The Story of You: ENCODE and the human genome

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Ever since a monk called Mendel started breeding pea plants we've been learning about our genomes. In 1953, Watson, Crick and Franklin described the structure of the molecule that makes up our genomes: the DNA double helix. Then, in 2001, scientists wrote down the entire 3-billion letter code contained in the average human genome. Now they're trying to interpret that code; to work out how it's used to make different types of cells and different people. The ENCODE project, as it's called, is the latest chapter in the story of you.
To read the ENCODE research papers and more, visit www.nature.com/ENCODE

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9 сен 2012

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Комментарии : 109

@aglobalnomad 11 лет назад

Thank you for making crack up. The delivery was perfect: "Mendel is known as the father of genetics, which, since monks aren't allowed to father much of anything, is both naughty and excellent."

@pixietrix68 11 лет назад

Love this short movie- so much better than what they showed at primary school when I was younger. I especially like the the emphasis on each genetic mix making you, you, and you. Also doesn't hurt that I think Tim Minchin is amazing!!

@EndKingIM Месяц назад

This channel is so underrated!

@Toqwert33 11 лет назад

It feels so refreshing to read comments that do not just consist of profanity and disinformation. And to see fellow human beings with the vocabulary that is beyond black and white. To those here, I thank you.

@DataJack 12 лет назад

Fantastic! Really well done.

@KittieKitten92 7 лет назад

This is amazing

@lovelyroroa 10 лет назад

Genes Are Certainly Tricky =) loved it's simplicity, it's beautiful animation and it's variable tone voicing

@unvergebeneid 12 лет назад

I love how you chose the Arecibo message as a symbol for "code" at 2:05 since it doesn't only look cool but also contains the double helix.

11 лет назад

Great video. Thank you.

@SkepticalRobot 12 лет назад

Awesome job!

@Rettequetette 12 лет назад

Yay, Tim Minchin! The perfect voice for a story like this :-)

@IXPrometheusXI 12 лет назад

That's how I've always conceptualized mutations. It's nice to have a professional support that understanding.

@Nicobert-Kroken 12 лет назад

TIMTASTIC!!!

@thehungrycannibal 11 лет назад

Gravity is not a theory... but I understand your point.

@OdenKnight 11 лет назад

Science! I love it because it works!

@drummerluckydunco 12 лет назад

Every time I am in one of these discussions with of these sorts of people, conversation inevitably raises the fact that we can only theorise as to how we came to be. 'That's why they're called theories!' I am passionately told, to which my reply always has been; 'Gravity is also a theory. Are you going to prove that wrong, just float the fuck away?' To my surprise, I have yet to find someone who has. They've tried, but it usually ends with them hurting themselves. Thumbs up for Mr. Minchin xD

@arnieestrellado9920 8 лет назад

this is a 10! just what did you guys use for animation?

@luanneoneill 11 лет назад

Tim Minchin! Cool stuff. Science is awesome.

@redmadhatter03 12 лет назад

Watson, Crick, and Franklin having tea together? Hah! No doubt Crick and Watson pinched the tea bags from Rosalind's pantry.

@IXPrometheusXI 12 лет назад

Direct observation isn't the only tool science has to understand the world. We develop theories using experiments on things we can access directly to make predictions about things which we can't. E.g., discovering properties of light here on Earth and using them to see what stars are made of even when they're very far away. We see how things change over more limited time scales, then extrapolate to make predictions about the past. Fossils can provide evidence to support these predictions.

@gurdeepkaur2814 Год назад

animation is really good

@IXPrometheusXI 12 лет назад

~Mutations -> ~Evolution => Evolution -> Mutations. I.e., mutations are necessary for evolution. I'm actually not sure if that's exactly true. I know mutations are important and that they do a lot, but there are other means by which species change over time. Evolution is testable, it has been tested, and it has been found solid. I have no room to argue why here, so I refer you to AronRa's series "Foundational Falsehoods of Creationism" here on RU-vid. Maybe a bit inflammatory, but educational.

@ellafay2012 11 лет назад

The way Tim says project :D

@fernandovelazquezvelasco2764 11 лет назад

you just gained a subscriber :)

@cyberpup1000 12 лет назад

Its a keeper!

@bonetrommer 12 лет назад

This should be used in biology classes

@WolffStaedtler 12 лет назад

Educational cartoons are a lot better than they used to be.

@dephelis 12 лет назад

I'm a former microbiologist but there have been a lot of advances since I left the lab. Mutation isn't the sole element of evolution and by itself wouldn't necessarily result in speciation. Mutations are just as likely to be detrimental to an organism as giving it any advantage. Evolution and speciation are generally slow processes involving multiple mechanisms. I'd consider mutation to be the wild card process occasionally throwing a new flaw or benefit into the pot.

@MarkChittyUK 12 лет назад

liked the addition of the arecibo message into the animation....

@dephelis 12 лет назад

Not to mention that mutations also occur spontaneously in the formation of sperm and eggs. Current research indicates that a 20 year old father passes an average of 25 de novo (fresh) mutations to his children, a mother of the same age passes around 14 de novo mutations via her eggs. There are several known mechanisms for evolution including natural selection, mutation, genetic drift and gene flow (the reason around 9% of our genome has viral origins).

11 лет назад

Tim Minchin rocks!

@mjduffy11 4 года назад

Just got here having read ‘a brief history of everyone who ever lived’ by Adam Rutherford 🤙🤘🖤

@ebonybeach 12 лет назад

Lovely video. The one thing you missed out is that genes code for proteins, and nearly everything in the body is made from proteins. Without understanding this, I think it is really difficult for the average person to really understand how genetics work and why genome projects are so important. Proteins make up thousands of components of every cell, so when you inherit faulty genes or develop a genetic mutation, a faulty protein (or sometimes no protein at all) is made --> disease, cancer etc.

@sunsetwinds 12 лет назад

'Gravity is also a theory. Are you going to prove that wrong, just float the fuck away?' You are wonderful. Bahahahahahahahaha

@curtandoscar 12 лет назад

I love you, Tim Minchin.

@coyotecut 11 лет назад

I think it's funny that "Encode" is a ginormous robot superhero.

@IXPrometheusXI 12 лет назад

Genetic drift is a change in allele frequency due to random sampling. These are not mutations, but anomalies that are a result of the procreation process functioning normally. Differing environmental pressures on the same species will favor differing traits, causing a divergence in different populations of the same species. Over time these differences become more pronounced. You may want to search "speciation" on wikipedia for more/detailed information. Running out of room here. That help?

@elieweisselberger426 3 года назад

I have to write a 2000 words essay on this. May god help me

@gillianbarth5927 8 лет назад

You should do something with CrashCourse!

@jellywizard 11 лет назад

Interesting....

@IXPrometheusXI 12 лет назад

Well, to be fair this wasn't really a discussion. This guy was just trolling, and I was taking the opportunity to practice formulating arguments. Keeping your points straight and focused while maintaining a degree of introspection is hard work when the other person is trying to provoke, derail, and misrepresent you.

@sharpmove007 11 лет назад

ENCODE science Not never but now!!

@IXPrometheusXI 12 лет назад

No one is suggesting that trees came from some kind of fish. I was talking about genetic drift as an example of how species change over time without need for mutations. It's through a combination of many different change mechanisms and processes over enormous time periods with millions of generations of organisms that we see the kinds of dramatic changes that seem so peculiar today. But even so, as we reach farther back it becomes less clear. Evolution only answers some questions about life.

@IXPrometheusXI 12 лет назад

The mutations themselves are probably best described as occurring randomly, but you mentioned a random "force" that created everything from nothing. I interpreted that as talking about the process of evolution, which is not random. Natural selection favors certain things over others for particular reasons, so only forms which meet the minimum requirements to survive will make it. This is not a description of a random process.

@LauuraDC 12 лет назад

That's so cute :)

@WithoutException 11 лет назад

Haven't you heard? It actually works!!! They're doing in hospitals all over the world!!!

@spawnofnamaah 12 лет назад

wish they taught me biology in school this way :-p would have been much more interesting!

@IXPrometheusXI 12 лет назад

You seem to know a bit about what we're talking about here. What do you think would have happened if mutation never happened? Would everything have died, or maybe evolution still could have happened, but more slowly?

@OldInjury 12 лет назад

Just as long as insurance companies aren't allowed to use the info to set pricing and discriminate. Also political groups should never gain access to personal genome data to use against individuals. DNA should be more protected than your SSN.

@grvlpts 11 лет назад

Rebuke for neglecting to mention Maurice Wilkins, who actually also won the Nobel Prize. Let's not rewrite history.

@BrionyGunson 12 лет назад

I sometime wish these people really could "float the fuck away"....

@UniversalOwl 11 лет назад

I love myself

@ThePianist2396 12 лет назад

TIM MINCHIN

@Gongasoso 11 лет назад

yeah, it's in the credits

@frostblade42 12 лет назад

At least one of the dislikes is Phil Daoust.

@dephelis 12 лет назад

One thing is for certain, the classic Darwinian "Tree of Life" is a horribly outdated concept. It's actually more of dense thicket with stems growing out of a central root and dividing but also sometimes merging back into other stems to make an interconnected web.

@DavidDespain1 12 лет назад

cool

@lolfuxyeah 12 лет назад

Isn't he? Told me I couldn't get into his "club" cause I wore silk and cotton at the same time.

@IXPrometheusXI 12 лет назад

You may not have noticed, but you "reply" (in the way that connects your comment to theirs) by clicking the button beside the "thumbs up/down" buttons. If you don't they won't be notified and probably won't see it. Just letting you know!

@TheAVinc33 12 лет назад

Guess who gave them access[Hint:He's not in the video]. :D

@AnotherVoiceless 12 лет назад

@enginekid88 Of course it was lightning strikes in a puddle, what other god but zues himself could create this "complex" (not to throw around words or act like their not relative) rna and dna and guide life along its path. Well zues or thor, they both use lightning.

@murdocha 11 лет назад

We wish!

@dylz 11 лет назад

i'd say fewer people "include" maurice wilkins or the others involved than rosalind franklin.

@SympatheticMonster 12 лет назад

How?

@Hariukin 12 лет назад

which one of the thousand interpreted copies and "mutations" of the collection of stories, copied from even older stories and finally picked by purpose, tales of unproven origin and doubtfull translation should i read?

@IXPrometheusXI 12 лет назад

Ok then, but keep in mind AronRa for more information about all this. Take care.

@SympatheticMonster 12 лет назад

So it presents the possibilities that project ENCODE offers, that's right? Isn't this kind of stuff what scientists have to say in order to get funding for such projects? I mean, why do you think this project is being funded? For the sheer education? That's not how science works nowadays, unless the research has potential to bear juicy fruits as a result, no one will bother to fund these projects.

@jconkin3 11 лет назад

Is this Canadian?

@agentsteve007 12 лет назад

probably

@IXPrometheusXI 12 лет назад

It hasn't stopped, it's not random, and it's misleading to say "everything from nothing." The origin of life is a completely separate question from that of how species evolve and this video isn't really about either (though I guess it's more about the latter). This is about the genetics of living people, the results can be (and often have been) tested and found reliable, and the effects on medicine have bettered many lives. Don't be so hostile of science, or at least criticize the right thing.

@MonkofAntioch549 11 лет назад

but they forgot Hitler. He made huge strides in genetics, but for SOME reason they always leave him out when listing the fathers of the field

@frostblade42 12 лет назад

.....aaaannd like.

@toughsuga2 12 лет назад

Animation was cute, I guess

@meamcatnm 10 лет назад

Hmmm why was this in my Favorites :/

@AnotherVoiceless 12 лет назад

On a computer yes, on my smartphone, there is bo button.

@Roughneck8 11 лет назад

Illumina...really? You want to attach a name like that to subject matter like this? Just asking for trouble.

@Gongasoso 11 лет назад

this is Minchin speaking, right?

@maximilian8959 5 лет назад

Come, let us reason. How likely is it that "billions of years" can produce everything in the Universe. How can time be our Creator when it's just a property of the Universe, not the Author of it.

@jungchoigt 12 лет назад

Oversimplified to the point that it doesn't really inform, and potentially misleads.

@SympatheticMonster 12 лет назад

P.s. That's why NASA's funding is shrinking into oblivion.

@calladus 12 лет назад

That's abiogenesis. What the hell does that have to do with evolution?

@laladieladada 11 лет назад

instead of making conclusions whitout evidence. maybe you want to read up a bit about evolution and natural selection. it will make you look less stupid next time. here is a short overview of what is out there: 1-big bang - starts of the universe 2-cosmological timeline - how other things then pure energy came to existence and transformed the universe to how we know it. 3-abiogenesis - start of life 4-evolution - how already existing life transformed in other lifeforms.

@cccchuq 11 лет назад

Illumani......hmmmm

@lolfuxyeah 12 лет назад

Have you met God?

@Hitman27ful 11 лет назад

The further away we get from God the closer he gets to coming back.

@tv10morehead 4 года назад

BUt that is a return in Judgment eh ? Like in 70AD where not one stone was left upon another & the stars fell from the sky and sun no longer shines on that world. Game over again ? That would be a 3rd coming then. Research audience relevance for who was being spoken to and when for time statements to have meaning then verses now.