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What was the Mid Tudor Crisis - And Was it Really a Crisis? 

History With Hilbert
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What was the Mid Tudor Crisis of 1547 to 1558, and was it really so much of a crisis?
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8 окт 2017

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Комментарии : 155   
@jamiloneill5864
@jamiloneill5864 6 лет назад
"fam I'm making a video" 😂 😂 😂
@NiallsLittleSecret
@NiallsLittleSecret 5 лет назад
History exam tomorrow... last minute revision session!
@historywithhilbert146
@historywithhilbert146 5 лет назад
Erin Hobbs Good luck!
@breaden4381
@breaden4381 6 лет назад
Hilbert > Most of my history teachers
@historywithhilbert146
@historywithhilbert146 6 лет назад
Haha cheers man!
@breaden4381
@breaden4381 6 лет назад
This is the best PowerPoint I’ve seen in a long time.
@onetwothreefourfive12345
@onetwothreefourfive12345 4 года назад
All*
@tomcat03282006
@tomcat03282006 3 месяца назад
This was a fantastic video. One of the best I've watched on the topic. Thank you for making it.
@historywithhilbert146
@historywithhilbert146 3 месяца назад
Thank you for your kind words! I made it when I was studying for my A-Level exams but it's great to see people are still watching it and learning from it :)
@tomcat03282006
@tomcat03282006 3 месяца назад
@@historywithhilbert146 that is funny because I watched it because I will Be taking my A-Level in 2 weeks.
@illerac84
@illerac84 6 лет назад
Personally, this is the English dynasty that I find most interesting, along with the late War of the Roses period.
@j.gczaricit9446
@j.gczaricit9446 6 лет назад
oh boy 39 minutes im gonna enjoy this
@xeniaschumacher7056
@xeniaschumacher7056 2 года назад
This was so useful in helping me cram before my A-Level tomorrow. Thanks :)
@szdigi
@szdigi Год назад
How did it go? I have my mocks soon
@doumaenterprises2617
@doumaenterprises2617 6 лет назад
I love all the effort you go to get a broad explanation of this topic. Keep up the good work!
@dcseain
@dcseain 6 лет назад
Thanks! This was very interesting, and more detail than I'd known about that period.
@golgarisoul
@golgarisoul 6 лет назад
Thank you for the longer video. Very informative.
@ajhail3488
@ajhail3488 6 лет назад
Thanks Hilbert! ive been using your video's for my A-Level revision.
@LordBitememan
@LordBitememan 6 лет назад
That was impressively comprehensive. Thank you Hilbert!
@millied60
@millied60 Год назад
This was so useful! Thanks so much x
@mjkg6026
@mjkg6026 3 года назад
Can I just say thanks so much for this video, I have an exam and history is my weakest subject, but this video is concise and hits all the points. Thanks!
@amyjobe5205
@amyjobe5205 6 лет назад
hilbs you legend, this is a blessing for tomorrow's exam. 🙏🏻🙏🏻
@redgrassgirl
@redgrassgirl 6 лет назад
amy jobe it's rubbish don't listen to a word or you'll fail
@Chaika1974
@Chaika1974 6 лет назад
Netherlands' anthem spotted in this video!
@PLAZMOHD
@PLAZMOHD 6 лет назад
Learnt more in this video then I have during a year of history, cheers fam
@mcsmaria28
@mcsmaria28 6 лет назад
Jane Grey was Henry VII’s great granddaughter through his daughter Mary who married Henry VIII’s BFF Charles Brandon.
@rat_thrower5604
@rat_thrower5604 6 лет назад
Was that the Earl of Suffolk?
@mcsmaria28
@mcsmaria28 6 лет назад
Yes
@christopherellis2663
@christopherellis2663 6 лет назад
Nicely in depth, thank you. (Rlizabeth and James were apt at Hang, Draw, and Quarter)
@synmx_2037
@synmx_2037 5 лет назад
Best video ever thank you!
@MichaelAndersxq28guy
@MichaelAndersxq28guy 4 года назад
History With Hilbert never fails. Always a good learning experience.
@ClashRoyale-nx6qb
@ClashRoyale-nx6qb 5 лет назад
Amazing Vid 😀😀
@edwardbulmer5620
@edwardbulmer5620 6 лет назад
Such a helpful video! Please make more like this! To quote a class mate "I learnt more in one minute of that video than I did of 2 years worth of Mr #*!@%¥ 's teaching"
@karenarmstrong8141
@karenarmstrong8141 6 лет назад
i feel like once in a while longer videos going more in depth is good
@samisalive7534
@samisalive7534 3 года назад
Have my mocks that could possibly be my final exams 😬 and I'm very greatful for your video good sir, very informative and crystal clear, keep up the good work and F*** corona!!!!
@historywithhilbert146
@historywithhilbert146 3 года назад
Cheers lad - and best of luck with those exams! Keep reading around your subject for extra information and pay attention to the feedback you get on essays and you'll absolutely nail them ;)
@yusuffulat6954
@yusuffulat6954 6 лет назад
Im studying this for my A-levels thanks it really helped!
@heathermcfarlane6164
@heathermcfarlane6164 6 лет назад
excellent!!!
@emmam-rr8qe
@emmam-rr8qe 3 года назад
Thanks for sharing this is quite useful for context for Tudor rebellions. The Kett rebellion wasn't a result of Protestant doctrine though they were Protestant in East Anglia. Their religious grievances were more about the quality of preachers in their area...many of whom were still getting smashed off their faces, being pretty corrupt guys and neglecting the local parishioners! Good Times.
@archeofutura_4606
@archeofutura_4606 6 лет назад
Hey Hilbert, what do you call it when a Germanic tribesman harnesses atomic energy? Nuclear frission
@connorsimmonds9698
@connorsimmonds9698 6 лет назад
Vinsk _ LAD
@cerebrummaximus3762
@cerebrummaximus3762 3 года назад
Hahaha, shame Hilbert hasn't seen your comment, yet
@thomassugg3422
@thomassugg3422 6 лет назад
Very interesting video. Iv always been interested in 1500s England.
@historywithhilbert146
@historywithhilbert146 6 лет назад
Cheers Thomas! It's an interesting period!
@atherm1982
@atherm1982 5 лет назад
At around 18 minutes it talks about why he did not choose Elizabeth to succeed him and claims it was because an act of parliament would have been required. This is not true. According to the 1544 act of succession both mary and elizabeth were put in line after Edward. I think he bypassed Elizabeth because Elizabeth felt that by skipping Mary it also weakened her claim so Elizabeth might not accepted.
@JimCausleymusic
@JimCausleymusic 6 лет назад
"The Prayer Book Rebellion only happened in Cornwall and the very slight west of Devon" ...apart from the major, defining battle of the rebellion which took place at Fenny Bridges near Honiton, very much in the East of Devon!! Oh and then there was the seige of Exeter too...
@user-or7ji5hv8y
@user-or7ji5hv8y 3 года назад
Such a small country really had a lot of rebellions throughout its history. Never realized to what degree before.
@catfishkempster
@catfishkempster 6 лет назад
Thanks you!
@stefanatliorvaldsson3563
@stefanatliorvaldsson3563 6 лет назад
great video p.s. "Tales of History" is a great channel
@historywithhilbert146
@historywithhilbert146 6 лет назад
Thanks! I'll check em out!
@williamcooke5627
@williamcooke5627 6 лет назад
The number of dissolutions of Parliament in this period was not remarkable, given that the death of a sovereign *automatically* dissolved Parliament.
@TheCuppycakedelight5
@TheCuppycakedelight5 6 лет назад
Mary tudor ruled for 5 years and and at least 280 people were killed . That's 56 people burned at the stake each year. It's still significant, i'm not accusing anyone of saying it wasn't.
@jackwood7726
@jackwood7726 6 лет назад
30:14 I didn't expect that
@artysin6331
@artysin6331 6 лет назад
It pains me you don't have more subscribers.
@syko.uk.
@syko.uk. 6 лет назад
For an exam question, would you say it is easier to argue that there wasn't a mid tudor crisis?
@historywithhilbert146
@historywithhilbert146 6 лет назад
A good way to bring in complexity is to look at in which aspect it should or should not be considered a crisis and to compare it to both before and afterwards depending on the date range with some including the post 1536 reign of Henry VIII right the way through to 1571 in the reign of Elizabeth I as part of this crisis. Perhaps some points to consider: Economically: Somerset debased the currency due to his Scottish wars. But then Mary reformed the taxation system which was kept into the reign of James I after Elizabeth. Socially: There was religious upheaval and rebellion in quick succession with the Western Rebellion and the Kett's Rebellion both in 1549 and then Wyatt's Rebellion in 1554. But if you look at Henry VII he had 4 rebellions in two years from 1495 to 1497 (Perkin Warbeck's Landing in Kent in 1495, Perkin Warbeck's Scottish Invasion and attempted rebellion in Northumberland in 1496 and the First Cornish Rebellion and the Second Cornish Rebellion involving Perkin Warbeck both in 1497.) Religiously: From 1547 the nation's religion changed from being relatively Protestant and more Anglo-Catholic under Henry VIII to very strictly Protestant under Edward VII to very strictly Catholic under Mary with burnings of heretics to back to lightly Protestant again under Elizabeth all in the space of 11 years. But compare this to the continent where the Dutch would within a decade be fighting the Spanish tooth and nail over largely religious matters, or the French whose religious wars would claim some 2 million lives with the Huguenots and Catholics or the barbarism of the Spanish Inquisition during this same period. Foreign Policy: There is continuity here in that the main enemy for the entire period was the French (with the Scots attached to that) from Henry VIII who had them as his main enemy, even Henry VII had fought the French more than anyone else in the Breton Crisis, Edward VII under Somerset of course had the war in Northern France (siege of Boulogne) and in Scotland (with his forts that cost him so much), and while the Duke of Northumberland made peace with them both in 1550 although within 5 years after Mary's marriage to Philip II of Spain who was at war with the French the English were too which ended with the loss of Calais in 1558, and it's only under Elizabeth after the Treaty of Edinburgh in 1560 that war with France stopped - so you see there is rather a lot of continuity here suggesting a certain stability in foreign policy at least. Anyhow, hope that's somewhat useful for you! My main point here is that you can argue both ways but that in some ways it was a crisis and in others it's really not that bad when compared to the world at that time or when contrasted to both the Tudor monarchs before and after. Argue what you feel most comfortable with, if you have more evidence pointing towards it being a crisis and that things were terrible argue that point or vice versa, but make sure to include this kind of complexity when you conclude and it shows that you have your balance in there! Best of luck!
@cerebrummaximus3762
@cerebrummaximus3762 3 года назад
@@historywithhilbert146 goodness gracious, you wrote his Homework for him :D
@shannmcclellan2157
@shannmcclellan2157 5 лет назад
He had an infant son named Henry with Katherine of Aragon. He died in infancy.
@ThomasAllen90
@ThomasAllen90 6 лет назад
longer, yes yes.
@lavenderinwinter5236
@lavenderinwinter5236 5 лет назад
this was soooo helpful honestly, lmaooo saved my ass from being so behind in my lesson, so cheers mate
@historywithhilbert146
@historywithhilbert146 5 лет назад
Glad you found it helpful! Got a few more videos on the Tudors if you're interested.
@sheriking4041
@sheriking4041 9 месяцев назад
Jane Gray was the granddaughter of Mary Tudor who was daughter of King Henry VII. Margaret Tudor married King James of Scotland and her grandson became King James VI & I
@karenarmstrong8141
@karenarmstrong8141 6 лет назад
12:35 i thought that was my volume lol
@caitlinetienne8672
@caitlinetienne8672 6 лет назад
Jane Grey was the grand-daughter of Mary Tudor who was Henry VII's second daughter.
@mermaidman1985
@mermaidman1985 6 лет назад
Nice to have a north-eastern historian on here mate ;)
@senortmeh5302
@senortmeh5302 6 лет назад
Early South African politics from 1910 to 1948 I know it's a hassle but I would love to see it
@Dan-hx2jr
@Dan-hx2jr 3 года назад
I’ve got an a level exam tomorrow, this is my only revision
@bostonbubba25
@bostonbubba25 6 лет назад
Henry had another illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy. Fitzroy was a product of an affair between Henry VIII and Elizabeth "Bessie" Blount
@williamcooke5627
@williamcooke5627 6 лет назад
The West Country rebellion was not sparked by the introduction of the English Bible, which had been introduced under Henry. The rebellion was over the introduction of English church services in place of the Latin Mass and offices.
@williamcooke5627
@williamcooke5627 6 лет назад
People didn't much care whether other people read the Bible in English or not. But they objected when the services of their church were radically changed in form, language, and doctrine.
@sjenner76
@sjenner76 6 лет назад
Henry VIII set the succession, passed through Parliament, as Edward, who if he died without legitimate issue, would be succeeded by Mary, and then Elizabeth. Because this succession was an act of Parliament, it superseded the personal devise of Edward, and his designation of his preferred, nearest, super-Protestant relative, Lady Jane Grey.
@Dybbouk
@Dybbouk 3 года назад
To cite 'Big' Jim Callaghan, 'Crisis? What crisis?'
@elizabethhumphries6835
@elizabethhumphries6835 4 года назад
Henry VIII's will, which was approved by Parliament before he died, specified that it was Edward VI, then Mary, then Elizabeth, then Frances Brandon Grey (Jane Grey's mother), then Frances' children (Jane, Katherine, and Mary Grey), then Eleanor Brandon Clifford, then Eleanor's children (Margaret). Only Margaret Tudor Stewart's descendants (Mary, Queen of Scots, her half-sister Margaret Douglas Stuart, and Margaret's son, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley) were barred from the succession due to ongoing issues with Scotland. There was no problem with Mary Tudor or Elizabeth Tudor inheriting, even though they were bastards according to acts of Parliament.
@riyadhul-hoque6851
@riyadhul-hoque6851 3 года назад
5:12 Boulogne was not lost under Somerset. Northumberland gave it back to France in peace negotiations in 1550.
@cfcfan9976
@cfcfan9976 6 лет назад
Lol this was a question on my a level history exam paper this year
@shannmcclellan2157
@shannmcclellan2157 5 лет назад
He also had an illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, with his mistress Bessie Blount.
@elliotnewman1366
@elliotnewman1366 5 лет назад
Northumberlnd also gained a pension from the loss of bolougne so not so much a failure
@Lulu-ut9pv
@Lulu-ut9pv 4 года назад
Great video, very informative I feel so sorry for Edward, to be given such burden at a young age of 9 and having a monster of a father. Mary knew she was destined to become Queen, before her parents divorce she was eleven crown Princess of Wales, a title used for the heir to the throne, within 10 years she would have been made illegitimate, stripped of princess title and it made it difficult for her to have a marriage match, hence why she wanted to get married asap to have a child of her own. To my knowledge there has been 3 succession crisis. 1st when Henry 2nd died, he son died at sea and his daughter the Empress Matilda who was married to the HRE was the closest legitimate heir but.... she was female eventually it was agreed that her son was to become king eventually. 2nd was henry 8th time, never before that 12 heirs in a row to the succession were all female, which also included the Scottish royal family, hence why he skipped his older sisters line to the younger sister lines he changed hos mind about merging the two kingdoms, like many things he changed his mind over, he was determinedto have a son as henry didnt saw the disaster with Matilda and didnt want that. 3rd during the reign on mad George 3rd as nearly all his sons had illegitimate children or were unmarried playboys and were estranged from their wives, the death of princess Charlotte (Queen vics cousin) caused a national mourning and family crisis as she was the only child of her generation what was legitimate dispite having many half siblings and cousins, the accession act disallowed illegitimate children from inheriting. When she died the race was on to have a child asap to create an legitimate heir.
@foam3132
@foam3132 Год назад
Henry VIII was actually a good father towards Edward, in terms of having a King for a father anyway
@nathanspencer1238
@nathanspencer1238 6 лет назад
Personally I think both Mary and Elizabeth were great rulers. Mary was a little harsh on non Catholic's but I think it was necessary to gain an ally (Spain). Don't tell me it made an enemy of the French, because if you study history you know that the British and the French always wind up at odds (until recent times). You might say the alliance didn't last, but I'd say it lasted long enough. By Elizabeth's rule we see Britian and Scotland form a unlikely friendship (thanks to the savy of the English nobles and Elizabeth's Protestantism, while the former Mary would have incapacitated, the latter couldn't possibly since it came as a shock that she couldn't have children). So my point is that the only way she could possibly have been a better leader is if she became protestant and used it to get a deal with Scotland, Denmark or the German States.
@degenerate3288
@degenerate3288 6 лет назад
You got 666 likes Noice job Hilbert
@sheriking4041
@sheriking4041 9 месяцев назад
Queen Mary Tudor of England was not the eldest child of King Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon. She is the only surviving child. Henry and Katherine hand a son names Henry before Mary who lived for 50 something days, plus there were a few miscarriages before Mary was finally born.
@DoubleOld7
@DoubleOld7 3 года назад
Maybe it should be referred to as the Mid- Tutor Confusion.
@GenghisVern
@GenghisVern 5 лет назад
9:30 land enclosure allows for taxation on privilege (land title), driving demand for sovereign money which they (landlords) raise through rent. Perhaps it was the birth of economic liberalism?
@graphiquejack
@graphiquejack 6 лет назад
Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, did not try to kidnap King Edward VI. That was his brother, Thomas Seymour, the Lord Admiral and fourth husband of Katherine Parr, who was herself the sixth queen of Henry VIII
@jardon8636
@jardon8636 5 лет назад
1554 the marriage between queen mary tudor**and her cousin, king philip-Felipe II (de jure king of england and king-emperor of spain- the de facto rulers of the netherlands,the new world,latin american colonies and portugal(its colonies**)... philip of course very very,unpopular in the protestant-dutch holland(nederlands,belgium), philip being a habsburg from the most important dynasty of realted *holy roman-austrian rimperial royalty** before france and later the netherlands, would become, their own empires** around 1690-1750, and even later great britain after the english-(included ireland-wales)...scottish empires in the new world**...
@adamvifrye2690
@adamvifrye2690 6 лет назад
im learning franch next semester... lol
@Dybbouk
@Dybbouk 3 года назад
According to 1066 and all that, Edward and Mary were the 2 little Tudors who camein between the 2 big ones.
@beamworthy4134
@beamworthy4134 6 лет назад
please make a patreon!
@adamshaw2932
@adamshaw2932 6 лет назад
24:40 did i start EU4 by accident? 0_o
@psammiad
@psammiad 4 года назад
"Henry did a lot of things to get a son". Wow, that glosses over a lot of history 🤣
@perfectpixels6531
@perfectpixels6531 3 года назад
I mean a lot of people watching this probably know about that and if they don’t they can learn about it elsewhere
@EdwardthebestEdward
@EdwardthebestEdward 6 лет назад
Game of thrones 'aint got shit, superb video as always.
@jandurinik4654
@jandurinik4654 6 лет назад
Fam, just let him make the flippin' video.
@MrLeahwadsworth
@MrLeahwadsworth 6 лет назад
where did you go to school?
@Bufoferrata
@Bufoferrata 6 лет назад
Sorry to nitpick, but Henry had a son prior to Edward. Henry Fitzroy, the Earl of Richmond was Henry's bastard by Bessie Blount. He died young.
@beth7935
@beth7935 3 года назад
And he had a son with Catherine of Aragon, Henry Duke of Cornwall, who died aged 52 days old. However, Hilbert was talking about who'd succeed Henry VIII, & by then only 1 of his sons was alive; luckily a legitimate one.
@neilmcbeath954
@neilmcbeath954 Год назад
NOT "the Scottish princess Mary". Mary Queen of Scots inherited her crown when she was a week old.
@karenarmstrong8141
@karenarmstrong8141 6 лет назад
"fam im makin a video "XD
@kaptainrogers
@kaptainrogers 6 лет назад
nahte armystrong Where is that
@karenarmstrong8141
@karenarmstrong8141 6 лет назад
11:47
@Sparklybuddersword
@Sparklybuddersword 6 лет назад
Guess I should time my calls better next time XD
@karenarmstrong8141
@karenarmstrong8141 6 лет назад
XD
@Peristerygr
@Peristerygr 5 лет назад
Τhe dutch somehow replace "beep" now?!!!lol
@Puritan1985
@Puritan1985 6 лет назад
That's really interesting of the English were forcing an English language common book of prayer upon the Cornish I'm aware of someone early attempts to force language nationalism upon outlying regions in some of these early nation-states I never considered that protestantism would be one of those forces
@edwardvi9931
@edwardvi9931 5 лет назад
Hey I did good as king
@jardon8636
@jardon8636 5 лет назад
something a little random,. The Buggery Act 1533, formally An Act for the punishment of the vice of Buggerie (25 Hen. 8 c. 6), was an Act of the Parliament of England that was passed during the reign of Henry VIII. It was the country's first civil sodomy law, such offences having previously been dealt with by the ecclesiastical courts., The Act was repealed in 1553 on accession of the staunchly Catholic Queen Mary, who preferred such legal matters adjudicated in ecclesiastical not civil courts, there are no recorded sodomy cases during queen mary tudor reign**...
@unknownusername5111
@unknownusername5111 5 лет назад
My exam is on Tuesday 😬
@napoleonibonaparte7198
@napoleonibonaparte7198 6 лет назад
*WILHELMUS VAANNN NA.....*
@bonniehosey2002
@bonniehosey2002 3 года назад
Good luck to everyone with an exam tomorrow!
@cynthiasimpson931
@cynthiasimpson931 5 лет назад
It's "everyone gave everyone else a bad rap (not wrap)."
@wpracy
@wpracy 3 года назад
Normal People: Antwerp Hilbert: Ontverrup
@williamcooke5627
@williamcooke5627 6 лет назад
Under the Tudors the English government was never in danger of collapse. Indeed it is remarkable how the majority of people just grinned and bore whatever changes in religion and other matters the government of the day imposed on them. Only a strong and effective state could have done that.
@activate2010
@activate2010 6 лет назад
Bad wrap should be bad rap according to this nice article. I actually thought it had to be bad rep but it seems that's not the case. owlcation.com/humanities/Is-it-Bad-Rap-or-Bad-Wrap
@commonpepe2270
@commonpepe2270 6 лет назад
tldr: don't let your contry be run by exeggutors
@abbiscar1
@abbiscar1 5 лет назад
Hup Holland,hup!!
@jardon8636
@jardon8636 6 лет назад
edward VI was a cousin too King James stuart V and Princess Mary Stuart*queen mary of scots & queen of france**.... Queen Magaret Tudour -tewdar-tudor was Queen Regent of Scotland and daughter too the welsh King Henry VII ap tewdar**, king of ireland & england.. besides politics it was was a family affair... they were related, hence king edward & princess mary stuart were seen as a perfect match-too unite the kingdoms of england & scotland...by King Henry VIII, this was long before queen elizabeth I and queen mary of scotland & france would have a final showdon, they never actually ever met... power politics, family affairs and intrigue, not great suprise countless dramas and films later...
@SuperBartles
@SuperBartles 5 лет назад
"This wasn't a crisis so much as a failure. Oh and at the same time as economic problems there was population growth, which wasn't a failure so much, but it contributed to the crisis" ;) Er. Just teasing. In actual fact I love it. Love all these videos.
@idkman8560
@idkman8560 3 года назад
18:56
@AuthenticDarren
@AuthenticDarren 6 лет назад
Quick slight correction; Edward VI was not the only son Henry VIII ever had, merely the only ligitimate son he had who survived infancy.
@onlinealiasuk
@onlinealiasuk 6 лет назад
'Sam i'm just leaving a comment'
@ferrjuan
@ferrjuan 6 лет назад
Hey Hilbert do u think Zwarte Piet is a racist tradition?
@theanarchonazbolinquisition
@theanarchonazbolinquisition 6 лет назад
NOBODY EXPECTS THE SPANISH INQUISITION!!!!!!!!
@henrytheinnocentviii7871
@henrytheinnocentviii7871 5 лет назад
J'aime vous.
@ergbudster3333
@ergbudster3333 6 лет назад
Excellent lecture. Much better than the glossy canned crap of today's court reporters.. er.. historians. Yeah, historians. That's it. Sychophants are now called historians. Must remember that. Keep forgetting,
@elliotnewman1366
@elliotnewman1366 5 лет назад
You're wrong, Henry had two sons
@beth7935
@beth7935 3 года назад
He had 3- Edward VI obviously, Henry Fitzroy with his mistress Bessie Blount, & Henry Duke of Cornwall, who only lived 52 days, with Catherine of Aragon. Plus 3 stillborn sons- 2 with Catherine of Aragon, & 1 with Anne Boleyn. However, I took Hilbert's meaning to be, a legitimate son who outlived Henry, since he was discussing the succession.
@cattjohnson1114
@cattjohnson1114 6 лет назад
Fam Im making a video killed me XD
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