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The Real Star Wars

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Anti-Satellite weaponry, giant X-ray lasers and kinetic impact missiles nicknamed the “Rods from God.” Find out about the history of the real star wars that have been waged over the past 50 years. Get a one month trial of The Great Courses Plus at ow.ly/e5be30beNu3
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Previous Episode:
Solving the Impossible in Quantum Field Theory
• Solving the Impossible...
The decades directly following World War II were a time of optimism in many ways. Industrialization was finally improving quality of life for a lot of us, science was making incredible bounds, and our sights were set on the stars. It seemed to many that we were on a trajectory to a space-faring technological utopia. The United Federation of Planets was just around the corner. But the possibility of a much darker space age also loomed: one in which the space around the Earth became highly militarized, and in fact massively weaponized.
Written and Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Produced by Rusty Ward
Graphics by Kurt Ross
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Опубликовано:

25 авг 2024

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Комментарии : 702

@nikanj 7 лет назад

Sure people love Star Wars. But I think they missed a golden opportunity to call the project Ronald Ray-gun.

@ShumaiAxeman 7 лет назад

Myrmidon this doesn't have anywhere near enough likes hahahahaha

@agiar2000 7 лет назад

My favorite comment! XD

@NonDelusional74611 7 лет назад

And it was 1981 we named him Baby. He had a toothache. He started crying; it sounded like

@Reddles37 7 лет назад

Haha, that's pretty great!

@stevenbaumann8692 7 лет назад

Myrmidon 😂

@SatyaVenugopal 7 лет назад

"I feel like I'm doing precision astrophysics if I set pi to 3 instead of 1." HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA! I died!

@the1exnay 7 лет назад

"I feel like im doing precision astrophysics if i set pi to 3 instead of 1" I lost it 😂

@leviathan6326 7 лет назад

That last word about precision astrophysics made me laugh way too hard. XD

@AzureDrag0n1 7 лет назад

A lot of astrophysics is basically done at multiples or powers of 10 because it is very hard to get precise measurements on a lot of celestial phenomena like counting how many stars or galaxies there are or their age. At least that is what I took from it.

@calminera6097 7 лет назад

I'm always eager to see how he'll manage to say space-time at the end

@realzachfluke1 Год назад

It's the simple pleasures like that, y'know? Waiting for, anticipating, and finally _enjoying_ the spacetime reference at the end of each episode throughout my five years of watching this program, has always been so simple, yet so appreciated from my perspective. It's only a few seconds out of any given day, so it's a really small thing relatively speaking, but proportionally, I think it's enjoyable every time. Like I said, small pleasures ¯⁠\⁠_⁠༼⁠ ⁠•́⁠ ͜⁠ʖ⁠ ⁠•̀⁠ ⁠༽⁠_⁠/⁠¯

@calminera6097 Год назад

@@realzachfluke1 indeed. Not unlike finding a new variation on the ¯\_(ツ)_/¯ emoji i use. Well played my friend.

@ikarienator 7 лет назад

A Mathologer update and a PBS Space Time update? I'm in heaven now!

@andrewwright64 7 лет назад

I'd love more videos like this, the history is fascinating and it's a little easier to wrap the head around while being just as interesting.

@PikaPetey 7 лет назад

love your trip to the moon shirt

@nastropc 7 лет назад

Always love the final comment; nobody throws shade like Prof O'Dowd!

@muskyelondragon 7 лет назад

This is the best of RU-vid.

@feynstein1004 7 лет назад

Agreed

@SrmthfgRockLee 5 лет назад

depends. for fun-wise = nigahiga, raywilliamjohnson has some videos. jstustudios ownagepranks. but for brain-wise.. mm, well.. vsauce/seeker.. pbs spacetime, kurzgesagt has way betetr animations though but pbs space time is very good high quality info yh mby its best or 2nd best info-wise atleast

@eudaimonistic 7 лет назад

It was really cool to get some history in for this series. It's amazing what hindsight shows us.

@gabemoser1 7 лет назад

Good video but we're going to get back to QFT right??

@IanKjos 7 лет назад

P equals NP no it doesn't!

@BatMandor 7 лет назад

P equals NP Prove yourself!

@IanKjos 7 лет назад

Proof to the contrary begins with the observation that (censored).

@onehitpick9758 7 лет назад

Is the million bucks for this still on the table?

@IanKjos 7 лет назад

The Clay prize? Sure is. And it will remain so as long as we're stuck with the Turing Machine model as a vehicle for the explanation of computational complexity classes.

@robspiess 7 лет назад

Careful with your order of one of those Tungston rods. I mean, the same day shipping is pretty quick but the delivery really makes an impact.

@mastershooter64 2 года назад

lol good one

@DaveWhoa 7 лет назад

shoutout to Matthew Broderick and the movie Wargames, which introduced me to the concept of Mutual Assured Destruction, and preventing thermonuclear global warfare by playing Tic Tac Toe against a computer, which I found to be a more novel approach than pulling the power cable

@jasonrogers1576 7 лет назад

Excellent movie reference...

@davidamnesia 6 лет назад

One other thing about the SDI/"Star Wars" project was that its command and control software would have been, by many orders of magnitude, the most complicated ever attempted and more importantly, only capable of being fully tested by being used in combat.

@deusexaethera 5 лет назад

Pi _is_ equal to 1...in a base-Pi number system. ;)

@ahippogryph 7 лет назад

I actually laughed out loud at precision astrophysics at pi set to 3 instead of 1.😆 awesome.

@NonDelusional74611 7 лет назад

Heeeeyyyy!! We appreciate you using the word at the end of the episode!

@ScottDrumm 7 лет назад

Thanks for another great video. On this topic, could you make a video about the viability of the nuclear "Casaba Howitzer" for space combat?

@enderotero 7 лет назад

I'm sooo drunk this episode was awesome even drunk people understand

@ChrisProuse 7 лет назад

4:11 Matt... Ronald Regan is your father.

@FF-ob7wl 7 лет назад

This was one of the few episodes I cans till understand. Man, I wish I was still taking actual science classes.

@FF-ob7wl 7 лет назад

alright, I will go watch them again. I watched the general relativity ones multiple times, it works.

@tobyhawkins 7 лет назад

Here's some trivia; space is currently weaponized (ish). The ISS always has at least one gun on board - every Soyuz capsule docked has a semi-automatic pistol in its survival kit (in case they land somewhere with 'wolves, bears, tigers, etc.'). Older Russian and Soviet missions (until 1997) always had a TP-82; a combined shotgun/pistol/flare gun and machete, invented specifically for space missions.

@eshwarkumar8138 7 лет назад

Can Space Time make a playlist of the music they use?

@ladchap2794 2 года назад

The soundtrack is highly underrated!

@myname-pe2pe 7 лет назад

Can you guys do a video on how to pursue a career in Astrophysics, astronomy, cosmology and such. I'd love advice now that I'm entering college but I don't know where to go after I get my prerequisites done

@MatkatMusic 7 лет назад

1) get an accent 2) start a youtube channel about space 3) get tenure at a university 4) done.

@NonDelusional74611 7 лет назад

To be one of those, you have to have been born into the right family.

@jonathangibson9098 7 лет назад

don't forget to read your horoscope every day /s

@michaelsommers2356 7 лет назад

_"... but I don't know where to go after I get my prerequisites done[.]"_ By the time you get your undergraduate degree in physics, you will know. Before then, don't worry about it.

@omanshsharma292 7 лет назад

chuck Ramsey is right

@boilingdown 7 лет назад

I dig the "trip to the moon" shirt. Extra nerd points for Matt.

@Ildskalli 7 лет назад

Space debris is the central plot element of Planetes, the best space-themed anime ever made. I highly recommend it to people interested in realistic space fiction.

@monsterlair 7 лет назад

Once in a while, it's nice to see an episode where i understand everything.

@kennethhicks2113 7 лет назад

I really like the more depth your going lately, thank you. Also, quantum topics are great, thanks again. LMAO at the dig on the posted comment! Precision astrophysics is easy... give me some MORE precision cosmology, ; ) Warmest regards

@dingleberriesify 7 лет назад

"Dubious defence of MAD" is a fair point, but it remains the best defence. While antimissile systems seem like a good idea, they actually destabilise the nuclear equilibrium. By allowing protected states to strike first without fear of retaliation, undefended states are given incentive to strike first in a massive bombardment to overwhelm ABM systems, or lose their capability (and a good measure of their country too). MAD sounds insane, but it's the only rational response we have so far devised. I mean, sure, there's denuclearisation, but as anyone who has watched The Simpsons knows, disarmament only works until someone decides to pick up a stick. Until then, mutual terror of launching an attack prevents irresponsible behaviour on behalf of a leader, and mutual monitoring systems/confidence building measures can be pursued to reduce the scope for catastrophic errors due to short decision timeframes. That is, of course, unless you decide to go it alone and squander all the trust of nuclear rivals, thus launching a new arms race. You know. Your call.

@1503nemanja 7 лет назад

You are correct. That is also why NATO's eastern expansion is so dangerous and the missile shield in eastern Europe even more so. I am actually half surprised Russia hasn't launched already in the kind of desperation you outlined. They probably have faith their nukes will get through, either that or they are suspiciously trusting of NATO.

@skullz291 7 лет назад

This is accurate, but only in the short term. MAD is the only solution to the nuclear problem right now, but it's only a stalling tactic. Any disturbance in the system, no matter how unlikely, leads to nuclear war and the end of the human race. Which means that, set against any timeline, nucelar war is literally a certainty, no matter how remote the possibility, because something will eventually go wrong, and almost has multiple times before. MAD and detente keep the nations of the world in check, but it's ironically led to a mad race all around the world to develop nukes in order to be part of the club. And this only exacerbates the problem by increasing the number of players, and therefore the number of ways things can go wrong. MAD has to go, and very, very soon. Particularly watching this new wave of isolationism and nationalism grip the planet like a plague, humanity literally will not survive much longer if we can't figure out a way to either disarm, make peace, or develop defense systems that make nukes obsolete. Just looking at the math and the logic of the situation, there's no other possibility. Either we figure this out, or we eventually die horribly. MAD is not a real solution.

@skullz291 7 лет назад

1503nemanja If Russia wasn't an authoritarian pariah, with idiotic visions of world conflict led by the apocalyptic fantasies of Dugin and Putin, Russia probably could have joined the international stage decades ago, and NATO likely would have dissolved out of being unnecessary. China did, and while they're not exactly peaceful themselves, they also don't cast themselves as antagonists to the entire rest of the planet. This is not to say the US isn't completely full of shit as well, but NATO expands eastward because Russia is very obviously a massive threat, one that it _chooses_ to be, in spite of the political and economic cost that exerts on itself. It doesn't want to cooperate, so it doesn't. It's got nothing to do with NATO "being aggressive." NATO is full of nations that aren't idiots, and know that Russia can't be trusted, as Crimea and all their cyber attacks prove.

@cybermonkey81 7 лет назад

MAD could only go on for so long. With all the failsafes in place, there's been too many close calls. Hell the US almost vaporised North Carolina, and give the eastern seaboard a landscaping. Then there's the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Petrov incident, both incidents where only the decision of one man prevented a very possible all out nuclear slugfest. I agree with pmcdirewolf, we're already slipping - the real question is not if, it's when.

@dingleberriesify 7 лет назад

Yes, but humans are irrational, not suicidal. The problem is when people start looking for ways to make nuclear use thinkable (think the ALCM brigade), or seek to make themselves safe while holding other people hostage (thus undermining what little trust exists in an anarchic security environment). Hell, even if people were rational, accidents could still happen (and nearly have). The problem is, we have no alternative (theoretical or practical) which has served us better. Mutual terror works. The latest nuclear arms race that's kicking off can be directly linked to strategists thinking "it's really not right to let our safety rest in the hands of our enemies". A shield is harmless, unless its paired with a sword.

@StevenRay86 7 лет назад

Thanks for the interesting topic for this video. It was a nice change of pace of the last few videos that have my head still hurting from trying to understand.

@gushollahbackatya1765 7 лет назад

This is honestly the first PBS Spacetime video that I did NOT have to stop it , and research various words/theories/formulas, etc...at my pay grade !!. Thank you for the quality content

@SuperSneakySteve 7 лет назад

It's nice to see a video that I can fully understand.

@deanwcampbell 7 лет назад

@1:42 man I wish I had an 84" 4K 3D TV to watch that on!

@technomancer_066 7 лет назад

i love the kinetic bombardment concept!!! so cool!!

@skullz291 7 лет назад

An overlooked reason as to why SDI didn't work out is because systems which _truly_ defend against nuclear missiles violate detente, and, ironically, make nuclear annihilation almost a certainty. You can think of the world's nuclear weapon situation as basically a giant Mexican standoff. Everyone has nukes pointed at each other all the time, but no one wants to die, so as long as nobody pulls the trigger and causes a panic, everything is fine. But the second someone starts developing something that can stop nukes, well, it's kind of like someone in that standoff slowly reaching for a bulletproof vest to put on. That vest may or may not actually stop a bullet, but the fear that it might makes everyone else feel like they have to shoot now while they still have a chance to. This is also the basic plot behind the Metal Gear games, wherein the risk of the superweapon is not that it's a giant robot that shoots nukes, but rather that it can do so anywhere without being detected or intercepted, hugely changing the risk/reward ratio of launching nukes, and ending detente as a result.

@sebastienpaquin4586 5 лет назад

Pi to 3? What is this madness. In astrophysics, all cows are spherical.

@jmanj3917 2 года назад

A nuclear powered laser is not a WMD, as the nuclear component is for generating power, not for use as a weapon itself.

@TalonSilvercloud 7 лет назад

Perfect T-shirt for today's episode. Well played.

@ApophaticCartesian8 7 лет назад

this is definitely my favorite topic you have covered so far

@OzzyBoganTech 7 лет назад

Just a guess from me but I am thinking there shooting down each other's stealth anti satellite satellites on a regular basis with nano satellites and Picosatellites, changing up the game.

@luckytiger5551 7 лет назад

the new series is much better than the previous ones. thanks... we all looking for new knowledge....

@robertmcknightmusic 3 года назад

Hey baby, are you a laser? Because you're stimulating an emission.

@alecjohnson9626 7 лет назад

I got eight seconds into the video before I had to pause and immediately find and buy that t-shirt.

@NonDelusional74611 7 лет назад

Alec Johnson takes me back to The Smashing Pumpkins Tonight Tonight video

@austinnguyen9107 7 лет назад

The range of material u cover always amazes me! Can you do something on charge or the nucleus of atoms one day?

@bildova 6 лет назад

Dude, your shirt is awesome, I want one :D

@Saitama62181 7 лет назад

I kept expecting Dr. Evil air-quotes when he said "lasers".

@cscott024 7 лет назад

There's an anime about cleaning up satellite debris in Earth's orbit, set in the near future. It's called "Planetes" and it's a great show.

@NewMessage 7 лет назад

So.. the inanimate carbon rod has a rival.. * narrows eyes *

@kitdonnelly 7 лет назад

Love the t-shirt. Great movie.

@megangreene6816 7 лет назад

Kit Donnelly great movie? I couldn't make it 15 minutes through it.

@clydewmorgan 7 лет назад

Well you're stupid

@megangreene6816 7 лет назад

clydewmorgan geez. I wasn't insulting anyone. Just here for science and thought if it was a decent movie past the first scene this would be the community that would explain why its not terrible instead of the generally ignorant responce of " you're stupid."

@kitdonnelly 7 лет назад

Megan Greene Agreed. No place for trolling in science.

@microbuilder 7 лет назад

I always kind of thought the man in the moon (at least in that picture), looked a bit like Pizza the Hut from Spaceballs. Also, wasnt that movie about 15 minutes long to begin with?

@DarthV506 7 лет назад

Now I know where Neal Stephenson found the idea for 'rodding' in Anathem!

@Jonassoe 7 лет назад

You don't just need excellent phycisists and engineers to invent and build these weapons. You also need really creative people to come up with them in the first place.

@InHumanoXY 7 лет назад

4:48 I love PBS SpaceTime music. Share the music Matt.

@belainegibsson.2082 7 лет назад

So much for that treaty...

@hristo.bogdanov 7 лет назад

Don't get me wrong - I like the current host, but I would like to see a show with the starting host. It could be collaboration episode of both hosts.

@omanshsharma292 7 лет назад

Hristo.Bogdanov I agree

@MusicMan3 7 лет назад

I want that shirt of that old movie from the 20s it was in that movie Hugo too

@HAL-cp4mt 7 лет назад

From nuclear powered x-ray laser to brilliant pebbles!

@kirkanos771 7 лет назад

Hmmm doing a Kip Thor transition in a sentence was pretty funny.

@Ed1Ward 7 лет назад

I understood this and didn't get a headache.

@WilliamDye-willdye 7 лет назад

PBS SpaceTime: I suggest a new T-Shirt for the show. At the top (or front), it reads "pi = tau = e = phi = 1". Insert additional interesting values as desired. At the bottom (or back), it reads "Close-e-astrophysics-NUFF".

@ezion67 7 лет назад

Nice episode, so many young pp seen oblivious about the cold war. Two things that might be good to mention though: 1) There is one type of space weapon that is missing, EMP (electro magnetic pulse) weapons. Basically, let a nuke go off at high altitude and have the resulting EMP destroy all electronics on the ground. While they exist to day in ICBM format, satellite based versions where at least planned. 2) The star-wars program was not all that popular in (western) Europe. With the US main land protected it enabled the US to commit a first strike. In a comment on the star-wars program one peace loving US general put it similar to this; "The fist two world wars where fought in Europe and so naturally should the third." At least in Europe star-wars was a major factor towards political willingness to the end the cold war.

@code4chaosmobile 7 лет назад

good video. I learned a few new things, thank you.

@darthcalanil5333 7 лет назад

The Thore project is brilliantly depicted in GI Jo movie!

@averybertram9832 7 лет назад

In this video he references kinetic space weapons and i thought i would give an example. In the game call of duty ghosts. ODIN is one of these weapons and in the first mission wipes out many of the US cites on the west coast and southern boarder. there is a more realistic example of one of these weapons later in the campaign but I wont go into depth in order to avoid spoilers.

@aldenconsolver3428 4 года назад

There were even other serious technical problems to star wars. First - several small nuclear weapons exploded in space or (voluntarily) exploded high in the atmosphere above the Soviet Union would gimp the tracking radars, probably totally (but certainly to an extent that could not be tested for) and allow the Soviet missiles to reach space undamaged. Once reaching space and deploying independent maneuverable MERVs with multiple decoys the problem gets much harder. The ability of the MERVs to then maneuver under the electromagnetic 'smokescreen' of the previously detonated weapons would further degrade tracking. Worse even than that was that the system really did nothing to stop an SLBM attack from the Soviet submarines. In actuality, the Soviets could have effectively countered Star Wars for less money, probably much less money. By the time a Star Wars space race had ended the US would have been likely to have faced the economic collapse that eventually doomed the Soviets. Of course, the US might have found itself economically unable to continue the race (since upgrading our end would have been maybe 10 times more expensive than the Soviet counter). This would have forced the US into either collapse or more likely a preemptive nuclear strike. Depending on how long the race had gone on and how many more cheap ICBMs, SLBM's and stealthy cruise missiles the Soviets had built the US might have been able to hold its casualties to something more like 40-50 million. If that strikes you as a good strategy then we made a mistake in canceling star wars. I seriously doubt if given the chance to speak that 50 million dead would think it was a good trade.

@Garganzuul 5 лет назад

Relevant again today, with the new hypersonic weapons race.

@chikitronrx0 7 лет назад

Please do a vídeo about the problem of debris in orbit and the possible future solutions that may help to solve this problem. including the theoric and proposed devices, like magnetic drag satellites and little satellites with ion thrusters, etc.

@warp8368 6 лет назад

Project Casaba-Howitzer. Basically a nuclear explosion focussed into a beam. Technical details are still classified, despite the project ending in 1965. All that is known is that it used a hydrogen bomb with a beryllium casing. Technical term: "Nuclear shaped charge". 4000 ton USAF Orion space battleship was to use 200 such charges, which would be launched away from the spacecraft before detonating

@nickc3657 7 лет назад

Very appropriate shirt for this episode, Matt 😉

@nas2144 7 лет назад

Isn't it ironic how Uranus is composed of Methane

@josephhugotjiong6741 6 лет назад

Nasir Ahmed lol

@kuzmicheff 7 лет назад

Matt, I want to compliment you on your Russian pronunciation! You've done incomparably better naming all satellites and projects than all Hollywood stars combined. :)

@GiancarloPaniccia 7 лет назад

Thank you for covering this. It's important to realize that we can't allow space to just become another battlefield.

@korcommander 7 лет назад

Too late!

@neowiza360 7 лет назад

Why did the Almas stations need to develop film for information? Wouldn't it be improbable to retrieve the developed footage? Why couldn't the space-spy communicate over radio to feed information back to the ground? Also, what are "non-explosive missiles?" Aren't they just rockets? P.S. Love Matt's tongue-in-cheek responses in the Q&A section. That itself is worth the watch.

@World_Theory 6 лет назад

Is there no way to get rid of the space junk? Like… Maybe giant puffy balls of foam adhesive? I don't know what size a ball of whatever the best kind of foam would need to be, to stop space junk. But I guess that it would be helpful to passively collect the space junk in clumps, so they can be either disposed of in atmosphere, or recycled. I'm also a little dubious of how foam would work in space, so maybe if a self-healing material could be found, which could act as a balloon/shell for a mass of foam, that would stop bits of foam being blow away from impacts. And now that I think of it, if a balloon like shell is used for a mass of stuff, then pure foam may not even be needed. I've heard of ideas to use moon dust to build structures without needing to send supplies up by rocket. Maybe we just need giant sand bags that don't leak, to act as catcher's mitts for the space junk. I'm a fan of those lasers that could be used to propel tiny satellites to Mars; maybe a similar set-up could be used to maneuvering the sand bag(s). Actually… What if you used lasers to target the space junk actively, and cancel their momentum enough to send them into the atmosphere? Would a sustained beam, or a concentrated burst work better? I'm thinking that accuracy is important, and the beam might cause changes in position too often to keep the beam aimed on target right. But I assume that space junk is all rather irregularly shaped, so if the strange shape deflects light off it in an unexpected way, a single concentrated laser burst would be rather risky, as you couldn't be sure where is would be propelled to. Plus, you probably don't want to risk breaking the space junk into smaller pieces, as that would be more to keep track of. Probably best to go with the sustained beam approach. In which case, I don't know how long it would take to counter-act enough of the junk's momentum to de-orbit it, so it might get out of range too fast. That may mean it would be better to have multiple laser platforms set up in an approximate ring, around the highest concentration of space junk, so that the next satellite in the ring can take up the job the the previous one in the path of the targeted piece of space junk. I can't really solve this on my own. I don't have an engineering degree, and I can't think of all the problems by myself. I'm really just throwing ideas out there, and hoping they'll catch on.

@YourFavoriteAerospaceProf 7 лет назад

When talking about space debris, I thought of GTOC 9 (Global Trajectory Optimisation Competition) sponsored by ESA :) (in which I took part :P )

@RoyBatty03 7 лет назад

Thank you Matt. Thank you for being an optimist and a leader in education and in promoting humanist logic to RU-vid (and therefore the world, yay Canada). Thank you.

@Chevroldsmobuiac 7 лет назад

Very comprehensive and interesting, thanks!

@themetal 7 лет назад

If I ever made a kinetic bombardment satellite like Project Thor, I'd name it after Rita Repulsa instead.

@afsharalithegreatiranian9777 7 лет назад

our pace of development in science and technology may be moderate, but our pace of development in weaponry is super-fast

@brian554xx 7 лет назад

The comment at the end reminds me of one of Dr. Leonard Susskind's lectures on RU-vid. As he was pointing out that as usual c is 1, he looked at what he had written and added "and pi is 1... and 2 is 1." In his defense, as with much of what he works with, the coefficients didn't contribute to the point he was making.

@zakunknown9737 7 лет назад

Thx for the video! i rly like this channel

@RHRedHellingRH 7 лет назад

That final sentence haha

@ksiddiqui8 7 лет назад

One of the reasons I watch those videos is bcoz I want to know how u fit the word "spacetime" in the last sentence of the video 😂

@zaakvoid1434 7 лет назад

Awesome t-shirt!

@kishore9017 7 лет назад

Salute to this man. Never lets us down.

@caste0 7 лет назад

I... need... the T-Shirt !!

@onehitpick9758 7 лет назад

I am a little concerned that the Higgs mechanism is being delivered as settled science now. We still have no set of fundamental constants and equations that derive the electron charge or mass. Until we have this, we don't have a good starting point for eventual simplification and refinement.

@transsylvanian9100 7 лет назад

But the Higgs mechanism IS settled science, it has been so ever since the existence of the Higgs particle and thereby the Higgs field was confirmed, and it has been observed to have properties consistent with the interaction described by the Higgs mechanism. Sure there are still open questions, like is there only ONE Higgs particle, and much more data that can be gathered with further precision measurements, but for the most part this is now established science.

@jpoconnor2857 7 лет назад

I remember Mr Crest teaching us that laser was an acronym that stood for light amputation of stimulated radiation. I heard an interdimensional being in Ursa Major thinks it's cute the amoeba have become humanoids on Earth but strange we keep looking for ways to kill each other.

@TJStellmach 7 лет назад

Nice shirt!

@430zack 7 лет назад

i like the t shirt.. nice reference to somthing that died

@D1craigRob 7 лет назад

Love this channel but I get lost on almost all videos about 1 and half minutes in. Doesn't stop me watching them though.

@kanematthews6630 7 лет назад

nice switchup BRAH

@JaredSmithAus 7 лет назад

As a follow on to this episode, you should look at and explain the rail guns being developed by the US Navy. These seem to be the current defense against ICBMs.