The Etruscan civilization occupied a large area of central Italy during the Iron Age, including the present-day regions of Tuscany, Lazio and Umbria, with local expansion into neighboring Italian regions throughout its existence. The Etruscans are notable for their material culture, including metallurgy and an extinct, non-Indo-European language. Given the characteristics that distinguish this culture from their neighbors, the geographical origin of the population associated with the Etruscan civilization has long been a topic of intense debate since ancient times, with two main competing hypotheses.
The first assumes an Anatolian / Aegean origin, as indicated by the ancient Greek historians Herodotus and Gellanicus of Mytilene from Lesbos. This hypothesis is supported by the presence of ancient Greek cultural elements in Etruria during the so-called period of the Orientalizing style, between the 8th and 6th centuries BC. NS.
The second hypothesis stands for autochthonous development, as he wrote about in the 1st century BC. NS. ancient Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus. According to this hypothesis, the # Etruscans were local and originated around 900 BC. NS. from people associated with the culture of the Protoville late Bronze Age.
While modern archaeological evidence supports the latter hypothesis, the persistence of a likely non-Indo-European isolate language surrounded by Italic Indo-European language groups such as the Latins is an intriguing and still unexplained phenomenon requiring further archaeological, historical-linguistic and genetic research.
After more than four centuries of extensive regional development, in the IV century. BC BC, the Etruscan civilization was assimilated by the Romans as a result of a series of Roman-Etruscan wars that ended in 264 BC. NS. Despite this period of change, Etruscan cultural and religious traditions persisted throughout the following centuries, even after the incorporation of Etruria into the Roman Empire after 27 BC. NS.
During the Migration Period and after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. NS. this region was briefly incorporated into the Eastern Roman Empire. After that, during the early Middle Ages, a significant part of the Apennine Peninsula was conquered by the Lombards, who ruled the territory of the Lombard Kingdom for more than two centuries until 774. The Lombards in northern Italy were replaced by the Carolingian Empire, the successors of which were later considered to be the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire.
DNA analysis of people who have lived during the aforementioned periods can help clarify a number of issues.
#history #ancientRome #ancientWorld #science #Italy #genetics
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---
💲Support Channel:
www.patreon.com/user/overview...
One-time:
www.donationalerts.com/r/babo...
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---
Content
00:00 Introduction
06:17 Results
07:06 Iron Age and the Roman Republic
14:38 Roman Empire
17:24 Early Middle Ages
18:23 Key findings
A source:
The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect
Cosimo Posth, Valentina Zaro, Maria A. Spyrou, Stefania Vai, Guido A. Gnecchi-Ruscone, Alessandra Modi, Alexander Peltzer et al. doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abi7673
Additional sources: Ghirotto S, Tassi F, Fumagalli E, Colonna V, Sandionigi A, Lari M, et al. (2013) Origins and Evolution of the Etruscans' mtDNA. PLoS ONE 8 (2): e55519. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055519
Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean DOI: 10.1126 / science.aay6826
Margaret L. Antonio, Ziyue Gao et al.
Ancient genomes reveal structural shifts after the arrival of Steppe-related ancestry in the Italian Peninsula doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.022 Tina Saupe, Francesco Montinaro, Cinzia Scaggion et al.
Illustrations:
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=(number)
G.dallorto - 46495405
BabelStone - 71724241
Marie-Lan Nguyen 14368038
Jean-Pierre Dalbéra from Paris, France - La tombe étrusque des Léopards (Tarquinia, Italie), 83206279
Iron Age Italy.svg :, 25860927
Sailko - 62900880, 50797234, 50797238, 50797235, 62888023, 72735499, 62924655, 5307640, 62924648, 81480457, 29279587
Gianluca Pellacani - Archivio fotografico Museo Civico di Modena, 94356472
Davide Mauro - 65126107, 65126104
Zde - 85705361
Di Civico Museo di Castelleone, 29516463
Civico Museo di Castelleone, 29493483
Silar - 85390615
Carole Raddato flickr.com/photos/carolemage/14718389066/
Marie-Lan Nguyen (2011), 17006023
Staff Museo Civico - Archivio fotografico Museo Civico Modena, 102390361
Paolo Terzi - Archivio fotografico Museo Civico Modena, 3.0, 72370414
22 май 2024
