Dear content creator! Why did you use knight arours from the Crusader era of the Holy land? The usage these 13th century armours is very anchronostic in the mid 15th century.
Dear Mr. Tamas. Hungary and Hungari are two different words that name two different entities, in this case denoting only one geographical area in Central Europe. As you state, the Kingdom of Hungary was established in the year 1000, and this name was mentioned until 1844, when the Hungarian lords renamed it the Kingdom of Hungary. You incorrectly state that many nationalities grew up in it. Only one nationality grew up, namely the Hungarian nationality. Slovaks, Croats, Romanians were here a long time ago. Even Hungary itself was built on the foundations of Great Moravia. Saint Stephen would never have been recognized as king by the Pope if he had not been baptized and a bishopric had not been created in the center of Great Moravia. This bishopric was founded by the preachers Cyril and Methodius. It is a big mistake and a big ignorance if maps, documents and dictionaries mention "the Kingdom of Hungary", while the word Hungary is also translated as Hungarian and also as Hungary in English documents. It only shows a great ignorance of the history of this part of Europe. Have a nice day.
Hola que tal, soy mecenas de izuru el creador del mod hd para los helenos en el rome 2, actualmente queremos contactarte para darte acceso anticipado al mod en unos días, solo que tu enlace a discord no me abre.
Until Christians decided they had had enough of the Islamic BS. Once Christians defeated the Ottomans they build the greatest countries in the history of mankind.
As a Fellow Pole I am surprised at two things...Most of the comments doesnt give any credits to The Turks despite as Christian states, we BROKE our oath by breaking the peace agreement in front of God and Men. Secondly, they deserve the highest credit, esspecially Sutan Murad for crushing such a strong crusader army. Salute.Cześć i chwała Bohaterom!
En sevdiğim padişahlardan birisi istanbul un fethinin yolunu 2 haçlı ordusunu Varna ve Kosova’da yok ederek açmıştır. Sözlerini çiğneyen haçlıların kelleside savaş sahasında mızraklara geçirilerek ihanetleri cezalandırılmıştır.
There wasn’t normally any Arab soldiers in ottoman armies. Ottoman armies consisted of Balkan turks(who had been moved to Balkan from Anatolia), Anatolian cavalry, Kırım Turkish(Tartars) and yenicharies(converted Balkan children). There were from time to time Serbians, and Albanians and Bosnians who fought for ottoman armies. There were very few, if any, Arabs in ottoman armies…
Not by 1444 maybe. But after Ottoman expansion into the Middle East, Arab auxiliaries were very common, especially in wars against the Safavids and later dynasties that ruled Iran. In fact by the 17th century the Ottomans started using Egyptian troops, both ethnic Arabs and Mamluks, in European theaters too and they were remarkably successful.
"If you are the sultan, come and lead your armies. If I am the sultan I hereby order you to come and lead my armies." -Mehmed II "the Conqueror" Tbf, he was 12 years old at the time. It's a pretty based power play to recall his dad who tried handing things over just before a crusader coalition force invades. Mehmed knew he wasn't ready to take something that overwhelming on. He needed an experienced commander and Murad was the person who needed to keep things together for a little longer.
It's totally lie. Sultan Mehmed was brave and oppositely he wants to lead the army but Grand Vizier Çandarlı Halil Pasha refuses and makes a coup against Mehmed, recalls the Sultan Murat back. Sultan Murad leads the army and defeat the enemy. But Mehmed never forget that coup. (Buçuktepe rebellion) Because he was dethroned, his pride against military, bureaucracy was humiliated. So he had to do a thing the history never forget, the thing to proove himself to everybody. That's where Conquering the Constantinople idea came from. He started make the plans from dethroned time to his second reign time. He read, calculated (he is the designer of the famous Shahi (Şahi) canons). But Çandarlı knew that. From the idea of conquest plan he resist it. Because he knew Sultan Mehmed didn't forget, if he take the city and of course his reputation, nobody can question his autority... Mehmed knew the responsibilties. If he fails; his autority, his reputation and his reign will be ended. Maybe after the failed siege Byzantine Empire will send Şehzade Orhan to start a rebellion. That's why he resisted for take the city. After 59 days of siege city has fallen. With that Çandarlı knew his time is ended. Now Sultan Mehmed took a name: "Fatih" (The Conqueror) But not just a name... Mehmed took his reputation, pride and authority back...With no question... First thing after Conquest was imprisoning of Çandarlı Halil Pasha. 2 days after conquest June 1, 1453 ; Çandarlı was imprisoned. 40 days in prison and then Mehmed ordered to execute of him. That was the first execution of a Grand Vizier in Ottoman Empire... Now that's the history. You see, Mehmed is hunger to succession. Now, you think he could write that letter? :)
@@thesaygl7020 mehmet savaş olacagın biliyordu bu otoritesi olmayacagını düşünerek Şöyle yazmıştır padişah sizseniz ordunun başına gecin yok padişah ben sem emrediyorum ordunun başına geciniz. bu dogrudur fatih vefat etmemiş olsaydı Romayı fet edecekti fatih vefat ettiginde kiliselerde canlar calındı sevıncten cıglıklar attılar büyük kartal öldü büyük kartal öldü yaşasın büyük kartal öldü fatih sultan mehmet zehirlenilerek öldürüldü
The Ottoman Empire didn't use Arab mercenaries in any of its wars. While there are Turkish horsemen and akinjis units, That's why you're giving people wrong information.
It is estimated that the Ottoman losses were around 8000. Crusader losses are at least around 40000. The death toll alone seems to be enough to reveal errors in your video.
@@ZOV-v9xAccording to Ottoman sources, your army was much larger in this war. According to the research of today's historians, the population of the Crusader army was 55,000 and the population of the Ottoman army was 40,000. Don't get me wrong, but no one would march against the Ottomans with 20,000 soldiers. Anyone who believes this is an idiot.
We Turks respect every nation that we we fought in time , win or loose or even we made them vassals for centuries but we expect the same equally respect. As a Turk I respect every nation who made their mark in history.. Greetings to all braves from all nations who sacrificed their lives for their existance. Glory to braves.
Again just some east european nations helped Hunyadis hungarian army, like polish, croatians , romanians. The richer west european countries did not send any help. More than that the seaman of Genova for money transferred the turkish to the back of the christians, like this helping their victory.
I am a Turk but I can never understand how we could have won any battles against the heavily armed European opponents. (At least until guns were used more heavily like in Mohac.) Most Turkish soldiers seem like wearing soft cloth dresses while the opponents are totally covered with armor. Even the armored Turkish soldiers seem very light armor compared to the Europeans. I wish I can get on a time machine and go back in time to observe these battles.
Typically only knights and mercenaries could afford this kind of expensive armour. Most European footsoldiers were not well armoured, and in big battles like this were often led by commanders of varying loyalty and different ethnic origins, all looking for their own glory. Conversely, Ottoman armies were more disciplined, because the Ottoman state organised the military in a much more centralised fashion. This meant that Ottomans often enjoyed more morale and quicker strategic and tactical thinking. Ottomans also typically made use of defensive earthworks, as well as firearms, polearms and defensive formations. In many cases, mounted Turkish archers wearing light armour were able to lure and outrun disorganised knights, pulling European cavalry into suicidal charges against defences that were already prepared for them, and sending their own light horsemen (usually Deli or Akıncı horsemen, ) to flank the enemy and attack their archers, crossbowmen, and baggage trains, and lead charges against enemy soldiers who were already engaged and could not brace their ranks against the quick and skilful deli horsemen. These horsemen were instrumental to other elements of warfare waged by the Ottomans, such as razing crops, harassing enemy armies on the move, performing reconnaissance, and chasing down fleeing, broken enemy formations. Lightly armoured and armed irregular soldiers called Azap were often also used to harass and whittle down European defences, often wielding bows, javelins and slings. They would attempt to disrupt, demoralise and distract the front line of enemy soldiers. But probably the biggest part of Ottoman success was due to their highly disciplined, arquebus-wielding Janissaries. The Janissaries often were high in morale, and were the most firm line in the Ottoman tactics. These firearm wielding-soldiers were employed at Mohacs, and fired in alternating volleys by the fresh Janissaries, and were able to shatter the morale of the disorganised European forces, cutting down knights through their armour. Greetings and good wishes from a Greek 😁
If you are the Sultan, come and lead your armies. If ı am the Sultan, ı hereby order you to come and lead your armies" ~From Mehmed the Conqueror Khan to his father Murad II
@@GS-HASTASI1905 1912/13, your ancestors were totally defeated and expelled from the Balkans by the Christian Balkan allies. Glory to our Lord ! My grandfather fought at Chataldja, 20 km from Istanbul, when your Sultan evacuated his Pallaces and numerous concubines and eunuchs from his capital
@danchokonstantinov6735 lol u mean the whole world aganst the Turks 😉 Not even that made u win.. We had traitors in the army disguise as Türk was just a fake Turks That's the only reason u win .. Even today u can't win the Turks Stop looking in the giant mirror boy ..
@@danchokonstantinov6735puuhahhaa I can se u are a Greek 😉 Didn't u was under the Turks for 550 years ? Wasn't the greece the Türks conquered First bcuz u was no match then or today ..😂
Ottomans lost is between 10,000-15,000, European lost half its troops. Janissary are Europeans who have converted to Islam and most loyal to the Sultan. Janissary was the Sultan's bodyguard, Janissaries were also the ones who put down all rebellions in the Ottoman Empire. Janissaries important part of history of Ottoman Empires. The Bosnian army was also with the battle of Varna although most were not Christians, but was neither good friends with the Vatican but everyone was afraid of this new powerful nation and Europe had to be defended. Crusades against Bosnia were attempted in 1235-1241 which was failed project. Bosnia was invaded in 1384 and resisted the Ottomans until the last city fell in 1592. I'm proud of my people, many died in many wars, always fought bravely
Янычары, в основном были платными войсками, никаких хрестьян там не было, все кто про это пишет это чушь . Хрестьяни тоже могли создать себе такие войска . У турков своих хватало воинов ... .
Yet another amazing video as always! I have a few suggestions for future videos, such as the Battle of Kadesh (1274 B.C.E.) and Suppiluliuma vs Tausret (non-historical) for Pharaoh, the Battle of Watling Street (61 C.E.) and Kush vs. Cimmeria (non-historical) for Rome II, and the Battle of Cartagena (461 C.E.) and Langobards vs Anteans (non-historical) for Attila. As usual, keep up the excellent work churning out new videos featuring both historical and non-historical battles👍😁!
Videoyu anladığından şüpheliyim kardeşim. Her damlasından taraflılık akıyor çünkü. Verilen bilgilerin yüzde ellisi yanlış. Savaşı daha derin araştırmanı öneririm
I have watched and continue to watch a lot of history videos, but this was the best history video I have ever watched. Greetings to all viewers from the grandchildren of the mighty Turks who won the victory in Varna.
When it comes to Southeastern Europe, the majority of internet "historians" are traditionally fixated on the East Roman Empire, and ignore the fact that the said Empire hasn't boasted a dominant role in SE Europe from the 1200s and onward, the state that did, in fact, boasts the dominant role was the Medieval Serb state, whether in the form of the Serbian Empire, Lazar's Serbia and the Serbian Despotate, the said state was the preeminent enemy of the Ottoman Empire in SE Europe and the preeminent bulwark against the Ottoman Empire with the largest flatland fortress in Europe, waging war against the Ottomans for more or less 100-140 years, depending on whether one identifies Zeta as the final iteration of the Medieval Serb state. Considering the massive territory liberated in the first year of the Varna Crusade, it is more than apparent that the Serb and Hungarian, not Polish leadership were instrumental in the matter, and both, due to generation-spanning experience in waging war against the Ottomans, understood that after these triumphs and the events in Anatolia (invasion of the Ottoman Empire by either the Karamanids or the Aydinids), the Ottomans were in a dire position, and could not retake lost territories, and would agree to all terms of negotiation, and they did at Szeged, but Polish, East Roman and the Vatican geopolitical aspiration triumphed over reason, and they pushed for the furthering of the Varna Crusade (thus turning triumph into defeat), instead of consolidating their positions against the Ottomans, as Hunyadi and Brankovic had advised. Furthermore, Branković had a much larger interest in the peace treaty and solicited Hunyadi's support. He demanded that Serbia be returned to him, and he bribed Hunyadi by promising him the land he held in Hungary. On July 3, 1444, the lordship of Világosvár was transferred, in perpetuity, to Hunyadi. Around the same time, as additional security, the estates of Mukačevo, Baia Mare, Satu Mare, Debrecen, and Böszörmény were also transferred, and Hunyadi became the largest landowner in the Kingdom. There is another reason for this, Brankovic understood that a Hungary dominated by Hunyadi and his progeny would be a vital asset and ally to the Serb state, and to Hungary itself. He was proven right, the rule of Corvinus speaks volumes on the matter.
Can you please share sources you've used? I've never saw there were Arab mercenaries among Ottoman ranks which was rare case because generally local auxiliaries being used, secondly army composition and numbers vary a lot according to different sources. Modern sources indicates closer size.
One of the prime battles of the Janissary they were so effective in this campaign thus led by an Ottoman emperor above the average, under circumstances like these you can defeat anybody
If you ever visit Varna, Bulgaria, especially if you are polish, please visit the burial tomb of King Vladislav Varnenchik , beatifully arranged with museum, refreshments, guided tours and locals' respect & gratitude to a brave warrior King and defender of Chritianity !
@@abdelkaderboucheloui8205you do not need to know him, better know Mustafa Kemal Pasha's monumental legacy to establish modern Turkish Republic and to separate Islam from state affairs !
Bulgaristan gecmistede ulke degildi simdide degil. Avrupanin turklere karsi kullandigi tampon bolgedir. Dogru vakti geldiginde 2 gunluk isi vardir. Ayni sekilde yunanistanda oyledir, ermenistanda oyledir. Bunlari sizlerde iyi biliyorsunuz. Turkler ile savasmak yerine arkadas olmaniz daha faydali olacaktir. Unutmayin ki tarih tekrardan ibarettir. Yuzyillar boyunca dilinize ve dininize karismadan turk bayragi altinda yasadiniz. Fakat bizim en gucsuz zamanimizda bizi vurdunuz! Elinize ne gecti? Bugun halen sefil haldesiniz. Biz bunlari unutmayiz ama kafayada takmayiz. Zamani gelir geregi yapilir.
@@basntribunu1107 Huniady...Iancu de Hunedoara was Romanian born in Vlahia. He was friend( for a while) with your worst nightmare( Vlad the Impaler) father. He defeted the Turks at Belgrade battle
@@patriotalbanian3205 😂😂..Kastrioti lost the waf with the Ottomans and Albanian not only lisy their countru but most of tge converted to Islam. Where is the brave Shiptar bre? . Only you and some poor Serbo Croat oeadants acceoted Islam. Why? Kastrioti was Christian
It is called the Crusader army and the Crusader army, but it was actually the army of Hungary, which was joined by the vassals' troops and there were also mercenaries. In addition, about 500 Polish knights took part in the battle, they were II. Ulaszló's bodyguard. But it is frivolous to call this army a crusader army, neither Western Europe nor the papacy provided substantial help to Hungary in the fight against the Turks.
@FreeMan-ev3jh ქართველმა მეფემ დავით აღმაშენებელმა 1121 წელს სისხლში აბანავა 46 ათასიანი ჯარით 400 000 თურქ სელჯუკები ეს ბრძოლა იყო დიდგორის ომად ცნობილი ასევე თამარ მეფემ დაამარცხა ბასიანში
The battle was winnable, or would have ended in a stalemate if command had depended only on Hunyadi. Turkish expansion could have been halted. Constantinople could have survived a little longer, and the personal union of the Hungarian and Polish kingdoms could have been strengthened. Unfortunately, the bravado of the young king ended in disaster. The Jagiellonian dynasty didn't bring fortune to Hungary.
One of the neighborhoods in Varna close to where the battle was fought is called Vladislavovo named after the king that lost his life here. There's also a museum dedicated to the battle. This battle is thought in schools and I was always fascinated by it.
Başı kesildi ve yaptığı anlaşmaya ihanet ettiği için bir tarafa yapılan anlaşmanın nüshası karşısına gelecek şekilde kellesi mızraklara geçirildi. Biz türkler sözümüz senettir ihaneti cezasız komayız.
@@gyozopHungarians actuelly also a Turkish race .. Huns name hungarian aka hun s .. But they become Christians before Islam came.. And also the war mohac the magnificent Sulaiman win it so easily..
@@KehKah-en1xp Yes we are Huns and Turkic. We like Turcs, but we had to fight the Ottomans they were not invited. Did you learn about the second battle of Mohacs, the final defeat of Turkey in Hungary? It was a long war and even Suleiman himself did not survive his next visit to Hungary.
Great video & history lesson! I will continue to support your channel and videos. I learned a little on the subject but this helped me tremendously. Great quality video and details, I love the narration and political background also. Great work my friend
Can you present a story about the leader Khalid bin Al-Walid, who destroyed the Persian and Roman Empire with a small number of Arab Bedouins? How much can be presented about how Spain and parts of Europe were controlled in Kharoub al-Mansur, how wonderful it would be
Çantada falan değildi, TAKTİK OLARAK türkler geri çekildi, DAĞILMIŞ görüntüsü verip tuzağa çektiler kralı , ODA YEDİ .SALDIRDI VE SONU GELDİ.olan BUDUR.
A very fascinating video. The Battle of Varna was not the last crusade, more accurately the Battle of Vienna, in 1683, was when the crusader army led by Poland's Jan Sobieski smashed the Ottomans outside Vienna. After this the Ottomans suffered defeat after defeat to the Austro Empire army under Eugene of Savoy., their final defeat at Belgrade
Their final defeat ? The Ottomans took Belgrade 20 years later back and the last war between the Ottomans and Austrian Empire was in 1787-1791 which ended inconclusive
In stories circulating among Polish families that I personally heard in the 1970s, the King of Poland survived the battle thanks to his personal knight guard. They grabbed him sitting on the horse by both hands and took him by force towards the forests where fog (dust?) was spreading. The story says that he lived in today's "Italy" where he married and fathered a son. This son liked to travel and, thanks to his birth, he received help from the kings of Europe in forming a squadron of ships. Legend has it that it was Christopher Columbus, who is considered the discoverer of America. This became famous not to long ago when a group of Western European scientists tried to prove that the traveler was really the son of the king of Poland from the Jagiello family. An important fact is that for unknown reasons, at that time unexpectedly appears as the wife of King Sigismund I the Old of Poland Princess Bona Sforza. This is associated with the probable intercession of the family of the Polish "King of Varna".
C'est aussi le cas, du'e bataille Byeantine seljoukide, 'empereur byzantin avait une garde personnelle de viking, ils l'ont sorti de la ils faisaient tous plus de 2 00m avec des hachés de 1.50cm
The Macedonian song and lenguige in the background is an interesting element. Macedonian folklor, culture, music... is most probably the oldest and definitely the most amazing, pretty, inspiring, creative... on the European continent. By many the sunny Macedonia was and is the most beautiful place, land in Europe. Maybe that is the reason for all the creations Macedonians produced in its long history. 👍... 🇲🇰
The hubris from a young King, unfortunately Kind Don Sebastião, 24 years old, from Portugal met his end in 1578 at Alcácer Quibir in a similar fashion, he charged the enemy head on with the brunt of the cavalry and disappeared.. some say he was killed, others say he was taken prisoner, but the ultimate result was the end of the Portuguese Army and the subsequent invasion by Spain in 1580 and 60 years of Spanish rule over Portugal.
Vladislaw pulled of typickal polish ruler move leading crusade himself, and died without having heir. Personal union of Poland Bohemia and Hungary gone to hell, Hungary ended up with austia, Poland ended up in commonwealth with Lithuania while in return polish-lithuanian nobility got absolute control over the king, leading to king not being able to even raise his armies to defend country without giving more land and privilages to nobles. Eventualy this lead to commonwealth being sold by nobility during first partition. Honestly this is just tipical for poland, trying to help someone and regretting it for rest of our life.
As the Sultan said to the Europeans at the gate of Vienna, I swear we did not come to kill you, our cause is not a dry cause of world domination, our cause is to save you from hell, to tell you the truth!
As usual, the Westerners increased the numbers of the Turks and reduced their own numbers by half. In history, you were always more numerous than the Turkish army and you lost every major war.
If Europe says okay, Turkey will not enter. POLITICS, Turkey, Anatolian lands are very rich, there is no fair sharing, that is why there is a problem in some parts, if there is fair management and distribution, Turkey would be in the top five in economy.
The recent versions of the Total War Engine have gotten much better. If you have the PC horsepower (as Aditu Lauds apparently has) you can make some really cinematographic views. Good job. Subscribed.
King Władysław III does hold a small symbolic empty tomb on the Varna battlefield. And in according to the Portugese legend about him he is buried in the church of Madalena do Mar in Madeira. And i think that even if the crusaders had beat Sultan Murad II it wouldn’t have made a huge difference actually. Constantinople would have just fallen a little bit later and that would be it.
As a Pole, that battle changed a lot for my country, Wladyslaw was meant to be great, united crowns of Hungary and Poland at that time, with husites also wanting him as a king, Wladislaus, Dei gracia rex Polonie, Hungarie, Dalmacie, Croacie, Rascie, Bulgarie, Sclavonie, nec non terrarum Cracovie, Sandomirie, Lancicie, Syradie, Cuyavie, Lythuanie princeps suppremus, Pomeranie, Russieque dominus et heres etc.... The man was destined to be someone, even after his death there is a legend he fled to Portugal, became Henrique Alemao, and was father of Columbus :) (but thats not history, just legend)
As a Swede, I still find his fall, spurred on by youthful recklessness, bitter, considering what part it likely played in the ensuing setbacks for Christendom.
Moreover, after Władysław's death, his brother Kazimierz took power in the Kingdom of Poland, and by being contemptuous of the new ruler of Hungary, Matthias Corvinus, he spoiled Polish-Hungarian relations. The conflict revolved around the Czech crown. The Habsburgs benefited the most from this. The Jagiellonian dynasty was a weak dynasty. Only its progenitor, Władysław Jagiełło, had a talent for politics and intrigue, as well as diplomatic and military skills.
@@somerandomvertebrate9262 I'm Polish, but I agree with You. The greatest hero of this story is János Hunyady The young king's bravado determined not only his own death, but also the fate of Europe.
Our ancestors fought many wars against each other, sometimes we won, sometimes we lost.. Of course there was a certain purpose with all of them, mostly greed for wealth, some left this world first, some later, but the world was not left to anyone, the winners, the losers… Wars and time showed us that we should respect those who are not like you and remember them well, may the good ones from both sides find peace where they rest.
THANKS for this incredibly good material! This date (1444), this battle (with several others of course), contributed to the mentality of my nation (Poland) and is somehow present in our national way of thinking even still TODAY! And even if most of the Poles are well aware the bloody outcome (NOT every nation has a King that died on the battlefield…), they often ignore the details. BIG Thanks again!
Murad 2 qui était à varna est également mort dans une bataille Qu il a gagner, (Kosovo) il donna de l'eau à un ennemi blesser qui la poignardé , Bajazed est capture puis mort après la bataille d Ankara1402, contre tamerlan tu te trompe beaucoup de souverain sont mort sur le champ de bataille
@@oguz74000 Je n'ai pas dit que ça n'existait pas, juste que ce n'était pas fréquent. Je connais d'autres exemples, mais pas de dizaines (pour prendre l'exemple de la France : je connais un roi de France fait prisonnier - Jean II à Poitiers - mais comme ça, de tête, je ne vois pas d'exemple de roi de France mort en bataille, mais je ne connais pas tout, je ne connaissais pas l'histoire de Murad II, c'est terrible d'aider un ennemi et de se faire poignarder !!!).
...совсем скоро опять мир преклониться перед доблестными тюрками , армией Аллаха .....когда Аллах гневается на безч нствующих он отправляет свою армию наказывать обезумевшие народы пустившиеся в порок и скверну..
Ni židovi, ni kršćani, neće biti tobom zadovoljni sve dok ne budeš slijedio vjeru njihovu. Reci: "Allahov put je jedini pravi put!" A ako bi se ti poveo za željama njihovim, nakon znanja koje si dobio, od Allaha te niko ne bi mogao zaštititi, niti pomoći.
King of Poland and Hungary, Vladislav III was only 20 years old in 1444. Most probably he wasn't killed during the battle. Head on the spike was blonde while the king was certainly a black-haired man. His body was never found which is very shocking. Ransom for body of dead king would be huge and Turks could earn a lot of gold and silver. Vladislav III spent rest of his life in Portuguese island of Madeira. He was widely known as Henrique Alemao ( Henry, the German ) which was very common in Portugal in XV century; all people east of Rhine and north of Danube were called Germans. There is a document from 1457 confirming his ownership of land in the valley of St. Magdalene. Most important is the letter from 1452 ( or from 1472 ) from monk Nicolaus Floris to great master of Teutonic Knights, Ludwig von Erlichshausen. Floris writes about 'Ladislaus Rex Poloniae et Hungarie vivis in sulisulis regnum Portugalie'. Letter is genuine. It was kept for centuries in archives in Konigsberg but now can be seen in Gottingen in Germany. Henrique Alemao spoke fluent Polish and was recognized by some Polish monks during their visit to Madeira. According to some recent documents, he might have been the true father of Christopher Columbus. Resemblance of their faces is striking.
