As an old guy who was around before Sputnik, and who watched the moon landing, the progressive improvement within the techniques and equipment used by astronomers continues to amaze me. I've always been a huge science fiction fan, and, every year, more and more of what I've read in the past is no longer fiction.
@@DrBecky Correction: there's no substitute for having a real astrophysicist, who can translate astrophysics into English, explain astrophysics. People inside the science community used to criticize Carl Sagan because he explained highly technical material in English, sometimes through analogies, and all analogies are flawed. But science depends on public enthusiasm for its survival. His and your functions are vital to the very existence of science. Thank you for what you do.
It's such a treat to have a black hole expert explaining what we are seeing in that image, and also to see the enthusiasm when the image was released. What a great time to live in :)
RU-vid has redeemed itself with this video alone. We now go back to your regularly scheduled nastiness, name calling and personal attacks! But not here.
@@MajesticGovernor This image powerfully says otherwise. There will be more. There will be more discoveries about black holes that will further render your position ridiculous, as it really is now. Black holes are inescapable reality, based on first-hand observation, just as hurricanes, unimaginable to those who have never been in them, are real. Just wait until the JWST and Gaia give us the stars, by name, orbiting the Milky Way's black hole and back up the information of the South American observatories, that they orbit a million Sun mass black hole. Sometimes you just have to surrender to reality. As Fred Hoyle, one of my personal astronomical heroes. What makes sense to you isn't necessarily what's happening.
@@انقلابءپاکستان She's an astrophycisist specializing in supermassive black holes, with peer reviewed publications on the subject. Yes, she's an expert.
For anyone interested, Netflix has the documentary Black Holes: The Edge of All We Know, which includes following the Event Horizon Telescope team leading up to the M87 image release. It is incredibly interesting.
A bit more dry, but CFA Colloquium (Centre for Astrophysics - Harvard-Smithsonian) YT channel has a number of lectures given by the EHT team, in addition to a lot of other Astrophysics based subjects and telescope projects.
yeah I've seen that also it features Stephen Hawking before he passed away he'd be so proud knowing that they was able to capture the milky ways black hole also
I am 100% going to watch this and nerd out on it. I love all things relating to anything beyond our planet's atmosphere. I was heavily into meteorology when I was a kid. I was that kid that sat in the school library reading about everything instead of playing during recess and lunch time lol. I built my first computer when I was 14. I fixed electronic equipment in the Navy and now I work in IT. I love all of this nerd stuff ^_^
Your videos are always the best I do receive a notification each time you post a new video.. We'll have regrets for things we did not participate in...Investment should always be on any creative man's heart for success in life.
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I can't disclose too much, but yea I've been using his strategy and through his guidance, I've been able to make approx. $31,208 in dividends on a monthly basis. Not as complicated as it's used to be.
I love how much "space stuff" is happening these days - hearing about all these massive collaborations of scientists from all over the world collaborating to create these technological marvels and explore the fundamental history of our Universe is such a needed break from everything else. Thanks for your great videos that help me to understand and appreciate these inspiring stories even more!
What happens when Plasma Physicists, Electrical Engineers, and Natural Philosophers come together: ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-J4NffTr_GMk.html ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-Dk2-lH9ewuA.html
Back when i was young my dad would explain and read universe in a nutshell to me, i spent so much time imaging seeing a blackhole up close. But this is incredible to even come this far at all, im flabbergasted. Love your show Dr Bekky keep up the amazing content
To describe what they did... I liken it to this: Imagine a digital camera hanging from a string, dangling to and fro, spinning, etc. Now imagine that the digital camera's sensor is mostly broken, having only a handful of functional pixels. What they did, was spend a very long time watching the few working pixels, while minding the orientation of the camera moving about, to try to accumulate a composite which approximates something like a very crude imitation of a photograph, while filming a moving target.
It's really exciting to read about all these amazing advances in our knowledge of the universe. I was born in 1941 and space travel was just fiction, as was our knowledge of the universe. I remember drawing what I thought a space ship should look like when I was still in junior school. The advances in all technology and knowledge in my 81 years are almost unbelievable and so exciting. I just want to keep going so I can see what we discover next. Hopefully Webb will amaze me with fantastic images from the beginning of time before my own time stops. And I just love the excitement in your presentation. No wonder you're exhausted.
I enjoy space and learning about it but I’m not smart enough to fully comprehend certain things. You simplify it and create comparisons that are easily understood. Thank you. You [space] rock!
Take a look at the latest video about this from Veritasium. Derek did a really good job explaining the image itself, and Becky completed with the science behind it and the implications. ❤
I love this comment and completely agree. Becky, Kyle Hill, Sci-show, and others are such a wonderful resource for those that love this kind of content but need a layman's version to really grasp it. I will be forever greatful for the day I discovered Because Science, my current obsession with how Science relates to my everyday word and my love of content like this can be tied directly back to that channel. Stay awesome Dr. Becky you rock!
@@DrBecky - Except we have no clue if this is in fact a black hole. All we have here is a low res blurry image of something, and people are trying to say that beyond a shadow of a doubt that this is a black hole. So could you take a minute and explain to me how you know exactly what this is beyond a shadow of a doubt? I mean the Earth has places we haven't seen and things we can't explain. We know even less about our own solar system. We know just about nothing, in the grand scheme of things, about our Galaxy, yet here we are knowing beyond a shadow of a doubt what this low res blurry image is? I mean come on now that's just ridiculous. People really need to stop speaking in a factual way about things they really can't prove. Astrophysicist are about the worst for doing this. They claim they can tell you exactly what life is like on a planet orbiting a star hundreds to thousands of light years away simply by the dip in luminosity of the star. Now don't get me wrong, I'm no flat Earth space denying bonehead, but you can't honest sit here and tell me that this is 100% beyond a shadow of a doubt a black hole. I mean if you can I really would love to hear it, and am genuinely interested. Though I'm putting my money on you not being able to guarantee me beyond a shadow of a doubt that this is in fact a black hole.
I love how passionate you are in this video. But also how easily digestible the video and information is for regular people like myself who are not so good with the whole space/physics thing. Thank you!
I think the best thing about this, by far, is new info about the evolution of the Milky Way. Thanks for touching on all these issues, beyond just the pretty picture, which it is. I'm old enough to remember when we didn't know what quasars were (thus, "quasi-stellar" objects), and their black holes were only theoretical sci-fi things. From viewing Sputnik in my backyard to Sgr A* and M87*, what a lucky lifespan I've had!
I made a similar comment yesterday on another channel, although I'm just a touch too young for Sputnik, as I was born a week after Tsar Bomba was detonated. My earliest memory is getting stuck with a diaper pin after jumping, second earliest memory, JFK getting shot. I can't even imagine what wonders my grandchildren will grow up witnessing!
As someone with two doctorates who has taught undergrads and grad students, I am very impressed by your clear and succinct delivery. Love this breakdown!
What a monumental achievement. Even when Messier 87 was photographed, many were thinking, "why don't we photograph our own supermassive blackhole, it's much closer". Not understanding that not only is Sagittarius A a much smaller blackhole compared to Messier 87, but that our line of sight to Sagittarius A is on the same plane as the galaxy itself, making it incredibly hard to parse it from the ambience created by light and obstructions from the Milky Way itself. Remarkable, the things humans have achieved.
Finally, someone throws some light on this black hole. An analysis of its orientation and what it might tell us about our galaxy's past. Now it's not just a blur. Thank you.
Dr Becky, just found your channel and having seen so many great science commentators I’ve had my expectations set quite high. Love the way you explain stuff so clearly and understandably, the way you add your own personality and humour to it, truly a breath of fresh air. Earned my sub easily, thanks for the awesome content!
when I was a child they were entirely theoretical, almost science fiction. Now - we take pictures of them... 30 years ago we found the first exoplanet - very soon we will have direct images of them... It absolutely blows my mind. Meanwhile tanks are still blowing people to bits in parts of Europe. Scientista AMAZING. Politicians - total crap.
Great video once again, looks like you have a huge team putting together the best video demonstrations. Love all the possibilities you dig up and cover!
Dr. Becky. Your enthusiasm for your field of study is truly amazing. It reflects in your videos, and I thank you. I have always had an interest in "what's out there", and you never disappoint with new information. Thank you very much.
@Real Aiglon MDs don't have nearly the level of education as a Ph.D., either. To earn a Ph.D., one has to do original basic research, write up all the data and findings in a thesis that provides a theory that explains it all, and then defend that thesis before a board of Ph.D.s with expertise in that topic. Medical doctors are highly educated. Ph.D.s discover facts that act as the basis of education. (See how easy it is to copy and paste?)
Question: While the Webb telescope can't resolve to the size of the Milky Way's SMBH, will a study of the surrounding stars and gases provide more data to help improve the computer models being used to fill the gaps in the Event Horizon Telescope? I would LOVE to see all of these bits of scientific equipment working together to expand our understanding.
I love your explanations of these things, you do such a good job communicating these very complex concepts without totally dumbing them down! It's kind of blowing my mind imagining all of that matter moving close to the speed of light in such a tight orbit.
I have always wanted to lean into this information, but Becky does so perfectly. Thanks for helping me understand in a way that makes this topic more interesting than any other person I have ever heard. The 3 blobs of orange gas / high energy seems like a very important "thingy" in the universe.
Hey Dr Becky! Great video as always. I watched the NSF livestream by the EHT team presenters and I was really fascinated by the discussion of the statistical models developed by the time to try and interpret and interpolate -what is happening- with Sgr A*, building models based on variations in magnetic field, spin, etc, and how they narrowed that down to what we think is happening in the case of this object. I'm really excited for what this is going to tell us about more quiescent supermassive black holes that aren't AGN, how they evolve, behave etc. Combining this knowledge with what we're going to learn from LIGO for smaller, stellar mass black holes should really be interesting. It's really exciting stuff. I STILL can't believe they achieved this. Stunning!
You feel sorry for people that are skeptical of the claims being provided without any factual evidence or proof? How does one actually validate the claim that this image is actually a black hole to begin with? One can easily reproduce such an image in photoshop that it leaves very little confidence in the claim that this is an image of a black hole to begin with.
@@zefferss Just don't reproduce! Have you ever thought of the one burning question to all of this nonsense you spout? Why? Why would they make something like this up? Why has science proven beyond ALL reasonable doubt we live on a globe? Of course all science is wrong and you bunch of Dunning Kruger fools are right though I guess?
The last 20 years have been absolutely amazing in terms of astronomical discovery. I really couldn't be any happier. My last wish is to verify the existence of extraterrestrial life.
Hopefully we will discover it directly on Mars because all other sources are much too far away to actually recover and examine a real probe directly in our hands here on earth. And only this would be „real proof“ I think.
You are absolutely brilliant Dr. Becky. This was a first class college level lecture you put on here for us. I feel like I need to start paying tuition for all the information you provide.
@Real Aiglon MDs don't have nearly the level of education as a Ph.D., either. To earn a Ph.D., one has to do original basic research, write up all the data and findings in a thesis that provides a theory that explains it all, and then defend that thesis before a board of Ph.D.s with expertise in that topic. Medical doctors are highly educated. Ph.D.s discover facts that act as the basis of education.
Dr Becky, thanks for those explanations. For me, why the two images were both roughly circular was pretty perplexing given my limited understanding. It's extraordinary to me that we can actually see those strange visual effects near the black hole. Also I had no idea that the rotation of a supermassive black hole can be completely different from its host spiral galaxy. Seems we have a lot to learn about our own galaxy.
@@CJDAM MDs don't have nearly the level of education as a Ph.D., either. To earn a Ph.D., one has to do original basic research, write up all the data and findings in a thesis that provides a theory that explains it all, and then defend that thesis before a board of Ph.D.s with expertise in that topic. Medical doctors are highly educated. Ph.D.s discover facts that act as the *basis* of education.
So I've been watching your videos for a year or so, I love how hoe you explain Astro-physics to the layperson. You always seem too excited to do so. In this episode, you are clearly very excited about the material, to the point that you are so engaged, that your simile that rides up your cheekbones explodes into your eyes and for the first time I realized how blue they are. It is always great seeing someone enjoy their work, it is even better watching someone teach their work, and to do so in a "You just have to see this" kind of way. Watching you, especially when you are excited like this, is always a joy, especially on a dark, dreary, rainy day (I'm in the states, not London ;)) is a great way to end my night. Thank you, Dr. Segan I am sure smiles down at you, with Fred Rogers by his side saying "yes there are people that carry the torch". Cosmos 3 should be yours.
I hadn't realized that M87 event horizon is so brain-breakingly enormous until I watched this. That monster must mass as much as a small galaxy in its own right!
We know galaxies in our own neighborhood that don't have the mass of Sagittarius A*. The Milky Way has at least 63 smaller satellite galaxies orbiting it. Some, like the Small and Large Magellanic clouds, can be seen with the naked eye. Most are beyond the ability of even large amateur telescopes to see because they are so small and sparse. Look for ESA's Gaia space telescope to find more of these.
@@guynorth3277 Yes, the Virgo Cluster is full of gigantic elliptical galaxies, each of which should probably contain a monster black hole on the level of M87's behemoth.
@@guynorth3277 I'm usually pretty comfortable with the idea that some things are just ridiculously out of reach of even my decent sense of scale but that is just... well, to quote from an MTG flavor text "No, bigger than that. It was BIG". I mean, it's bigger than the combined mass of the two that gave us that nice LIGO signal, that released something like 30 solar masses of energy when they collided, which is a number I already can't comprehend.
For sure they could already release an equivalent image of Sag A* using the same interferometric models they used for M87* if they wanted to, but I think it's reasonable to presume that the increased motion blur of Sag A* versus M87* makes the resulting image substantially underwhelming or else they'd already have released such an image. The fact that they haven't yet is good reason to expect that they're still working to improve their models. One weird thing about radio interferometry is that you can spend 3 weeks collecting data from your telescopes and then a whole year analyzing and figuring out how to actually produce something useful out of that data. Using the Event Horizon Telescope is a bit like looking through a pair of dirty spectacles with about 6 clean spots you can see through and turning your head in all directions and then trying to make sense of the limited glimpses you saw through your 6 clean spots.
Absolutely outstanding (as always)! An extremely informative video involving stuff I absolutely love hearing about. Hosted by an absolutely wonderfully intelligent young lady. The fact that I love watching her talk about the awesome graphic representations and really enjoy it, is definitely not because of the detail or easy to understand diagrams, because she's just FUN to watch!! Talk about anything it would probably still be a great video.
Throughout this you mention "the" axis of spin of the black hole. Does that just refer to the spin of the accretion disk? I have heard that black holes can spin, if so does the accretion disk have to spin on the same axis, or can the black hole be spinning on a completely different axis?
One thing that I find most attractive about you as a person is how "normal" you are. You are not some "Know it all" scientist talking down to us plebs with indifferent smugness. You tell us what you know and what your ideas are as if we are equal in intelligence and experience to yourself. You are genuinely interested and excited about your subject matter and as a result, that enthusiasm flows out of the screen and engages us, making us feel that we want to know more. What I'm saying is that you do this presenting so well that someone at one of the big science programs on Television should snap you up as apresenter ASAP, as you would make a great asset to science broadcasting.
DR Becky, I do not understand most of what you say, not your fault, just me being dense. I find your voice very comforting & soothing and tend to watch and listen late at night when I’m struggling to drop off, your voice and subject matter does the trick. No insult intended. Thank you , really enjoyable.
I have 2 questions; 1st would there be any bias in the algorithm that was created to capture that image? Means it's biased towards choosing the pattern that we think a black hole would look like, so it ends up coming up with such pattern. 2nd: the plasma orbiting the black hole, which it's 2D, why it's not orbiting 360
@@matttzzz2 There is bias selected to reflect the character of the data we've received. This is basically a statistical map, like that of an electron cloud around an atom. It even looks very similar! There is another phenomenon that is 3D but images in a 2D manner like Sagittarius A* and that is a planetary nebula. This happens when a star, which has been fusing hydrogen lacks enough hydrogen above the fusion shell to sustain hydrogen. However, the helium inside the fusion shell has enough mass to fuse helium. Or perhaps the hydrogen shell is still fusing but the helium core "ignites." That's a Dr Becky clarification waiting to happen. The fusion of helium is so much more energetic than hydrogen that its energy blows the remaining hydrogen shell off the star into space, causing a shell, modified by the magnetic field lines of the star. This, except at the poles, is a sphere of gas around the star, but if we're looking from the direction of its ecliptic, from the side, we see a ring of bright material around the star. We don't see the material on our side of the nebula. That's because we look through a lot more gas when looking at the edges than we do looking straight on. It naturally looks MUCH brighter there, making what appears to be a 2D ring, even though what's really happening is a 3D shell, just like on Sagittarius A*. Google search for M57, the Ring Nebula, for a perfect example.
Spinning stuff tends to form disks not spheres. This is why the galaxy and our solar system are flat too. Basically if things start orbiting at different angles they will collide and interact until only their net angular momentum remains and you get a disk shape.
@@englishmuffinpizzas That doesn't seem to be the case. In planetary moons, gas giants tend to have a small collection of inner moons that orbit in the plane of the planet's equator. But outside of that there is a spheroidal arrangement of moons orbiting at random inclinations: hundreds sometimes. These are also mixed between prograde and retrograde orbits. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are all characterized that way with many dozens of moons orbiting at different angles and directions. Galaxies seem to be similar, and Dr Becky could clarify. The younger galaxies seem to be spirals, and they tend to remain spirals even after gobbling smaller galaxies, as the Milky Way did after assimilating Gaia Enceladus 3 billion years or so ago. But the really monster galaxies, like M86 and M87 are all elliptical galaxies with stars orbiting the nucleus in all directions, producing, as a whole, a spherical cloud of moons. Galactic star clusters also tend to be globular when they are in high inclination, randomly oriented orbits outside the main disk of the galaxy. So regardless of scale, small associations seem to sort out in disks. Over a certain threshold, we see a globular arrangement with random inclinations and orbital directions.
@@RockinRobbins13 The key link you're missing is that we can only see the accretion disk because it's hot from collisions between objects/particles orbiting the black hole. (It's not actually thermal emission at the observed frequencies, I think the matter is a plasma and we see the free electrons interacting with a magnetic field, but the point is it needs to be hot.) So while there probably is a spherical shell of matter around the black hole further out, the only stuff we can see is the stuff which is close enough to be dominated by the exact kinds of collisions and interactions that tend to form disks out of spinning clumps of matter. Any matter in a spherical shell would necessarily be cold and therefore not emit much light.
There are actually plans to set up a new radio telescope here in Namibia, where I live. It will be called the African Millimetre Telescope. It was an old telescope that was in Chile before and that is currently being sent to Europe for refurbishment and improvement and will hopefully be installed in the next three to four years or so, near or on the H.E.S.S site (a high energy gamma ray telescope). The plan is to also add this radio telescope to the EHT to be able to have a better resolution by essentially having more data points on this telescope that is as big as the Earth (and also add the first telescope in Africa to the EHT). It's a really cool project that my university is actually involved in so I'm really exited to see it done.
haloo, Dr Becky! i, too, am an old guy, around before the space age. have always been fascinated by the mysteries of our universe. so much of the info available is couched in language that's hard for an old fart like me to understand. it's refreshing to watch a brilliant, lovely, young lady explain these wonders in a way oldy moldies like me can grasp. THANK YOU, Dr B! been watching sporadically for some time, now it's time to subscribe. should have, fom the get-go!
Thank you for explaining so much so well to me, I now have a sort of understanding thanks to you ☺️ One Question though, if the black hole decided to spew out gasses at its poles, would we be able to see them, if the angle is at 30*
I know why the picture is so orange. This was the color scheme the Research Institute at Garching near Munich in Germany had chosen more than a decade ago to picture the energy of stuff around neutron stars and black holes. And from there, it somehow became an informal standard. Maybe, it's because it conjures up the idea of a warm glowing, open fire we all gather around and have good times. I don't know.
From the Galilean Moons to this amazing discovery, is so beautiful what humanity can do in the name of science and our ability to go beyond our imagination to prove what is true. Like Mr. Sagan once said: "Somewhere, something incredible is waiting to be known" 🌌
Hi, thank you so much for the work. Here is one question I am curious to learn. If _nothing_ can escape a blackhole including light, why do we see jets coming off from black holes? Do such jets originate from the vicinity of blackholes and are not materially connected?
Good question, Andrew. The material we see jetting away from black holes never crosses the Event Horizon; they are particles that are interacting with the magnetic field of the Black Hole and being supercharged and ejected away at a significant fraction the speed of light. They originate from within the accretion disk of the Black Hole, but not the direct singularity itself
I particularly like the discussion at 11:30 "What angle are we seeing this from?" Dr. Becky provides so much information in that segment that I need to watch it several more times. Our solar system is inclined 60 degrees from the "plane" of the Milky Way disk, and the Earth is inclined 23.5 degrees from the orbital plane. Lots of fascinating geometry.
I was actually surprised that they were so small. I mean, ours at the center of our universe is so much smaller than our sun, which isn't a particularly large or special star
Also a question, does SgrA* have axial precession? could the fermi bubbles shape be due to the jets moving in a cone shape as the axis of rotation changes relative to the galaxy?
It seems to be a likely explanation. As the Sgr A* black hole spins like a spinning top toy with axial precession, its jets during more active feeding phases would wobble and blow out matter into shapes like the Fermi bubbles.
I must have watched 10 or more videos explaining the black hole images and yours is by far the best explanation I found! Thanks Dr. Becky for a perfect and simple enough explanation!
Beyond being an unbelievable feat to capture an image of our galaxy's B-hole, I'm curious what scientists will learn/have learned from this image that wasn't known previously about black holes and/or the Milky Way's black hole?
In Science nothing is known until you actually see it and have real data from experiments. Before this picture it was partly only theory even though this theory now proves to be much more likely to be right or „known“. That’s the difference.
Question for you: Has the "blob" in the 5 o'clock position been ruled out as a emission jet (I think that is the correct term)? I guess to me the image has this appearance to it, as that particular "blob" looks like it has some sort of gas emission coming out of it on the close side and the rear side ( if thought of in three dimensions). Not sure if that is it or I am just not seeing the image correctly.
I haven't watched the video yet, but in the simulations, the bright spots are just random parts of the gas cloud that light up when they spin around the black hole
Humanity is incredible isn't it - being able to pull this off - unimaginable. My god have to ignited my brain today with this explanation - my mind is humming right now lol.
It's not human, it's AI. That means we can never know how this image was produced. We must just believe it represents something and then pretend we know enough to explain why the bumps are where they are. It's a faith based system. We should have stuck with saying "God" , it made as much sense.
@@tuberroot1112 except that's not how AI works. We may not have precise control over the algorithm, but we know the system being used to generate a model and we know that the model is predictable, at least up to some fairly measurable limit, which is really what science is all about anyway. The fact that we can't name every turtle doesn't keep us from drawing the conclusion that it's turtles all the way down.
Your reaction to this was exactly the opposite of mine. I watched this and was like "wait, a black hole that takes a week to circumnavigate AT ALMOST THE SPEED OF LIGHT?!? Yeah. That made me feel very small and insignificant. That's so big that, even if you count all the rotating and moving through the galaxy that we are all doing it would take more than a lifetime for the fastest human made object (well, the fastest one bigger than a few molecules at least) to get around that distance. I know, I know, it's not exactly a trip to Proxima Centauri but that's still ridiculously huge, especially when realizing that it's by definition the most mass you could pack in that space. It's got more mass than some galaxies!
I wonder if there are plans to utilise the JWST to increase the resolution of the EHT. It would effectively increase the EHT from Earth size to a telescope as big as the Earth - Moon distance.
Are there any plausible electromagnetic/gravitational interactions between the two that would tend to align the spin axis of a supermassive black hole with its galaxy over time?
Black holes are electrically neutral and don't have magnetic fields as far as I know. And you can't apply torque with gravity alone. Maybe the accretion disk can change orientation, but not the black hole itself. It preserves the angular momentum (including direction) of whatever was that formed it.
The chage of the Black Hole will be essentially zero, perhaps, the accretion disk will heat to become a plasma (mostly electrons and protons) because of mass differential it may be that that protons are more likely to cross the swartzchild radius, in which case it could have an inate magnetic field. In any event the plasma itself may have a manetic field. It's possible that the event horizon may not be exactly spherical, if spin is sufficient, it may be more of an oblate sphereoid. My knowlege of General Relativity is not great, so I may be wrong.
@@leogama3422 While it is expected the black hole should through charge imbalances quickly equalize out The spin axis of a black hole does however interact with its environment via frame dragging and the ergosphere which does mean there is a real opportunity for angular momentum exchange via electromagnetic interactions at least while material is infalling onto the black hole. This would likely mainly result in the interchange of angular momentum with infalling material from the galaxy and the supermassive black hole which given enough time might be expected to average out their spin values but I suspect that this process may take too long for it to be observationally relevant given the current age of the universe. As for an interesting if somewhat more speculative idea I have heard about it is possible that the decoupling of the electroweak force may have caused magnetic monopoles to collapse into seed black holes (i.e. fall behind an event horizon) in the dense hot Early universe which could in principal be an avenue to lead to supermassive black holes forming early on and seeding galaxies etc. If this was the case it could result in supermassive black holes that didn't collide enough to cancel out magnetic antipoles exactly inheriting that unbalanced magnetic monopole especially if this interaction was also subject to matter antimatter asymmetry in which case you might have a net *magnetic* charge for such supermassive black holes. This is a pretty big stretch but the possibility can't be ruled out and accumulated magnetic charges from monopoles might result in weird effects.
I am jealous of the enthusiasm you radiate when talking about these latest discoveries in your field of Astrophysics...its a pleasure to see someone who enjtoys their job as much as you do....its not work,i f you LOVE what your doing...keep up your enthusiasm and thanks for sharing it with us(the ignorant public! ) lol
In the footage of stars orbiting the black hole, there are sometimes bursts of light coming from the accretion disk, probably some matter seeing its final hours. Was the picture of the black hole by the EHT taken during a period of high intensity of the accretion disk ? Or low ? Would it affect our ability to resolve details ?
Hello! I am 12 years old. I am from Turkey I want to be a astrophysicist, and you are inspiring person I hope oneday I will be a astrophysicist ,thank you
Great video. Just one thing I noticed. At 1:35 in the video, the graphic shows that the event horizon is about the same size as Mercury’s orbit, but at 4:55, the graphic shows Mercury’s orbit is the same size as the outer edge of the accretion disk. Which is correct?
I wondered that too. Wikipedia gives the semimajor axis of Mercury as 58e9 meters (so 116e9 m diameter), and some random googled source gives the mass of Sag A* as 4e6 solar masses and then we can use the Schwarzschild Metric to find that the event horizon diameter of such a spherical body should be 24e9 meters. Hmm that didn't give a result I was expecting. Ok 24e9 is only off from 116e9 by a factor of four, and then there's the inner-most-stable-orbit to consider plus I guess a bit more radius before we starting seeing the accretion disk radiating at this 1.3 mm wavelength or perhaps not, but I expected closer agreement than a factor of four. What's gone wrong here?
the schwarzschild radius is considerably smaller (IMHO 2-3 times) than the black portion of the picture. so your math fits. the schwarzschild radius times two is the diameter and times another two fits very well to the diameter of the black part of the image. So 1:35 is correct but does not show the event horizon (schwarzschild radius) but the inner border of the accretion disc.
Very dificult to measure optical imagery with such celestial beast. Many also never realize, that oddly Saturn-form drawing animating from that thick Accretion disc above and below the bitch black *Gravity Storm* (black hole) corona sphere, is light being *yeet* all the way on the oppisit side of the accretion flat ring behind it, as both top and bottom of the ring, optical rays omniting from the shredded solar magma flesh in almost 90° degree around the dark sphere, directly twards the telescope path spectaring it, *Gravity Storms* have over 23+ geomagnetic directional magnito flow, versus a solar systrms of mere 8, or a planet like Saturn or Jupitor, merely 6. Earth has about 4, *loop* (maginto solar shield), *Spin* (grav torrk),*yeet* (parabolic orbit render) & *Lure* (Alberts' E=... fall-into-gravity-theory)
here's a question: do we have any sense of how many photons were collected for this image? Or more generally, how much raw data from the radio telescopes went into it?
As a smart ass answer since I've no idea how that would even be measured, I'd say it would be more than a million photons collected over several hours.
According to a recent ESO interview with the EHT team researchers, the sheer volume of EHT data already totaled 5 petabytes in 2017 and has grown even more since then.
If you are refering photon as visible Here dr becky as already said optical telescope is almost useless here because huge dust and gas clouds blocked optical light. So here radio telescope are used actually radio doesn't work like normal optical telescope like you just put your eye into eye piece you got a view. In radio telescope radio signals are collected by the dish antenna, these are extremely big antennas. Results are actually just numbers, these numbers are then proceed and plotted on graphs and on it's analogy which collectively give you false pic. Where data is concerned, it generated several building of data center having tons of petabytes which even super computers process it in a days or weeks roughly
you asked for more questions. Here is mine; If we can use the gravity of a planet to "slingshot" one of our man made objects further and faster it seems reasonable to expect we could use a black hole for the same purpose. Would such a boost be way stronger than a planet boost? It sounded like a good idea to me until I started thinking that our craft would have to be already going very fast to avoid just curving into the hole. Or, our craft would have to be far enough away that it would not get sucked in. That kind of distance probably affects the power of our slingshot.
absolutely, the ergospheres of black holes have muuuuch more energy than the ergospheres around spinning stars, accordung to penrose you could harvest "infinite" energy out of a black hole's ergosphere while using lazers
Q: Isn't the inner "void" actually larger than the event horizon, that is, the edge of the last stable photon orbit? If I remember correctly the edge of possible light above a stable photon orbit due to the deformation of spacetime is somewhere around 2.6 r of the event horizon, everything within that radius will eventually spiral into the event horizon. Furthermore, do we see the gravitational "bent" photons of the accretion disk behind the black hole since the "light" behind will also be gravitationally bent towards the observer?
You can check the video by veritasium. He made a new one but for the explanation of the image, he includes the video he made for the m87 black hole. That is the best explanation I have seen
Is there actually a singularity of infinite gravity and mass at the center of a black hole? Personally I don't think so. I think there's no physical infinite anything there, it's just a mathematical singularity. Our math is so primitive it can't describe what's actually there. And because physics is dependent on math , physics can't explain what's really there at the 'singularity' .
@gregory gant yes there is a singularity but it is smeared across space from our perspective. Thats a sloppy way of saying the gravity well around objects like planets has a maximum steepness that is not steep at all then gently goes back to flat as you proceed below the surface of the planet until it is completely flat in the center. A black hole has a gravity well with vertical sides. Gravity wells are really sloppy ways of describing tensors, so at this point talking english instead of math has almost turned this into nonsense. Sorry about that, best I can do, I am not that great at describing stuff.
@@deltalima6703 Still not convinced that it's an infinite gravity , mass , singularity. Sure , there's something there , you can call it a 'singularity', but that's just a way of saying our science is so dumb and primitive , we don't know what's there, so we'll call it a 'singularity'.
The Fermi bubble anomaly is an interesting one, given the relatively recent timescale we believe the lobes formed over. Almost like bubbles are shaped by a galactic dipole rather than Sag A*'s.
Yeah this is most likely the case or more specifically I would bet it is the interaction between Sag A*'s outflows and the fields and material within the galactic center environment. After all the ionization of inflowing neutral material is going to induce a magnetic field of its own which is going to interact with existing magnetic fields in a likely highly complex manner much like the way the magnetospheres of the planets interact with the heliosphere of the Sun or the Heliosphere itself interacting with the local interstellar magnetic fields of the galaxy. It would also be interesting to see how the alignment of the accretion disk changes over time as there could very well be (and likely is) precession of the accretion disk on timescales of many thousands of years or longer.
Wonderful video and I appreciate the "blurry" image far more than I did previously! One question is how much smaller is the actual singularity object than the accretion disc? Would it be a teeny tiny spot in the middle, like when you see the actual source star of a planetary nebula, or would it be a decent size relative to the accretion disc?
You mention the human eyes doesn't see brightness intensity changes in grayscale very well so the images were given color to make such differences easier to detect. But the reason the images are re-colored based on orange in particular that you did not specify is because the human eye just happens to be more sensitive to orange than it is to *any other color.* This is why for instance hunting jackets are 'blaze' orange; human hunters see one another easily whereas deer eyes do not see orange distinctly from other colors (indeed they pretty much lack color vision altogether). Same reason Soviet cosmonaut spacesuits were orange in color as well; though that was useful only for spacewalks.
@@lyndsann3309 I had not thought of that but - whether you were serious or trying to make a joke - you are quite right. That is precisely the reason. It is he same basic reason prison outfits used to be striped a century ago; to make them unmistakable for anything else.
If this is inappropriate I really do apologize... those bloopers you roll in at the end of each video, you are so adorable, and I totally understood the context you used, " hot-pot", in. ☺ Thank you for sharing your knowledge and elaborations of the science, and the smile you put on my face. Cheers!
Thank you, Dr. Becky, for taking time to answer questions from us, the streamwatchers. Are the spin axes (axises?) of a black hole and its accretion disk necessarily aligned? Couldn't a black hole merger impart one spin direction to the massive body, while the infalling matter follows its own original orbit, or does frame dragging force all the spinning bits into conformity? 🌀⚫
Hey there, just confirming you are right, axes is the correct plural. The singular form is axis, with i, according to Britanica and Oxford dictionaries =)
Do we have plans to park sets of telescopes at the lagrange points, and how would that realistically impact the types of images we could obtain from them?
I really liked the part about the consequences of black hole size for motion blur, in retrospect it is so obvious, but I had not thought about it. Great video! :)
I draw gravity well maps for the Earth and other bodies. They show that objects get pulled in orbit around gravity wells. But they also push mass away from the center. Neat to see this confirmed by viewing black holes.
The image appears to have a triangular red tail on the upper left, darker than the other red "tails" as if it is moving from the upper left towards the lower right. Can that be?
Hello Dr. Becky! thanks for the beautiful explanation... there is one thing I just can't understand. Everybody talks about how the anomalous spin of Sagitarius A* relative to the Milky Way could be explained if it was formed by two different black holes coliding and merging together... The thing I can't understand is regarding the time it would take for an external observer (like us or any other object) to "live through" the merging of two black holes. To elaborate this train of thought, I understand that the closer you get to such a massive object, the slower your time becomes to an external observer, until time is "frozen" at the event horizon. If I remember accurately, Hawking described it as a sentient being falling into a black hole would experience all the time the universe has left in the fractions of a second before it finally touches the event horizon (of course after being destoyed by spagettification), as one second on its time-frame would mean hunderds of millions of years in the time-frame of the rest. Anyway.. following these arguments... wouldn't a black hole merging event take literally FOREVER? Thanks a lot!
Regarding the Fermi bubbles, it's difficult to understand a scenario where a massive spinning thing would burp in a spherical manner 🤔 isn't it more likely that the SMBH was already inclined and the outflow jets averaged and resolved into those bubbles? Awesome video as always Becky! Brady trained you well 😄
How would it look if we were looking from the distance of one of the stars orbiting closest around Sag A? There is this amazing description of how it might look in Ancestral Night by Elizabeth Bear, and I am wondering if it would be possible to to make a simulated image of the best guess? Also, if you had 50 James Webb telescopes orbiting the earth, couldn't you make a network image the same way they did here?
Yet another clear, informative and fascinating video. I also love the bloopers at the end (that’s what happens when your brain is too fast for your mouth to keep up with)
Your videos are simply delightful to watch, probably the best astrophysics vulgarisation I have ever seen. Could I ask for a big favour: when you mention very small or very large figures, when enumerating zeroes, of which one rapidly looses count, please could you also give the figure in scientific notation. Powers of 10 are way easier to grasp when one has a bit of scientific or engineering culture. Many many thanks in advance !
the introduction zoom is the greatest thing since red licorice and now i'm hungry but as a regular person, that is all i want in every astrophysics discussion.
