolences

@travisjacobson2334 Год назад

As a polyploid, you’ll never find me.

@throwawayacc2514 Год назад

how do i get this job

@krupam0 Год назад

I get that plant evolution might not get too many clicks, but I think at some point you really should do a video on the evolution of grasses and grasslands, seeing how it seems to be a relatively recent occurrence and how it drove the evolution of many species, including but not limited to humans.

@fyr3st0rm35 Год назад

Evolution might not get clicks but it gets chicks, ayoo. Why am I like this?

@Animallovercomedian Год назад

That would be great!

@ratillecebrasquedubitantiu4451 8 месяцев назад

But grasses evolved more than 65 million years ago

@slimjimshady0 Год назад

That art of the plants growing out of the sauropod skull goes HARD

@nicks1451 Год назад

Wow I always assumed plants survived the extinction by remaining dormant as seeds underground. I had no idea that they were actually thriving their way through the event

@brianreddeman951 Год назад

Well I wouldn't call it thriving. Ferns and fungi flourished first with Angiosperms having a rough time of it at first.

@edmondantes4338 Год назад

Surviving underground must have played a part also.

@newq Год назад

The video said nothing against surviving in a dormant state, my dude. The process described in this video took a long time. Polyploidy is part of how they bounced back, not how they survived the months and years immediately following the extinction event itself.

@bjnslc Год назад

@@newq the title however says otherwise, misleading as titles are often crafted to be.

@Silverstreamhomecrafts Год назад

Me too!

@karmaarachnid8345 Год назад

Another role for polyploidy in the evolution of plants has been that when two different polyploid species hybridize with each other the hybrid offspring get a full diploid set of genes from each parent species. A hybrid of two non-polyploid plant species may not even have the same number of chromosomes from each parent so it may not be able to carry out meiosis. This means that polyploid hybrids have a better chance than most hybrid plants of being able to produce viable offspring of their own and thus give rise to new species.

@joshyoung1440 Год назад

Like I'm gonna listen to an aye-aye about plant genetics! :P jk, thanks for the info, quite cool

@wordytoed9887 Год назад

I thought organisms of two different species cannot create fertile offspring. Am I mistaken?

@lazzorfrogz2973 Год назад

@@wordytoed9887 that is the case with animals but plants crossbreed very readily hybridize species that are closely related to them and the hybrids are almost always fertile but there are few that can’t produce seed especially if they were a result of a cross genera like fatshedra which is a hybrid between a fatsia japonica and hedera helix or Leyland Cypress many landscape plants are hybrids and they are capable of producing viable seed you would be surprised on the amount of plants grown are hybrids

@adamseroka5609 Год назад

Aaaaaaaand we can exploit that to get our seedless triploid Cavendish!

@gamingpanther7773 Год назад

@@wordytoed9887 If it is followed by whole genome the problem is solved. Think a plant AA is hybridise with BB. The new plant AB is sterile and can multiply just by vegitative propagation but not seed. But if the whole genome in duplicated it becomes AABB and problem is solved. Modern wheat has duplicated genome of 3 grasses so they are allohexaploid, like AABBCC.

@ironsnowflake1076 Год назад

Yet my plants struggle to survive me..... great vid as always.

@B2WM Год назад

We are more deadly than the meteor, at least to plants.

@kellydalstok8900 Год назад

You don’t have a garden? Because some weeds can survive just about everything you throw at them.

@B2WM Год назад

@@kellydalstok8900 True, dandelions are floral cockroaches. (And even those can get patchy in my lawn.)

@kimwasalreadytaken Год назад

I just want to take a moment to say thank you for adding proper subtitles! It means a lot to those of us who rely on subtitles to fully understand and enjoy the video. It's appreciated. Thank you.

@psilocylence Год назад

Plants are marvelous beings. The fact that some of them can grow from a cut node, or even a single leaf is nothing short of amazing

@baishalideb5565 10 месяцев назад

infact many of them

@earthknight60 Год назад

Many ferns have extremely large genomes and have long been assumed to have gone through several genome duplicating events. Polyploidy is not just limited to angiosperms. Recent work by Cheng, et al 2023, *Revisiting ancient polyploidy in leptosporangiate ferns*, investigates this in more detail.

@arta.xshaca Год назад

"leptosporangiate" what does that mean? I know the sporangium but what does this technical term mean?

@earthknight60 Год назад

@@arta.xshaca "The Polypodiidae, commonly called leptosporangiate ferns, formerly Leptosporangiatae, are one of four subclasses of ferns, and the largest of these, being the largest group of living ferns, including some 11,000 species worldwide." What you get if you look it up.

@SweetBerryWine3000 Год назад

More plant content please! This was absolutely fascinating! I've always wondered how plants made it through the K-Pg extinction event. Thank you evolution and polyploidy. And great job as always PBS Eons. ❤🌱❤

@FishHeadSalad Год назад

Agreed. I always assumed that since seeds and plant spores can lay dormant for decades and beyond yet still stay viable, that that was how trees survived.

@scvcebc Год назад

@@FishHeadSalad All that dust and ash probably took a long time to settle, so there may have been hundreds of years of dimmer light and cooler temperatures. Some American Chestnut trees have been sprouting from old roots for a hundred years now, the leaves and branches keep getting killed by the Chestnut Blight, but each year, just enough energy gets back down to the roots to try again the following year. So some trees might have been able to hang on until enough light returned to allow real growth again.

@BrianEthridge-wk6hz Год назад

I just figured it didn't get all the seeds, and they survived that way. I didn't figure it was this complex so to speak. A seed is way more prone to survive high temperatures than flesh or a plant.

@akumaking1 Год назад

“Life, uh, finds a way”.

@TragoudistrosMPH Год назад

🧬🧬 - we agree

@Gr_ub Год назад

I study plant genetics and diseases and love when you guys do plant videos! Any chance we could get a video about ancient plant pathology??

@LeoDomitrix Год назад

Adding my vote to that! Grew up on a farm, so plant ailments were always something we were aware of...

@brittaistheworst7523 Год назад

I would unironically love a video about the history of bananas

@tuckercaldwell4965 Год назад

It blows my mind how much we've been able to learn about history in deep-time through genetics in recent years. More plant content please!!!

@user-yw9mw9hv8o Год назад

Photosynthesizers are the basis of nearly all ecosystems, they deserve more credit. Cyanobacteria really sent earth on the path to becoming what it is today. Plants are the most strange and fascinating to me. Everytime we talk about eukaryotes we mention how amazing mitochondria are and where they came from, but plants did the endosymbiont thing twice!!! Lastly, Lichens, they're really overlooked too for how fundamentally incredible they are as composite organisms. Love the plant episodes! (Even if they include record numbers of nonsense 3D renditions of DNA)

@christopherb8017 Год назад

Polyploidy (at least an initial tetraploidization event) are often also seen in many tumour types (e.g. ovarian, esophageal cancer etc.) for largely the same reason. There ain't no meteors hitting the tumour, but it helps them grow out and evolve. Your channel is ⚡⚡⚡

@Uluwehi_Knecht Год назад

Colchicine has been used to induce polyploidy in agricultural and ornamental crop breeding, and is still used today to treat gout. Today the herbicide Oryzalin is favoured for the former as it is comparatively less dangerous to human cells than colchicine. I wonder if there is anything interesting going on there with tumour development?

@Jamachlee Год назад

I love how much Kallie always appreciates the jokes at the end! She always gets so tickled 🥰

@jso6790 Год назад

I had the exact same thought at the end of this video.

@TonyNaggs Год назад

Thanks for explaining polyploidy!

@patrickmccurry1563 Год назад

It is interesting to imagine how different of a plant environment the non-avian dinosaurs lived among.

@astick5249 Год назад

For one grass wasn't widespread. Grass is like how we view mammals after the extinction of the non avian dinosaurs: completely taking the place of their forbearers and becoming widespread everywhere

@chheinrich8486 Год назад

No emviroment we have today would looks like somehing a dinosaurs would have seen at least not completely

@brad9189 Год назад

@@astick5249 I always wonder, before grasses, what plants occupied an environment like the Great Plains? There must have been habitats like this, with similar temperatures and rainfall. What plants grew there, and what animals ate them?

@astick5249 Год назад

@@brad9189 I think a big reason many grasslands were around were simply because they are the only ones able to survive being so heavily eaten, basically their very predators helping them remain widespread, otherwise i think it was ferns and stuff that covered the ground, grass is one of a kind.

@aengor Год назад

@@astick5249 it’s not just that grass wasn’t widespread; for most, if not all, of the dinosaur times grass did not exist at all.

@Games_and_Music Год назад

I welcome more plant videos! These are too rare, compared to the animal videos in general. Would love to see videos detailing the evolution of many species of plants and fungi, because usually we only get a compilation or one-off and that should keep us busy for some years. Chris Packham used to have a great show called "Secrets of Our Living Planet" and it had a great mixture of animals and plants and the workings of the planet combined.

@aplaceinthestars3207 Год назад

I wasn't expecting a double-dose of DNA to be the answer to the video's tagline. It was fascinating though a little complex, so I hope there's more plant videos lined up!

@miketacos9034 Год назад

This is one of those questions you never think to ask, but then wonder how you never thought to ask it.

@yomogami4561 Год назад

glad to see this as i've always wondered how plants were around after the extinction event and also how herbivores survived after the event

@scvcebc Год назад

Most of the surviving land animals were small generalists that could eat seeds and/or insects. The insects were often detritus consumers.

@yomogami4561 Год назад

@@scvcebc true but descriptions of the devastation made it seem like nothing could survive the 'darkness' except maybe lichens and fungus. i've always doubted that for others to survive

@martoneduard Год назад

Finally an answer to my never ending question!

@MaddoxLightning Год назад

Thank you again for recognizing native people communities and land.

@ernestonasution8693 9 месяцев назад

Greetings from Nashville🙏 I'm 20 years old now, and I've loved watching these videos since I was 14. I wonder what percentage of the viewers here are/were researchers in anthropology, paleontology etc. Thank you, PBS Eons, for fueling my fascination!

@chrisp7641 Год назад

Is there a way to do a "what if" episode? Basically what would have happened if that meteorite hit the deepest part of the ocean? Like our current Mariana trench.

@TheDanEdwards Год назад

Polyploidy is very common in plants even today. Many of the ornamentals we enjoy are recent polyploids.

@corkinsme09 Год назад

I study amphibians so can't speak for plants, but in amphibians and fish polyploidy is found everywhere. In many organisms they are far enough away form the event that the chromosomes have fused. However, it is hard to find an organisms that does not have some chromosomal duplication. Mammals are weird in that they largely don't have a large genome duplication in their recent evolutionary past.

@placidpond Год назад

Cavendish banana is triploid

@noelanderson969 Год назад

Even on City streets, they THRIVE!!

@xxx_putin_has_a_flaccid_pe5374 Год назад

Horticulturist here, and I really wish y’all would do plant videos more!

@damonroberts7372 Год назад

Thanks for the paleobotany content! I know dinosaurs and the cenozoic megafauna are exciting, but there's no ecology without plants.

@AuthenticDarren Год назад

Plants are a most important form of life on Earth. And they don't need other forms of life to survive (for the mostpart) like animals do. They're definitely worth looking at far more. They're clearly survivors. I'd like to hear some more about plants.

@villager736 Год назад

Cyanobacteria are superior

@stefanostokatlidis4861 Год назад

Most plants need fungi to survive on land, and many of them today need animals too.

@villager736 Год назад

@@stefanostokatlidis4861 True, but without cyanobacteria we would not have any oxygenic photosynthetic life, (plants, seaweeds, and algae), meaning life would still be stuck huddling around hydrothermal vents. Not to mention the fact that they generated the oxygen to make multicellular life seen possible in the first place.

@AuthenticDarren Год назад

@@villager736 Imagine then, another world where an intelligent form of life nourished itself in the same way as what we call extremophiles or cyanobacteria do. It would certainly cut down on life support costs for their space flights.

@villager736 Год назад

@@AuthenticDarren Actually in a weird kind of way, we are actually extremophiles. Extremophiles that could tolerate oxygen far better then other forms of life.

@KimberlyGreen Год назад

I wonder if polyploid plants would, someday, be useful for terraforming activities on other celestial bodies 🤔

@starcrib Год назад

I absolutely believe that to be so. You're instinctively right. 🟧♾️🟧

@UniDocs_Mahapushpa_Cyavana Год назад

Or *just for* agriculture. 🌱🌱🪴🪴

@starcrib Год назад

@Mahapushpa Cyavana indeed- ! and perhaps already has. 🌱🤔 🌾

@joey2765 Год назад

Why do you look young and old at the same time

@patreekotime4578 Год назад

@@joey2765 double genome, obviously.

@piotrkowalewski1111 Год назад

Thank you so much for today's episode! Your videos about plant evolution are inspiring me during my environmental classes with children!

@johnelliott7850 Год назад

Nice to see a video about an issue affecting plants (instead of yet more animal stuff).

@larsnielsen1606 Год назад

This has been my favorite of all PBS Eons videos. Thank you for the curation of such interesting material. Thank you for the presentation style. It is something that my whole family enjoys.

@t1sk1jukka Год назад

Nice vid. We def need more vids of paleobotany. Though I’m more fascinated with fungi than plants and craving more fungi content on YT lol

@samanthazeiger1553 Год назад

The alliteration in this script is 👌👌👌

@SurfbyShootin Год назад

PBS Eons always delivers the goods!

@FRMJD1996 Год назад

Abilities and Events such as these, are what I am referring to when I think about real magic. I never knew about this before your video and it is utterly amazing. What also strikes me about it, and something I am a little surprised that you didn't make note of, is how this did not only save these plants from annihilation. That in fact, in the aftermath of the Extinction Event, this must have allowed the surviving animals such a reprieve by allowing herbivores to have some food sources once again and subsequently the surviving carnivores as well. To think how this must have played such an integral role, if not a decisive one, in the survival of so many lineages of life following the KT event. Astonishing, Absolutely Astonishing🤩

@brendali5888 5 месяцев назад

So grateful for this video. More plant adaptation videos please.

@SakuraAsranArt Год назад

"Watcha doing?" "Nothing much, just doubling my DNA"

@newyorknewart Год назад

OUTSTANDING EPISODE! I REALLY LIKED GOING BROADER THAN JUST DINO'S, ANIMALS, INSECTS AND REPTILES. PLANT EVOLUTION IS FAR MORE INTRESTING AND UNIVERSAL. AND YOU ARE MY FAVORITE PBS EONS HOST! 🥰😇😁

@SirLongBongFatRipps 5 месяцев назад

" It's cold and ark. Ash and dust cloud the air, blocking out the sun" is going in my new metal song

@punditgi Год назад

My favorite presenter of all time! She rocks the casbah! ❤😊

@TheRopeAddict Год назад

This show is terrific!

@nothanks800 Год назад

One of my favorite channels and presenters on RU-vid. Keep it up all!

@NexuJin Год назад

I love to watch PBS Eons before sleeping. The narration is calming to listen to with interesting knowledge.

@SirDarthDragon Год назад

I+d liked more explanation of tangential procecees: - why is polyloidery normaly a disadvantage? how does shade avoidance work? I usually have more problems following your paleobotanist videos. still love ya all

@Rebel7284 Год назад

Any thoughts about why it's so common in plants and yet so uncommon in animals if it can offer such important advantages?

@hopsiepike Год назад

Animal development is more sensitive to gene dosage, that is, the relative amounts of different alleles if the same gene. Polyploidy messes with these ratios.

@webheadwonder9597 Год назад

I'm waiting for a host to say 'niche' three different ways during a video to see if anyone notices...

@Pottery4Life Год назад

Great episode, Kallie! Thank you so much.

@paulwallis7586 Год назад

Reminds me of the "junk DNA" thing; Why anyone would assume DNA has no use is pretty hard to understand.

@NexuJin Год назад

The way I see it is part of DNA are like main program data, where as the "junk DNA" are more just data, like assets or extra sub-routines. I just watched Picard S3E9.

@paulwallis7586 Год назад

@@NexuJin Well, if you're prepared to duplicate a genome, that DNA seems to be useful, doesn't it?

@pollytiks3885 Год назад

Where else can you hear 20 million years ago as being “recent”? 🤔 😂😮

@rcarter6541 Год назад

Absolutely fascinating! Are there any animals that also show this kind gene duplication from that time?

@objetivista686 Год назад

There are 40 humans found that are chimeras too. Considered very rare for us. Search on google. There are some interesting cases.

@bigpurplepops Год назад

There are several, the best example off my head would be goldfish; which is why you can go from a 6lb coi to a bulb-eyed floaty spec.

@trekpac2 8 месяцев назад

Polyploidy even shows up in our own bodies, where the heart and smooth call walls of vessels are tetraploidies.

@mikaljan Год назад

one of my favorite channels

@emilycasanova8512 Год назад

Genes retained after WGD are often developmental genes, which are usually more dosage sensitive, so even losing them (despite being a homolog) can still be detrimental. So, it's not always immediately about "advantage" but "avoiding disadvantage."

@billallen2543 Год назад

Great episode. In my days as a Ag-Biotech researcher I was always amazed that polyploidy even existed. In animals, to my knowledge, it is unheard of as a normal condition (please correct me if I'm wrong. I'd love to know of a polyploid animal). In most cases the duplication of even one chromosome in an animal is devastating and often lethal. There are many human pathologies that result from the duplication of a relatively small portion of a single chromosome. As a classically trained zoologist who took up plant study because I needed a job, I found plants to be absolutely amazing. Hope to see more on plant evolution in the future! BTW, my crop specialty was corn, always was in awe of the wheat geneticists.

@mariusstrand5220 Год назад

It is definitely rarer for animals to be polyploid than plants. Still, we know of several paleopolyploidization events in animals. It is more or less consensus that two rounds of whole genome duplication (WGD) occurred in the ancestor or all vertebrates (jawed ones at least). You can look up the '2R hypothesis'. From the top of my head, I can also mention that teleosts (96% of all fish) had a third round of WGD, and salmonids as well as carps each had a fourth round on top of that. I know fishes best, but beyond that, there are many examples in everything from amphibians to insects.

@helenofargos Год назад

Wanted to pop into the comments for a sec to say that the editor/animator did a great job on this episode! Those visuals really helped connect the dots in places where the concepts were a bit harder for someone who barely passed bio (roughly 12 years ago...yikes) to keep up with easily.

@dynojackal1911 Год назад

Would you consider a video looking at gingkoes and their extinct relatives?

@e-nana2774 Год назад

Yes please

@aplaceinthestars3207 Год назад

Yes please +2

@monniemo813 Год назад

More plant evolution please ❤

@Alice_Walker Год назад

I loved this video! So cool!!

@jeffreycarman2185 10 месяцев назад

How interesting! Thanks for the video!

@rstevewarmorycom Год назад

Polyploidy happened twice for our ancestor Pikaia in the Cambrian, likely leading to greater complexity and adaptation of all vertebrate animals like us!!

@Snittyguy Год назад

This is my favourite format of your videos.

@annasfischer Год назад

I would like to second the call from more plant content, and possibly even suggest a topic, because I would like to hear about the evolution of grasses (and also the eco systems they create!). Great video as always!

@samhuggons2879 Год назад

my mind is blown, these plants copied their whole github into their own github and then cracked in hacking themselves, far out

@dangerousflyer4485 3 месяца назад

So confusion...

@johnwalters1341 Год назад

A very interesting episode. It leaves one big question unanswered, though: Why is polyploidy almost universally fatal in animals?

@incyray9709 Год назад

Wonderful video! I had always wondered how plants survived the cretaceous extinction, AND why strawberries and other plants have SO MANY CHROMOSOMES, and you just answered both questions! fascinating that they are so related!

@guilhermebueno7282 Год назад

the pun at the end is always a challenge, but necessary for complete knowledge

@mellissadalby1402 Год назад

Very cool episode!

@1TakoyakiStore Год назад

I had surmised that there was a "rapid evolution mode" in plants. This was because animals when under times of stress have more mutations and you can see that in the form of a higher rate of cancer. But having duble DNA assist with this by doubling your mutation chances hadn't occurred to me but makes sense in hindsight. I daresay plant evolution is actually more interesting than animal evolution because plants have higher chances of horizontal gene transfer so they will get more new building blocks to work with which adds to the fun.

@suchendelokidottir5673 Год назад

This video helped me to resolve an issue with the world building in my fantasy novel I'm working on. I love when science solves a problem for me.

@christmassnow3465 Год назад

More about evolution: How did the earliest plants evolve from producing spores to flowering and producing seeds?

@bjarkeziegler7295 Год назад

Loved this episode 😊

@jso6790 Год назад

This is so cool and fascinating, especially since the plants the group studied are those that humans have genetically modified through selective breeding, as well. It makes one wonder if the success humans had in breeding corn, for example, into the size it is today was related to the existence of those additional genes.

@dzimidrol475 Год назад

But is it still thought that the plants had to survive without photosynthesis for multiple years after the impact?

@PeterSedesse Год назад

A lot of seeds only germinate in the presence of sunlight. It also could have been dry until sunlight came back.

@Mesoblunt Год назад

One of my favorite channels on YT

@avitalzehava5747 Год назад

Thank y'all for the wonderful content as always ❤

@stinew358 Год назад

You said "ancestor of potatoes" and now I'm thinking of possible delicious extinct vegetables

@proximacentaur1654 Год назад

Super interesting. More on plant genomics please!

@jasN86 Год назад

I've always looked at plants learning to evolve, and the already well established mushroom kingdom, and can't help but ponder about a possible connection

@bjdefilippo447 Год назад

Fascinating! it's a smart strategy that makes you wonder about how the trigger functions.

@stonefish1318 Год назад

More plant evolution please! 😃 🌵🌾🌲 These 3 would be maybe interesting 🤔

@lizzykayOT7 Год назад

Very cool episode, as fellow descendants of cataclysmic events, it's interesting to see how different species adapted.

@FloozieOne Год назад

Plants are awesome and we never give them the attention and respect they deserve. After all, without them Earth would still be a barren lifeless world. Could you do another episode on which plants survived vs. ones that went extinct and what current plants are descendants of those survivors?

@gailaltschwager7377 Год назад

Thank you!

@a787fxr Год назад

I really liked this one. Thanks. 💯

@rJaune Год назад

Wow, seeing the affected genes match to the environmental conditions at the time is fascinating!

@moukidelmar Год назад

This is really interesting, though I would like a follow-up video on how gymnosperms survived and, particularly, how living fossils like Ginkgos, Horsetails, Treeferns, Cycads, and so on pulled through

@grokeffer6226 Год назад

Fascinating stuff. 🌱🌿🍃

@Haydy5040 Год назад

Honestly you don't really even need the darkness so much for extinctions and extirpations at the K-Pg (plus we need more evidence of it). If you knock down diverse forests (from overpressure would do) you won't exactly get it growing back the same way as before since some plants might have an advantage they normally do not have. Funny thing is that in the Fort Union Formation there is a plant that suddenly appears just a bit above the boundary called Paranymphaea crassifolia which might be in the family polygonaceae which is known for it's aggressive weeds which might support the idea it was competition rather than just death over a short period of time. My own work in the Fort Union and Hell Creek is relevant here too and I'll eventually have some of that out here soon.

@placidpond Год назад

Japanese knotweed we’re talking about you!

@nickvinsable3798 Год назад

🤔 . . . Seems like these plants are behaving similarly to squids and/or octopi who’s genetic structure almost never changes, yet are conscious enough to turn on & off certain genes that meet their needs. Angiosperms are likely doing something similar: should one genetic sequence not work, they switch to another that does…

@idkidk8278 Год назад

Very interesting thanks!

@alexallen9640 Год назад

Interesting and fitting video for today 🙂👍🌿

@pencilpauli9442 Год назад

-Holmes, what kind of citrus tree is this? -A lemon tree, my dear Watson.

@KendrixTermina Год назад

this is so cool

@vanishingfolklore Год назад

What a concept

@SiqueScarface Год назад

I like how the Common Dandelion (Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia; Taraxacum officinale) uses its polyploidy. In an average biotop, there are diploid, triploid and tetraploid specimen side by side. Diploid specimen are able to cross-pollinate other diploid plants, and their offspring is tetraploid. Diploid plants can also pollinate tetraploid plants, and their offspring is triploid. While tetraploids can only cross-pollinate with diploids, triploid plants are infertile, but can create offspring by cloning. But the cloning process is not very exact, and chromosomes get lost all the time. Thus, slowly the clones get more and more diploid, until they are real (or nearly real) diploids again. Then they can pollinate other diploids and tetraploids, and the next round starts.