Theta rhythm: A Memory Clock

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Shortform link:
shortform.com/artem
My name is Artem, I'm a computational neuroscience student and researcher.
In this video we talk about theta rhythm - a rhythmic pattern of brain activity (4-12 Hz), which is essential for memory encoding and retrieval.
REFERENCES (in no particular order):
1. Hummos A, Nair SS. An integrative model of the intrinsic hippocampal theta rhythm. Lytton WW, editor. PLoS ONE. 2017 Aug 7;12(8):e0182648.
2. Ferguson KA, Chatzikalymniou AP, Skinner FK. Combining theory, model and experiment to understand how theta rhythms are generated in the hippocampus 2017
3. Drieu C, Zugaro M. Hippocampal Sequences During Exploration: Mechanisms and Functions. Front Cell Neurosci. 2019 Jun 13;13:232.
4. Speers LJ, Cheyne KR, Cavani E, Hayward T, Schmidt R, Bilkey DK. Hippocampal Sequencing Mechanisms Are Disrupted in a Maternal Immune Activation Model of Schizophrenia Risk. J Neurosci. 2021 Aug 11;41(32):6954-65.
5. Foster DJ, Wilson MA. Hippocampal theta sequences. Hippocampus. 2007 Nov;17(11):1093-9.
6. Backus AR, Schoffelen JM, Szebényi S, Hanslmayr S, Doeller CF. Hippocampal-Prefrontal Theta Oscillations Support Memory Integration. Current Biology. 2016 Feb;26(4):450-7.
7. Pastalkova E, Itskov V, Amarasingham A, Buzsáki G. Internally Generated Cell Assembly Sequences in the Rat Hippocampus. Science. 2008 Sep 5;321(5894):1322-7.
8. Quiroga RQ, Reddy L, Kreiman G, Koch C, Fried I. Invariant visual representation by single neurons in the human brain. Nature. 2005 Jun;435(7045):1102-7.
9. Colgin LL. Mechanisms and Functions of Theta Rhythms. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2013 Jul 8;36(1):295-312.
10. Buzsáki G, Moser EI. Memory, navigation and theta rhythm in the hippocampal-entorhinal system. Nat Neurosci. 2013 Feb;16(2):130-8.
11. Buzsaki G. Rhythms of the Brain.
12. Colgin LL. Rhythms of the hippocampal network. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2016 Apr;17(4):239-49.
13. Goutagny R, Jackson J, Williams S. Self-generated theta oscillations in the hippocampus. Nat Neurosci. 2009 Dec;12(12):1491-3.
14. Buzsáki G, Tingley D. Space and Time: The Hippocampus as a Sequence Generator. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2018 Oct;22(10):853-69.
15. Buzsáki G. Theta Oscillations in the Hippocampus. Neuron. 2002 Jan;33(3):325-40.
16. Skaggs WE, McNaughton BL, Wilson MA, Barnes CA. Theta phase precession in hippocampal neuronal populations and the compression of temporal sequences. Hippocampus. 1996;6(2):149-72.
17. Hasselmo ME, Stern CE. Theta rhythm and the encoding and retrieval of space and time. NeuroImage. 2014 Jan;85:656-66.
18. Wang Y, Romani S, Lustig B, Leonardo A, Pastalkova E. Theta sequences are essential for internally generated hippocampal firing fields. Nat Neurosci. 2015 Feb;18(2):282-8.
19. Reddy L, Self MW, Zoefel B, Poncet M, Possel JK, Peters JC, et al. Theta-phase dependent neuronal coding during sequence learning in human single neurons. Nat Commun. 2021 Dec;12(1):4839.
OUTLINE:
00:00 Introduction
00:48 Brain waves
01:18 Generation of theta rhythm
04:37 Functions of theta wave
08:13 Forming an integrated representation
11:05 Sequential organization
14:50 Phase precession
17:49 Conclusion
18:32 Sponsor message
19:36 Outro
CREDITS:
Icons by biorender.com/, www.flaticon.com/

Опубликовано:

1 июн 2024

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Комментарии : 258

@ArtemKirsanov Год назад

Join Shortform for amazing book guides and get 5 days of unlimited access! shortform.com/artem

@timkbirchico8542 Год назад

why are the mice not allowed walls made of natural material in these tests? the wee mice dont deserve such bad treatment anyway. Their theta and alpha etc waves are probably experienced as response sensation just like ours. Would natural materials, if carefully chosen, prejudice the results? or would they enhance the real feel for the mouse and therefore the interpretation its brain wave types?

@timkbirchico8542 Год назад

maybe you dont have access to the info requested. I like your channels info. lets all help to protect our fellow creatures while we investigate the brain. surely that is a step towards understanding ourselves. we shouldnt be so objective with the wee mice, they make nice pets. and have a life.

@yashaswikulshreshtha1588 Год назад

Hey, I am very glad I found your channel, I love your content about neuroscience, I am CS major interested in cross benefitting both fields through their uniqueness. I want to use such information to utilize these algorithms to benefit Algorithms in computer science for various tasks. And even explore beyond just that in neuroscience. Mind control/Influencing mind in a controlled manner has always been my fascination.. Keep up the good work! Best neuroscience content channel

@priyakulkarni9583 Год назад

You are amazing. Great teacher.

@AmericanBrain Год назад

@@timkbirchico8542 no. NO. Animals have no rights . The concept of rights belongs to man. That means you can and you should do whatever it takes "wee animal or better to use primates". I repeat: animals literally have no rights. The concept of rights belongs to man. This anthropomorphising mysticism has to stop and you must stop it now.

@rustybolts8953 Год назад

The more I find out about how the brain works, the more surprised I am that the brain works.

@maiamaiapapaya Год назад

The more I learn about biology in general, the more I feel like us being here right now is a miracle.

@digiryde Год назад

@@maiamaiapapaya "The more I learn about biology in general, the more I feel like us being here right now is a miracle." While I understand the feelings, I think that we have not destroyed ourselves yet is the real miracle. ;) Seriously, though, I see things differently. That we are here is due to everything that came before. Much the way that starting a walk down a path one cannot see more than a very small distance ahead, one with billions of branches in the path, one that travels billions of miles/kilometers (pick your favorite), we are here without actually having decided to be here. It may seem like a miracle that all of those billions of choices wound up with what we are today, but I posit, what if we could be better. Not just a little better, but a lot better. Looking at other life on Earth, you will find lots of *decisions* made over time that make different creatures far better at some things that we are. Better vision, sense of smell, resistance to cancer, resistance to disease, and so on. While human beings have these large brains that seem to be more capable in many ways than the brains of other species, there are abilities that our brains do not have that we find in other species. Then there are the basic physiological issues. Choking to death due to the mouth being used for eating, drinking and breathing (whales don't have that issue) being one of those. There are Genetic mutations that go wrong. Malformations in babies, fetuses that die in the womb, non-viable pregnancies (tubal for instance). Again, an incredible array of genetic and other physiological failures. There is so much about what and who we are that is problematic and could be improved upon. We have the abilities to do so. Yet, the vast majority of people choose to squander what they have inherited or been given. To me the miracle has yet to happen. That would be the miracle of "we the people", all of us, taking responsibility not only for our lives today, but what we leave to the life that follows us. The miracle of understanding that every decision has weight and consequence. The miracle of deciding to make the world, life, and living better for all that follows. My spouse does accuse me of thinking to much though.

@David-pp9jw Год назад

@@digiryde General human autonomy would be best; considering we're free because freedom in itself is a practice is the best part. If you consider this stuff crazy, take a dive into structural biology sometime! Enjoyed the read-through. ⭐

@BetzalelMC Год назад

@rustybolts, What a cleverly intelligent & thought provoking comment! Well said!

@rustybolts8953 Год назад

@@BetzalelMC Thank you for the best complement I have ever had on You Tube.

@sreelakshmidev123 Год назад

Fascinating content. I’m a cognitive science student, and my neuroscience term paper selection is due today. I was searching for a fascinating topic, and here comes your video. Thanks, Artem. You’re doing fantastic work.

@ArtemKirsanov Год назад

Thank you!

@philipm3173 Год назад

Next time try to not do it the day of. Spoken by the regretful guilty...

@leif1075 Год назад

@@ArtemKirsanov Will you do a video in dream analysis and dream generstion/causes..another of the deepest and most elusive mysteries of the brain..Hope to hear from you and I'm response to my other comment too! Thanks for sharing.

@leif1075 Год назад

@@philipm3173 Day of what?

@ncedwards1234 Год назад

@@leif1075 Due date

@nadvarzon9090 Год назад

Artem, your channel is a gem! Such high-quality content, quite extraodinary actually. Feeling so lucky to be able to watch this!

@zmw4723 6 дней назад

Thank you, Artem. That was an amazing explanation of how theta waves in the hippocampus help us remember things! The visual thought experiments were very helpful! There were so many aha moments in this. I once learned a memory trick from a memory expert that if you visualize walking through your house, and place things you want to remember in different parts of the house as you move through it, you'll be able to recall all of those facts/things. Now I think I understand why that is. Also, I have been traveling by car a lot lately, and listening to my textbooks as I stare out the window at the passing scenery, and have found that I comprehend what I'm listening to more easily than when I sit still and read it or listen to it. Considering that the Hippocampus is also involved in learning, this now makes sense as well. The brain and body are AMAZING and I hope to continue learning more about it from you along with my text books!

@gehteuchnichtsan7911 Год назад

the explanation graphics and analogies are so awesomely understandable. thank you so much for doing this!

@qcpwned07 Месяц назад

Currently writing my thesis on alternative learning algorithms and this video was a gold mine. From my research I already had a strong intuition a clock was essential for efficient representation learning, but I was having a hard time finding proper references that sustained this idea. No more, thanks to you! Great break down, great citation and great video. As someone who works at the boundary between neuroscience and AI, it is always a delight when RU-vid notifies me that you stroke again. Keep up the good work!

@maiamaiapapaya Год назад

I'm studying towards being a neuroscientist one day and I'm currently taking trigonometry. I had never heard the word "theta" until this class started a few weeks ago. Your video gives me a super relevant reason for why I'm learning this stuff! Thanks for posting.

@flbear690 Год назад

This has to be either a subtle trolling or a paid commentary, jeez

@maiamaiapapaya Год назад

@@flbear690 what do you mean?

@flbear690 Год назад

@@maiamaiapapaya Nothing, good luck studying triangles. Btw Greek alphabet has many more amazing letters other than theta, check them out

@maiamaiapapaya Год назад

@@flbear690 sweet, I assume I'll learn them along the way as I progress in my math classes.

@Captainspamo Год назад

@@flbear690 why are you being so rude?

@diniscosta6702 Год назад

Physics grad student here; I'm so happy I came across your videos! I have been interested in the applications of maths to the analysis of brain patterns for a while. Your page feels like a candy shop for a kid!

Год назад

Eu nem assisti o vídeo, mas vim aqui só pra dizer que eu bati o olho no título e li "Treta rhythm". Seria um nome maravilhoso de grupo de funk

@MrFarber31 Год назад

You sir are catalyzing the reactions my brain undergoes in it's process of understanding the brain, I am soon to be interviewed for a prestigious graduate school program in neuroscience and no doubt your content helps me prepare! Keep up your amazing work it is highly appreciated

@johndoh1000 Год назад

You know it's a good video where you still learn something even when you come back to it after your first watch.

@turel528 Год назад

I'm a future neurobiologist, so that's very interesting to me personally. Thanks for the content!

@ethannewnham Год назад

absolutely love what you are doing with this channel!

@kaba1996 Год назад

Great finally a channel with those advaced topics perfect for people who know a bit I'm a cognitive science student and it helps a lot to recall and organise some things Great video

@EightiesJames 11 месяцев назад

I began forming deep long-term memory, sleepwalking, and general self awareness at 2 (38yrs ago). Only 2 times on the theta bridge I recalled a real-time memory. I have constant random episodes of deep memory since the early 90s that don't give me chills, they grab my entire nervous system -some clenching muscles, emotion with no connection but Time, hard to lock on. I just want to send my hippocampus into overdrive!

@ingenuity23 Год назад

This is fantastic! Loved it

@AA-gl1dr Год назад

Wonderful video. Exactly what my interests are summed up into a single video. If you managed to combine molecular biology and DNA/RNA with your current focus I can’t even begin to describe how amazing that would be. Please keep up the tremendous work you do.

@ahmedhadwan9273 Год назад

Thank you very very much for all the effort you put in visualizing information. Your channel is absolutely a gift.

@NickGeo25 Год назад

Absolutely love your videos! Brains are fascinating.

@thevoicesinmyhead1976 Год назад

So glad to find your channel! Your content is amazing, keep it up!

@luizz_k Год назад

Can't tell you how much this video cleared up my mind. I was going around in circles with this theta matter...

@JTMaustin Год назад

Well done! Very impressive presentation.

@shashanks.k855 Год назад

My dude. Your awesome ! Thanks for putting all this effort really appreciate it.

@erv993 Год назад

you're the man, sir! thanks for providing meaningful explanation for such comprehensive topic!

@andrewgrebenisan6141 Год назад

I truly appreciate the high quality references in the description. Great video :)

@willowwright8526 Год назад

I can not believe how effective of a teacher you are! Incredible.

@juanjorios3154 10 месяцев назад

Fascinating video!! thanks for your job. Congrats from Uruguay

@0xmmn Год назад

Thank you for existing. I've severe ADHD but I really can focus on your content. you explain things better than my professors and in exciting way and offer conclusion at the end. Thanks a lot for you work. ♥

@MrAdamo Год назад

I have the same problem. I think it’s because the content is shorter and more focused. I also think it helps to be able to pause, because my brain goes on tangents every few minutes.

@horaciog.rotstein358 Год назад

The discovery that the hippocampus (particularly CA1) has the circuitry to produce theta oscillations in the absence of septal input was in 2003 (Gillies et al.). These experiments were done in vitro. Later on, a modeling approach discovered the mechanisms giving rise to this intrinsically generated theta rhythm in CA1 (Rotstein et al., 2006)

@dann_y5319 2 месяца назад

This is the craziest thing I’ve ever seen!! PHASE PRECESSION wowww 16:01 my mind is blown

@dann_y5319 2 месяца назад

🤯🤯🤯🤯🤯 16:52 WHATT

@Li.Siyuan Год назад

Fascinating!

@bringer-of-change Год назад

Since my relatively recent discovery of telepathy, remote viewing and psychokenesis, as well as discoveries about our D.N.A. and Chromosomes, I've been extremely interested in learning more about the brain.

@vitorsg Год назад

yep, the brain is fantastic.

@makhnoboi1996 Год назад

Well, do you have any reading recommendations?

@joshuaolorocisimo7611 Год назад

This is really great content! I’m a neuroscience grad student and I’m learning so much from your videos.

@indeecjo Год назад

Amazing videos.

@mateomendoza2232 Год назад

As a neuroscience studient i love your videos

@MariaPirozhkova Год назад

Wow, thank you for the video!

@Zahlenteufel1 Год назад

First, I wanna say that I love your videos immensely. I love the topics, the style, the explanations are intuitive, I love that you actually have proper references. One thing I would appreciate a lot is if you could provide a bibtex version of your references, maybe in a pastebin so it is easier for me to process them into my Obsidian Vault using templates. Cause yeah, I use your videos as sources, they are so interesting. Keep up the great work o/

@charisbrakatselos8998 Год назад

Brilliant video mate

@Ave_Queen Месяц назад

Шикарно!

@TheBigLou13 Год назад

I learned so much from this video. Thanks to the great visualisations and explainations I was able to completely follow through with only a few pauses and rewinds here and there. Thank you very much for having created and published this nice informative and highly educational work of content!

@flavannoyed3585 Год назад

I can't stand his freak voice

@Nothing-tp1gi Год назад

Харош! Спасибо за видосы

@yourvinylplug Год назад

This is surprisingly high quality neuro video, nice work

@shakogasteier6370 Год назад

Very nice!!! Really intriguing Video, as it's information, you dont really come by. Very good graphic representation, that gives you a feeling of what could bei happening in the brain.

@i_never_asked_for_an_alias Год назад

This is the most interesting stuff i have heard in a long time and i am working in a research facility. 😏👍

@TheNaturalLawInstitute Год назад

Great work Artem. ;)

@LunCoSim Год назад

You are making great videos! I'm really interested in space robotics and the more I know about robots and our brains the more similar it looks! In other words - a better understanding of human brains helps to build better robots! :D And your level of details is super amazing! Not too much to stuck in details and not too small to making it good for professionals

@denlolify Год назад

I definetly did not understand all of this even though it was very clear and i tried hard, i missed how the memory gets out of phase sequentially. anyhow i am glad i found your channel through 3brown1blue's video contest as this type of content is very intersting to me. I jsut started studying psychology and i might end up in this subfield

@KaliFissure Год назад

fascinating research 🖖

@astralLichen Год назад

Love this channel, it's great to have another place to learn cool neuroscience. I've been reading about dendrites recently and they seem to play a role in coincidence detection among other computations so it'd be interesting to know where where on hippocampal dendritic trees MS pacemaker neurons attach

@sethn896 Год назад

I’m sorry for this long comment, but your comment got me thinking and I had to put my thoughts somewhere… My humble guess is that the location at which the MS pacemaker neurons form their synapses on a given hippocampal dendritic tree is dynamic. perhaps, firing at a specific “time on the clock” is physically implemented by a spatial summation of EPSPs coming from both the MS pacemakers and the presynaptic cell, sufficient to trigger an action potential. In this sense, the temporal dynamics between one hippocampal neuron and the next is determined by the summation of the EPSP from the presynaptic hippocampal cell and “just the right” amount of an EPSP from the pacemaker cell to trigger an action potential. Where the MS pacemaker connects to the dendrite tree may depend on two things: the time of the theta rhythm that the neurons need to fire together, AND the physical distance away from the location of the hippocampal synapse that is sufficient for the triggering of an action potential given the “level/strength” of the EPSP corresponding to the desired time on the clock rhythm. That is, a lower frequency on the MS pacemaker cell is corresponding to a “lower point” on the theta rhythm, and a smaller EPSP is being generated-so, the location it connects to the dendritic tree on would be closer in distance to the synapse between the two hippocampal neurons than if there was a “stronger/higher frequency” of the clock rhythm, which would generate a larger EPSP, and would thereby be located further away on the dendritic tree to create a spatially-summed EPSP SUFFICIENTLY large enough to reach the threshold needed to trigger an action potential. Just an idea though

@Loading-lg6hs Год назад

Fascinating

@SpeakerJohnAsh Год назад

This is far superior to a research paper.

@kailashsingh9737 Год назад

Very beautiful sir

@grubzer1369 Год назад

I work as software engineer, and i noticed that i concentrate best and get into "the flow" state easiest if i listen to music where main beat is near 2hz, and secondary beats are at 4hz, 8hz and 16 hz, which i usually tap out with my legs (each at 8 hz or at best it can do) and sometimes i "feel" it in my mind when "flow" is strongest, example of such music is doom OST-style music, and some rap beats without vocals. Does music somehow interact with my brain waves helping them somehow, or i just like this music and have restless legs? Can you make video on music and brain?

@ArtemKirsanov Год назад

Great question! Relationship between music and brain waves is a very interesting and complex topic. There is a great amount of evidence, that listening to music with certain frequencies will entrain the rhythmic dynamics of neurons in the cortex (essentially amplifying the brain rhythm). The consequences of this on behaviour and cognitive processes are a bit less clear. In fact, one of the reasons we like the music, is because its sound structure resembles the neural oscillations, present in our brains from birth! Thank you for the suggestion! I'll definitely consider researching this deeper

@gehteuchnichtsan7911 Год назад

please do a video on music and brainwaves. 🙏🙏🙏🙏

@matveyshishov Год назад

@@ArtemKirsanov is the "one of the reasons we like music" a hypothesis or yours or do you mean there is research on this?

@Vir9il Год назад

@Grubzer you can tap your legs at 16 Hz? Are you a bee or something?

@JesseHelton Год назад

When I code, I like to listen to the random conversations and interruptions of my co-workers. It not only helps me take longer with each task, it also adds a lot to the amount of bugs for QA to find. Do you have a playlist to share? I’m curious how to identify music with these characteristics.

@litfill54 Год назад

Nice work

@protonman8947 Год назад

Very well done.

@flavannoyed3585 Год назад

For a nazi

@albanmalaj2073 Год назад

great video

@o_2731 Год назад

Very intresting topic! To me its very fascinating that such a complex organ like the brain could have even evolved just from evoultion

@bellezavudd Год назад

Just? It took billions of years.

@matveyshishov Год назад

Mate, thank you so much for your hard work! I really appreciate your channel, how you get to the bottom of things and package it in simple to comprehend bits, yet keep it at a good level of complexity and veracity. Did you have a lot of details left out? Not sure about others, but I'd love to have much longer videos, kinda director cuts, with all the details, I know it's too much to ask for, haha, but I feel like you have more ideas and material than what makes it into a video. The visuals are great too! Really helpful and high quality.

@ArtemKirsanov Год назад

Thank you so much! It was indeed a tough choice what to include and what to leave out. One crucial thing I didn't include not to confuse a lot of people, is that theta rhythm is not a simple global wave, synchronized in the entire hippocampus. Instead, it is a travelling wave, which spreads along the septo-temporal axis of the hippocampus. Here's the link, if you are interested: www.nature.com/articles/nature08010 My main priority with these videos is to construct a comprehensive and holistic story, where all the pieces would be logically linked. It is sometimes very difficult, especially if papers contradict each other, or different authors provide different interpretations. So yeah, I often have additional material for each script, but it is sort of hanging and doesn't fit into the picture as nicely. But who knows, maybe some time later I'll do extended versions on these ;)

@matveyshishov Год назад

@@ArtemKirsanov This is a very interesting link, thank you!

@bokchoiman 11 месяцев назад

@@ArtemKirsanov incredible topic! I was on the edge of my seat the whole time ;)

@ninaromm5491 9 месяцев назад

@@ArtemKirsanov. Am loving your presentations and visuals. As an artist, you have my whole-hearted approval ! 🎉

@BradCaldwellAuburn 10 месяцев назад

Excellent. I think consciousness has a somewhat subliminal 'fusing schema' with one axis of gradient exactly like the future to past, to create a 'flowing time window' for working memory and prediction.

@Raebaeheyy Год назад

So this explains why certain songs reminds me of my ex , or a specific place in life I was when I listened to it often 😢

@ajf908 Год назад

Do you plan on covering the rest of the waves of the brain? Video is extremely fascinating and I love the work you do

@EARXHEART Год назад

Neat. Thanks.

@StonedApe420 Год назад

Good stuff

@v1ck1bai Год назад

Doing my weld job at a quick steady pace. I literally have this rhythm i feel throughout me. Soo😎😎😎😎

@ryanyoung7244 Год назад

Very slick, Artem. Excellent 👏 ... Was wondering, have you considered maybe doing a video on your process with manim animation or posting a few example codes? Some of these slides I'd love to see interals on.

@ArtemKirsanov Год назад

Thanks! Yeah, I was actually thinking about doing a breakdown of some animations (both from this video and from the one on Wavelet transform). It's really great to see that someone would be interested in seeing this! By the way, in this video I didn't use manim - it's all pure matplotlib ;)

@stat2day Год назад

@@ArtemKirsanov very interesting

@mukul98s Год назад

Hey Artem, My current knowledge is not able to understand this topic. I want to dive into these topics. Can you recommend some material for reading on this topic?

@ArtemKirsanov Год назад

Hey! Sorry to hear that. If you are talking particularly about the subject of brain rhythms, I can suggest starting with two brilliant books by Dr. Gyorgy Buzsaki, titled "The Brain from Inside Out" (this one is newer and really beginner-friendly) and also "Rhythms of the Brain". There you will also find references to a large amount of great review articles to read further. If you are talking about neuroscience in general, you can check out the book list and strategies in the video I have on the topic: ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-QU6-2MEfVOc.html Best of luck! ;)

@toastybowl Год назад

Going to a neuro-feedback session tomorrow, so I will experience some of these waves through external representations 🙆‍♂️ Various rates are implicated in clinical criteria, & it is very strange to think that one can train to change some of the patterns... I cannot imagine what that would feel like ! 😅

@ArtemKirsanov Год назад

Wow, good luck!

@parmenides9036 Год назад

You are easily one of the best Science youtubers!

@pedrovelazquez138 Год назад

Artem! I love your videos. I am interested in pursuing a field related to neuroscience, can you recommend some tips or suggestions in order to be able to achieve it? I am finishing Electronics Engineering now. Greetings from Paraguay.

@Switch013 Год назад

I just watched both this and the sleep video. Amazing stuff. I was wondering if during the hippocampal "reverse replay" during sleep the theta phase alignments are also reversed?

@GermanTutorials Год назад

Im a physicist and i am shocked by the amount of things i don't know about our brains. Keep making such content! I would love to know about current research on neuroscience

@CarterColeisInfamous Год назад

awesome video... thats the sub

@tobiaswienand1160 Год назад

I wish I could give multiple likes

@nutzeeer Год назад

Synchronized pulses through different paths make subtle differences. There is information in that

@andrewrouthier1169 Год назад

I remember reading an article stating that nitrous oxide raises theta wave activity significantly. I see why it's regarded as a disassociative if they have that much influence on memory.

@TimTeatro Год назад

Thanks for your work in public education of science. I'm a physicist turned systems engineer, who has recently make a pet study of neuroscience. I was wondering if you could clear some things up for me. At 1:09 you note γ as 30-80 Hz. (I know these are generalisations, and rythms are not only identified by frequency band) But some papers I've read include and analyse shortwave γ up to 200 Hz. I'm wondering why some (or most) papers cut it off at 80 Hz. From what I understand, even clinical amps, as apposed to research grade equipment, have response curve that is flat from (≤1)-100 Hz. So why 80? From what I understand (and correct me where I'm wrong), γ signals are inter-network resonant frequencies and arises localised when one part of a network loses some disinhibition from a neighbouring node. (It also, for reasons I don't understand, shows up during prediction failure?) So I am unsurprised that it has power at much higher frequencies, and find myself surprised when I see it upper-bounded. Granted, probably most of the power is in the 30 to 80 Hz band. But often, there is significance in subdleties represented in events and rhythms accounting for small fractions of the total power.

@Littleprinceleon Год назад

Interesting... Somebody should tag Artem

@davidhand9721 Год назад

I'm having a little trouble imagining how neurons are responding to the phase of the rhythm when it's just transmitted as a scalar. Generally, higher amplitude in will result in either higher or lower amplitude out. How do you get a cell assembly to respond to a more or less exact amplitude? Could the waves be spatial as well as temporal? That would give a great population correlation to phase. If, for example, the theta wave only directly stimulated one edge of the assembly, or bands throughout, then propagated the wave locally, that might introduce a delay between populations in a specific order. That order would be consistently arranged by the phase of the theta wave. Furthermore, if the tissue has multiple phase-correlated populations, it might be able to "nest" sequences in their correlations. This would work the same way compression does in a computer; some bits represent a longer sequence, and each of those sequence elements could also represent a sequence. The benefit of such a symbolic representation would make the region considerably more powerful and general purpose, capable of storing arbitrarily complex ideas in one unified encoding. Just want to add that the hippocampus is required for eyeblink conditioning when there is a delay between stimuli, e.g. a beep, followed by a second or two of silence, followed by the shock or air puff. If there are assemblies responding to theta phase, how well would their period line up with the amount of delay that the hippocampus can handle, because after some maximum delay, the conditioned response disappears. It would be interesting if that delay corresponds to a 360° phase. Larger delays than the cycle period would map to poorly correlated phase.

@mikegLXIVMM Год назад

Our perception of time changes as we grow older. Is it because of changes in the Hippocampus?

@love__and__hope__ Год назад

Is there similar detailed channels for brain science ? Really interested in mechanisms of memory, attention, not so much correlation or global brain properties

@fahdal-sebaey3322 Год назад

Excellent work, beyond excellent even. May I ask, what tools do you use to animate/produce your videos?

@ArtemKirsanov Год назад

Thanks! For 3D scenes I used Blender to animate the models from publicly available datasets (such as Allen Mouse Brain Atlas). Scenes with neurons were made using an addon for Blender by BlueBrain (github.com/BlueBrain/NeuroMorphoVis). 2D animations were done using a combination of python matplotlib module (for graphs and spiketrains) and Adobe After Effects for simpler animations (such as text / transitions / images etc)

@fahdal-sebaey3322 Год назад

@@ArtemKirsanov Thanks for sharing. Great work as always. Keep going.

@bdotop Год назад

Hey, Artem. great video :) Seeing as you're a fellow zettelkasten user, do you have any thoughts on theta waves and their relation to note-taking in the context of both digital (keyed in) or handwriting? Some studies suggest that handwriting activate synchronous theta waves, suggesting that handwriting is better suited for memorization and retention. Others feel that a single tool can not be isolated as the sole factor in theta wave synchronicity. Any thoughts on this spicy debate? Especially since you use (I believe) Obsidian like me....

@ArtemKirsanov Год назад

Hey! Thanks! Well, I've never actually thought about it. It is quite interesting! It is very difficult to study though (because we generally can't stick an electrode inside a human brain). I can't think of a potential mechanism to link handwriting to theta rhythmicity in particular, but since we know so little about the brain, there could indeed be such a pathway. Good thought!

@dontfollowthinkforyourself Год назад

if you have the theta sequences of thoughts , felling and space. could you send that via wifi if the frequency is the same to the hippocampus in the brain and will the brain decode and fire neurons from that code so you get an experience thought ,feeling etc.?

@skriskos Год назад

If I'm understanding correctly, both the mouse's trajectory across the place cell and the actual place of the mouse feed into the peak firing rate of the place cells. As the mouse walked through the corridor, would a graph of the firing of the place cell representing the halfway point of the corridor be a summation of the bell-shaped "place" component and the theta component - which would be a regular peak on a much smaller timescale that changed phase as the mouse passed through?

@PsycoGamer1 Год назад

Could you make a video about brain waves in general?

@ArtemKirsanov Год назад

Sure! In fact, I initially planned this one to be on the subject of neuronal oscillations (brain waves) as a whole :) But then I looked at the amount of information I wanted to convey, and decided it would be better to dedicate a separate video for the theta wave (this is what I'm working on, so I guess you can that theta is my favourite, haha). So it's definitely on my mind and one of the future videos probably will be about brain rhythms in general

@ibrahimouhamou9732 Год назад

Now I realized what they mean by saying it's impossible that the universe was here by accident

@Keirshy Месяц назад

Thanks for the video! Do other parts of the brain work with brain waves in the same way? Ie do neurons use brainwaves as temporal markers for their firing sequences?

@luisca92 Год назад

I work for a master electrical engineer and I know he’ll get a kick out of this! We really just are an orchestra of bacteria, electrical pulses and code

@flavannoyed3585 Год назад

You can't have output without input. The brain is just a switch board. Who's flipping the switches? Can't be chemistry, as you evolve from a single cell with limited chemicals. Can't be the brain because it didn't exist at your conception. "Genes/dna" is the cop out answer that doesn't make any sense. There's a signal somewhere that precedes the chemistry or brain that people credit with evolution and consciousness and thought and memory. No one will answer my simple question how a single cell knows what to create, without becoming a liar.

@AexisRai Год назад

Do you have any information on "brain fog" specifically of the kind produced by COVID, apparently by mechanisms like neuroinflammation or microclots?

@Rene-uz3eb Год назад

The clock cycle is simply so that all the participating neurons are synchronized. If they weren't, they couldn't be computing anything, one neurons output would be unrelated in time to another's. The cycle guarantees that the same function is performed while they axons haven't changed. Same reason why you need a clock in a CPU, every circuit contributes to the result. The theta frequency would be determined by a tradeoff of how many neurons deep the signal can travel within one cycle (how complex a single 'piece' of memory can be) - recall that is super slow given chemical synapse transmission - and how fast you can access memory I'm guessing.

@montagistreel Год назад

Is it possible that this Theta "pulse" is also being actively interpreted by some of the grid cells mentioned in the other video - the ones that can perceive abstract spatial differences along a 1 dimensional abstract axis? Is this how our understanding of the passage of time works?

@sebastianh.405 Год назад

I am curious if it would be possible to somehow change those hyperpolarization-activated channels, to influence the pacemaker neurons and thereby increase the speed of the internal clock of the brain, meaning basically overclocking the brain to get more/faster computation/firing of the neurons, obviously with the goal of more rapid learning or faster thinking-processes.

@flavannoyed3585 Год назад

Faster firing is going to age you faster. You want higher amplitude of neuron.

@dudebot 10 месяцев назад

Is there a shared mechanism of neuronal synchronization afforded by the medial septum and that from neural entrainment by binaural beats?

@l3nn13 Год назад

top 5 youtube channel

@TheRivensongInitiative Год назад

Artem, do neurites in other places of the body like the heart have some of the same spatial recognition and navigation capacities just at lower levels since they don't occur as en masse as neurons in the brain?

@ArtemKirsanov Год назад

Hi! Not that I know of. Honestly, I think it is quite unlikely, since there aren't any pathways that would relay sensory information about position to places outside the brain. But again, who knows what will be discovered in the future ;)

@michaelbindner9883 Год назад

Part of the chaos function that gives rise to free will.

@homeopathicfossil-fuels4789 Год назад

And I thought a bus clock frequency of 66 mhz was slow, the brain is such an amazing piece of machinery, being able read and write so much data at such a low frequency.

@iworeushankaonce Год назад

I think I will just repeat everyone's comments if I said you explain these concepts amazingly. But one question, how do you make these visuals and animations?

@ArtemKirsanov Год назад

Thank you! I used Blender to animate the models from publicly available datasets (such as Allen Mouse Brain Atlas). 3D scenes with neurons were made using an addon for Blender by BlueBrain (github.com/BlueBrain/NeuroMorphoVis). 2D animations were done using a combination of python matplotlib module (for graphs and spiketrains) and Adobe After Effects for simpler animations (such as text / transitions / images etc)

@KingOf_B Год назад

For making measurement with the electrode is Fourier analysis not an option?

@jasonhoman6525 Год назад

What part of the brain maintains the state “clock” so the individual neurons know when to fire in the correct sequence. Like how does a neuron keep time?