The Sun is NOT made of Gas - as Astronomers Believe... 

RU-vid algorithm: this is similar to flat earth theories

Here's the simple explanation: when the evidence against "common sense" overwhelmingly demonstrates that common sense is wrong, then guess what, common sense is wrong, and intellectually honest people modify their understand to accommodate the evidence. This video does nothing to demonstrate that the sun is not made of plasma except show a chart that the narrator does not understand and dismisses with "give me a break". Furthermore, we already know what happens when a celestial body the mass of a star contains metals as the narrator suggests: it goes supernova. Therefore, at this point in the age of the universe, there would be close to if not ZERO stars, because all of them would have gone nova billions of years ago. This not only does not match observation - not to mention that humans would have never had time to evolve to make those observations - it also fails to account for the existence of those metals in the first place. Meanwhile, modern physics shows us that those metals are produced by PLASMA stars collapsing under their own weight once their cores start producing the element #26: iron. Intellectually honest people stick to their field of expertise and don't produce videos on other fields of science that they don't understand.

Which astronomers believe the sun is a gas? Astronomers will tell you it’s a plasma, not a gas.

OMG, we have been gaslighted.

While the light from quantum jumps is discrete and forms line spectra, the Sun's light encompasses a continuous spectrum due to its nature as a blackbody radiator, overlaid with discrete absorption lines from the elements in its outer layers. This combination makes the sunlight observed in space a complex mix of continuous and discrete spectra.

It takes years for a photon to leave the sun, the continous spectrum comes from random momentum transfer.

The Dunning-Krüger-Effect is really strong here!

My understanding is sunlight is a mess so resembles a black body spectrum. There are many possible electron jumps in hydrogen alone, then you add in pressure effects, ionisation effects, fusion into other elements, chemical reactions and all the possible interference combinations and you get a continuous spectrum... Part of me likes the idea of crystalline stars, packed by gravitational pressure, but not in the layered version here, with fusion between the layers. It also seems you have to presume the sun is much cooler than expected with the amount of chemistry and fusion thought to be going on, based on the sun's size, mass and composition.

After learning about mass spectrometry I can easily see why someone would immediately question the idea of the sun being mostly gas. If it were not for nuclear decay I imagine there would be even more equality in the balance of atomic element distribution than we have now. I have not seen the distribution charts but would actually expect a logical curve distribution of elements when ranked from most rare to most common.

i dont know what the taught in europe... in the usa, when schools were still teaching something, we were taught the sun, the corona at least, is a plasma and that gravity held it into other more compressed forms the closer you get to the core.

Your RU-vids are always so interesting, I do not claim to be able to keep up with all of them. Still working through "Einsteins lost key", that too is very interesting.

Do you have videos addressing the Flat vs Globe Earth models?

Do you have any peer-reviewed research to back that up or is it just what you reckon?

I remember when in high achool in the 70's, my science teacher, a former astronomer, and i were discussing about the sun's makeup as a gas entity. He told me when he was doing research, some of his colleagues entertained the idea of the sun being some form of unknown condensed matter.

I don't understand 'the light tube' representing 'condensed matter'. please explain.

Danke fürs Augen öffnen; Ich würde mir ein Folgevideo wünschen, in dem Sie erklären, wie der kondensierte Materieball am Firmament befestigt ist, oder steckt er auf einem Stock?

Would recommend both Dr Unziker's and Dr. Robitaille's discussion at length with the good folk at DeMystify Science youtube channel. Those were very interesting and are worth the considerable time it takes to explore the ideas and the mind-set of those who are doing the heavy lifting when it comes to giving birth to a new and improved physics. Cheers.

Question, couldn't be that some light produced in the inner core passes through the surface and contributes to the spectrum we actually see?

How much scatter occurs between emission of the photon and the escape from the visible surface of the sun?

Very interesting hypothesis. One of the physical attributes of a sun is its heat output diminishing from birth until it turns into a supernova and explodes - if it's a liquid then what metamorphosis occurs for it to expand and then explode?

very interesting!

I thought the sun was known to be a plasma, I wasn’t aware anyone thought it was a gas

Any density arguments?

I have a very simple question. If I heat up a volume of hydrogen gas to 6000K, say, will it not emit broadband blackbody radiation due to the movement of the charges (rather than the electrons dropping from one "shell" to a lower one)?

To make your claim you need to test it by experiment. I suggest that you compress pure hydrogen rapidly so that it's temperature reaches that of the Sun. Then simply record the spectrum produced. The results will either validate or invalidate your claim.

I was never taught it was a gas, not in any science course I took, just that it was Hydrogen and Helium.

Very good. Thanks 👍

What kind of core would allow the pressures needed to condense the gas accumulated down to a liquid metal?

You omit a very important detail: As Planck himself deduced, literally EVERY material emits a black body spectrum, if it is a "black body". "black" in this sense means, that no additional light comes out anywhere, if you put additional light in. This does not exclude the possibility that the object itself emits light. Now, most materials reflect some light, but you can still approximate a black body if you cover the inside of a hollow object with it and then drill a small hole. Even if incoming light is reflected, the probability that it goes through the hole is small. It most likely will go to another part of the surface, where it again has the chance to be absorbed. And no matter what material you use, you always get the same spectrum, only dependent on temperature, if your object is just near enough to a black body. Now let's come to the big difference between the sun and a fluorescent lamp. And that is the size. A tube filled with gas and with a diameter of a few centimeters won't reflect much light but it also won't absorb much. Most of the the incoming light is transmitted and leaves on the other side. Of course, that won't create a black body spectrum, because it is no black body. The sun however is so big, that light of all wavelengths is absorbed somewhere near the surface. Even if it takes kilometers for the light to be absorbed, it is still near the surface. In one point your are actually right: The interaction between light and matter is indeed much stronger near the wavelengths associated with electronic transitions. But even other wavelengths are absorbed somewhere, even though the light can penetrante deeper into the sun. At these wavelengths, which you showed correctly, hydrogen can not only emit light but also absorb it. How much it absorbs depends of course on how much you put in and how thick your layer of hydrogen is. In the experiments of Balmer and Angström, the emission dominated. In the surface of the sun, the absorption dominates. And it is possible to see that! In the spectrum of the sun, there are the Fraunhofer lines, discovered in 1814. These lines are exactly where the emission happens, if you heat a very small sample of the materials making up the sun. And yes, there are lines for hydrogen and helium. Helium was actually first discovered in the sun's spectrum and only later on earth. TLDR: You are wrong and should learn, what a black body is before you claim everyone else wrong.

What about incandescent light? This produces a continuous spectrum of light. This shows gas with electricity through a filament (solenoid) in a vacuum, can and does produce a continuous spectrum regardless of its discreet spectrum recorded in spectroscopy. Therefore I think you have to consider this information and reframe your argument or reconsider it completely.

looking forward to reading these books.

What about the heat the temperature? Could Condensed matter withstand those crazy temperatures in the sun?

So the sun is an electric light bulb. 😍 Plasma cosmology!

What will this do to the cult of the standard model?

Something to consider is that not only does gravitational sorting work on a planetary level, but it probably would also happen to a planetary nebula. We see the outer planets are mostly gas, the lightest elements, then the inner planets are rocky, with some liquid, so perhaps the very center, which became the sun, is where the majority of the heaviest elements ended up?

Soooo...what would this do to Big Bang and theories about star formation. I'm no physicist so can't even think about it, but curious.

When astronomers use spectroscopy to perceive the makeup of bodies in space how do they correct for the light year of gasses floating in between the observer and the viewed body? What about the dust and plasma?

I hope that in 600 years when I'm teaching history to the kids I'll be able to point to this current time period and say " this is the period where mankind had become so confused and timid that dogma prevailed and Nothing was really discovered. The braves few who actually did discover something were shouted down by the establishment. Oh and they wasted 50 years on string theory".

So my understanding which is extremely limited about these things is that the sun is a essentially made of hydrogen but compressed by gravity into a lattice like structure that resembles a solid structure but since it is so hot from fusion and other processes, only the outer layer may be considered more plasma like since it seems to move around and throw pieces of itself of occasionally due to magnetic field fluctuations?

Is it light inside the sun? Is the sun a blackbody? Is there zero gravity at the center?

As I said to your last video on liquid sun: since it is a dense phase (very high density gas, liquid, and of course solid) the classical radiation physics (Scwarchild equation) already indicates that the radiation is the one of a blackbody. We can exclude solid because of corona jets and so on. So it can be a very high pressure gas, that supress discrete lines into a continuum, a mixed states gas/liquid or liquid, apparently...

Thanks to you and Dr P-M R your efforts to educate me have enabled me to use my brain and it`s great fun I recommend it to everybody. ( your own brain not mine ) Merry Christmas and a happy new year to you both ( yes and you dear reader ).

Record for medical imaging?

Can we say sun has a bandwidth which has normalization spectrum by emitting and absoption of photons where the em waves are probabilistic in different matter states.

I always wondered what happened to planets absorbed by the sun.

please tell me if i understand you correctly: gas can not be a black body, the blackness is an infinitely fine space of energy levels which are not available in gas atoms that keep their electrons to themselves

what about florescent light? no gas?

Everything interesting occurs in critical extreme states and idk why this wouldn't be uniformly common in every inertia mass plank length gradient frame of reference no matter what elements .

Good morning, Alexander, it looks like you finally start to wake up. A few years ago I guided you to read my book - "Theory of Everything in Physics and The Universe" It is explained nicely and clearly that our Sun's specific weight is 1.4kg per Liter. Such weight cannot be Gas but is a liquid. In my book can be found the explanation of many puzzles to which currently have no answer.

Dear Dr. Unzicker, I was having not the best day (let us say) when I saw your post, and it improved no end. Thank you for that. I listen to Dr. Robitaile, as well as yourself, and your case seems pretty conclusive, to me. Mathematics, to which you allude, is like fire; a good servant but a bad master. Mathematics, a type of formal logic, deals with reason. Reason is good and valuable, but it can take us anywhere, and not always to a good place, as many philosophers have demonstrated. Common sense is what connects us to reality. Michael Faraday had it, although he never wrote a single equation, and so do you (tho' I am sure you can write equations). Keep doing what you do. Things can only get better.

The big question is, at what pressure and temperature will hydrogen start to act as a solid and what the effect would it have on the light radiated.

serious q from a layperson: is it possible that there's a black hole at the cenfer of earth? i saw an article the other day speculating that the SUN may have a tiny black hole at the center, and be an effect of this fact. is that crazy?

Ja, die Sonne enthält auch Metalle und andere Elemente und emittiert daher ein breites Spektrum. Super Erkenntnis! Ist allerdings schon bekannt.

I suspect Boltzmann distributions will need to be re-examined in terms of supercontinuum generation where nonlinearities between the atoms and molecules in close proximity broaden all the spectra to the point where they blend into a single curve. This approach may also explain materials which do not follow a Boltzmann distribution exactly.

Today i learn something new! thank you!

If the sun is made of liquid metal hydrogen, then should they be using that in a Tokomak fusion reactor instead of plasma ?

You don't have to go very deep into the Sun to have Hydrogen (and other elements) completely ionized (at already about 10000K Hydrogen is almost completely ionized). So the interior is emitting a black body (Planck) spectrum. To simplify things a bit, this radiation shines through the very thin outer layer which *absorbs* certain wavelengths, but leaves the general shape of the spectrum untouched. I know I am simplifying things, in reality you have to calculate the sum of all layers in the atmosphere to the point where it becomes opaque. No epicycles here, just plain simple physics. The same physics also says that you do not expect *emission* lines in the solar spectrum because the temperature decreases upwards in the photosphere, the "surface" of the Sun. In the chromosphere the temperature increases upwards and the physics says that there you should see emission lines, which is again exactly what you do. Yes, use your brain, but do at least study the very basic fundamentals of the subject first.

Wow, that was so far the most straight forward explanation of the idea. Vielen dank Dr.

You're right, hydrogen at 6000 K is not technically considered a plasma. While it's certainly hot enough for significant hydrogen ionization (around 85% at that temperature), full ionization, a defining characteristic of a plasma, doesn't occur until much higher temperatures, around 10,000 K for hydrogen. At 6000 K, hydrogen exists in a partially ionized state often referred to as a "partially ionized gas" or "non-ideal plasma." In this state, some hydrogen atoms have lost their electrons, creating free electrons and protons, but a significant portion remains neutral. This gives the material properties distinct from both fully ionized plasmas and ideal gases. But I want ask you that if Actually sun's temprature is not stable at 600 k? Is it fluctuates? The Sun's temperature actually varies depending on the layer we're talking about. Surface (photosphere): This is the visible layer we see, and it has an average temperature of around 5,505 Kelvin (K). That's hot enough to melt almost any element on Earth!

What if the particles in the sun are constantly hitting themselves as they are continually pulled inward to the center?

Considering the sun runs on fusion, which is the compression of atoms so strongly they actually fuse together. I would assume the core of the sun isn't a gas but a metal. We call it hydrogen gas, but technically all matter can be a gas, liquid, solid or plasma. Atoms compressed that hard, I assume, would be a solid. Also, our sun is mostly hydrogen but is also full of iron and other elements.

Yes, as soon as I saw the title, I would say that the immense gravity causes everything to compress into a form of plasma. At the core would be something extremely dense , which would produce a singularity if the sun exceeds the limits of what the medium of a false vacuum universe could support. I forget the effect that's called...hmm. Anyway, yes, absolutely agree !

My friend, you are a genuine ding dong! Happy Holidays!!

How can this be extrapolated to understand planets like Jupiter, Saturn, etc. ❓

I agree ... except for the bit about Edison inventing the light bulb.

With you! It's NOT what we've been taught and told it is!

Interesting, let's see how this will play out moving forward. 🙌

Have you submitted an article for peer-review?

I find most of your content quite intriguing & illuminating. Thank you for presenting physics with its philosophical core and in easily understandable language.

I wish I had the bandwidth to dive into any of these theories.

Astronomers don't say stars are gas they say stars are plasma, and it's not a belief, it's an observation.

angle of momentum?

The physics of hydrogen fusion are well understood, and fits with how the sun produces energy. Clouds of gas can be observed in the galaxy, and among these clouds, young stars are born. I don't know what happens to the gas under the pressure and temperatures in the center of stars, but it's clear that stars are made from gas.

I'll be reading Liquid Sun soon Doc but can you or someone give me a little sneak peak on one question I have? What do you or others that understand this reality guess the true density of the Sun is? I would guess it's between 15 and 25 times the density of what we're told.

What's the super-critical point for hydrogen? The point past which the phase transition changes don't exist. It's one thought (other videos variously..).

Wouldn't the most obvious measurement be gravitational, given the size and distance of the sun from Earth?

This has implications for greenhouse theory also. GH t is 19th-century classical science. It also uses the continuous emission spectrum. 20th-century Quantum theory shows N2 and O2 and all gases emit and absorb at specific spectra lines detected by either (or both) Raman spectrometers and 'infrared' transducer spectrometers.

I agree, common sense is not present in many people who do not think anymore but repeat dogmas without giving space to other possibilities.

Heck yea! Props to Sky Scholar !!

Tungsten reminds me of metal electrodes and we used to use tungsten and glass blowing too because the temperature was so high melting temperature I've always viewed the Sun as the anode and the Moon is the cathode but the temperatures are so high and have to be a liquid fascinating

Hearing or seeing a phrase such as “real science” is always a red flag because there is only SCIENCE. Yes it is true that “big science” is confusing and possibly veering off the rails, but the only resolution to these problems is educating ordinary people about the SCIENTIFIC METHOD; why it is the best way to understand reality and what you have to do to use it properly. This video does not use the method correctly.

Yes, dr. Robitaille is right and I'm glad you support him in his endeavor to convince scientists that the Sun is not a big gaseous ball. Following this line of reasoning we should also pose a question about so called microwave background radiation, whose temperature is about 3K throughout the whole Universe. How this radiation came to be?

Then how does he explain how condensed matter, which is make up of atoms, produce a continuous spectrum, if not by the smearing out of the line spectrum of individual atoms due to the influence of its neighboring atoms, the process he says can't occur with a high-density gas?

The sun has very high temperatures and very high pressures. Those conditions could cause liquid plasma?

I'm really curious how people came to the conclusion that the sun is a globe of gas

Make Physics Great Again!!! I LOVE it!!

Please eleborate on the idea of "condensed matter", so tell us more about that. Not only referring to your book about that issue. The comparison to a (say tungsten) wire inside an incandescent lamp (and yes: it sends out a continuous frequency spectrum) is, in my opinion, far too simple. Sorry to say. But of course there must be more to tell about your idea (!). 19 dec. 2023.

For the love of all that is holy, please don’t let the flat earthers find this

Very good video. We need to remember that in science one must always keep an open mind.

Good work mate! Good discoveries. There is too much religion in science and you're prepared to ask your own questions! :)

A gas tube light uses mercury vapor to mak uv and the uv ecites the phosphorus powder that coats the inside of the tube. If a gas could make a continuous spectrumthen i think we would have gas only light bulbs by now.

If the sun is a liquid metal (at its surface at least), and there is a solar flare or eruption, would that not eject the metal substance into the solar system so we could sample it?

Oh my. So many things here that I absolutely LOVE. This man's conviction and bravery is so beautiful. I love what he says, and I agree with what he says. I've been a subscriber of Sky Scholar for many years. Thank you for this lovely video. ❤

This is fascinating, thinking outside the box is brave and keeps us moving forward. This needs further discussion by more scientists with open minds, brilliant.

Okay, but double check your Ott Christoph Hilgenberg. It's hybridium, a different element of weight 3 and number 1.5, neither liquid metallic hydrogen NOR Helium-3 isotope.

Does a hydrogen bomb explosion emit white light?

Since I was a little kid, I always thought of the Sun as a liquid. As I learned a little bit more, I reached the conclusion that the Sun is a liquid plasma or condensed plasma.

Beautiful exposition. I’ve been saying for years, all it takes is one small foundational error, one simple oversight in our theories, to completely topple most modern “scientific” understanding. I would be thoroughly unsurprised if MANY such oversights exist in what is currently preached in schools and colleges as fact.

The gases in the sun exists as plasma. What are the spectral emission lines for fusion as opposed to electron jumps.

Clouds on Jupiter also emit a continuous spectrum. Clouds on the sun before a liquid surface?