Why do Amazonian people have some Australasian DNA? 

Stefan, your great great grandfather's occupation was recorded as "cork merchant", not "cork maker"!

you would love my family tree. My dad has 150000 names in it now. Traced back to Han dynasty, Ethiopian Princesses, Mohammed's grandparents, Cleopatra, Ptolemy, Shakespeare's sister, list goes on lol. Somehow related to Attenborough and Darwin too. :D

i remember the spoon mic days

Any source links for this video? Just curious 🧐

Given the continent blocking the way between Atlantic South America and the Austronesians, and the very wide ocean and tall mountain range blocking them in the other direction, has any genetic investigation into African populations been made to connect them up? There are Austronesians as close to Africa as Madagascar, after all, and West Africa to the Amazon is a relatively short hop that was even shorter 20K years ago.

Australian Aboriginals were ocean farers. It’s the only way (ever) to get to Australia.

I wouldn't completely rule that one out though even if it is rather unlikely. There is many possibilities how those genes ended up in South America and not really any evidence so far. The people who became the aboriginals must have been competent seafarers to reach Australia and the Kon--tiki expedition did prove that a primitive vessel could have made the journey at least between South America and Rapa Nui. I don't think it is very likely but if we continue to find evidence for Population Y in South America and don't find anything at all further north that would start to make a southern Pacific route far more likely. I don't think we really can rule anything out at this point since even very unlikely things do happen at times (Australia's very early settling is such a thing, we know it happened and we know it was over 55 000 years ago but it seems incredible unlikely since even with island hopping and lower shore lines it still was a long journey over the sea). If we however find some bones with the Population Y genetics either in South America or Asia, that would change things. It would help us with dating and maybe with the route they took as well. We really don't know if Population Y ever was in the Americas at all. or if people with a few percent of them migrated there and we don't know if they were Homo Sapiens or a previous unknown group either. There is just to many questions to even make an educated guess. We also still have the question when humans first reached the Americas. White sands have gotten a lot more dating recently but it still points towards around 21 500 years ago so I think the evidence there is pretty good but there are still a couple of sites (like that cave dated to 30 000 years ago in Mexico) that is dated older but still needs more work to be confirmed or written off. At this moment, close to anything is still possible.

Why do we have isolate the crossing of the bering straight just to the clovis/yakutian(siberian) peoples? Why cant we establish that older human populations crossed this part of the world earlier? Populations so old that its closest living relatives must be aboriginal pacific islanders having been separated for tens of thousands of years earlier than the supposed bering strait crossing? As we know many of the oldest and denisovan populations dna happen to survive in parts of South Asia. Why cant we observe the possibility that this earlier migration to the americas were all wiped out by a more modern migration? (Colombian here too and only looking propose the simplest explanation). The Rapa Nui migration to Easter Island only occured near the end of the medieval era, the trip to cross the pacific is that long and ardous!

@@reeyees50 There were Austronesians in Tierra Del Fuego and the southern New Zealand islands when the Polynesians arrived. The population in the northern New Zealand islands (North and South Island) had been wiped out by the eruption of the Taupo caldera in 233 to 260AD (VEI 8).

@@reeyees50 That is certainly a possibility and it is the likeliest explanation for where the people who made those footprints in White sands came from. However, the actual technology of the people who reached Rapa Nui around 1300 CE was certainly in use at least centuries earlier and we don't know when it was invented. And we do have that journey to Australia which is far less but still would have required more then some people on a couple of logs tied together. So while it is very unlikely, I don't think it is impossible. Stefan did have a program earlier of some Polynesian genes in a couple of towns in South America which is likely when the Polynesians got access to sweet potatoes in the 1300s. That is far later of course but it isn't like they had metal at the time or any other higher technology. So while I don't think that is the case, I think it is premature to write it off as impossible as well. So far, what evidence we have makes this theory the likeliest: around 22 000 years ago, people crossed Berings strait and sailed down the American west coast. They spent some time around White sands and then continued further south to South America. They already had 2% genes from some archaic unknown human with them. But that is just the likeliest explanation with the confirmed evidence we have today, until we actually finds more clues we can't say anything for certain or write anything off either besides the Solutrean hypothesis that doesn't have a single evidence for it and a lot speaking against it. We do also have proof that people came in at least 2 waves, likely more since even the one Clovis DNA we have and any other old DNA from North America lacks Population Y genes. Writing off anything that is unlikely but not impossible before we have the evidence is too early to do but neither should we believe that is the case, just leave the possibility open when more evidence shows itself.

Please see my comment relating to the Pacific Ocean area.

crossing the pacific is the obvious solution, but that would require recognition of those people's skills that Europeans don't want to recognise. Would be interesting to know though if that paracite's life cycle would have been interrupted if they headed a little south during the trip, cause there was an experiment done decades ago, called "contiki" that successfully travelled from South A. to the Pacific islands on a log raft & basic sail, due to the trade winds flowing that way, so most likely option if they travelled west to east would be to travel from further away from the equator, where the winds travel west to east

​@@mehere8038of course Europeans dont want to acknowledge that! They spent years trying to sell us the same narrative that it was impossible for people of the east and west to have had contact before them! The more the truth comes out the more they deny it! But the evidence is there! Take for instance is monkeys of South America, they are all related to the monkeys of Africa. So how did they make it to South America, its believed by log rafting! You also have the case of Egyptians having cociane from Colombia in their blood samples and also rumors that they also traveled to Australia. The more we know the more the truth will be revealed.

Ya'et'eh im 1 💯% native american apache chiricahua male from southern arizona i came back with this 1 dna result thru ancestry as well including my apache relatives they came back 1 💯% native american of the southern arizona region and new mexico texas regions like myself i have y dna Q haplogroup and my maternal haplogroup is X haplogroup which is found in many of us native americans today in america I came back 0%aboriginal aka 0%australian 0%african 0% asian 0%european 0%middle eastern 0%mixed 0%polynesian From what i have seen and researched. We our own people us native americans we been here in the americas first and its the 100% truth. Unfortunately many people get butthurt about it We never came from Asia you white folks always push this narrative of berengia when we been here first in america we 0% asians Also You gotta understand the indigenous people of brazil are scoring 1 💯% native americans of brazil south america today So they are 0% aboriginal australians in indigenous amazonians and luzia is related with 1 💯% native american of krenak people of bahia so yeah so earliest people of south america are 0% aboriginal australians 0% melanesians This video is just another way of trying to lie about native americans because they cant deal with the fact that we are still 1 💯% native american from alaska thru chile today i typed what i typed a 100% truth that MANY MANY CANT HANDLE YEAH good bye - Apache jesus aka Vo1ze

That's quite a lot of rowing.

PNG may be the birthplace of many tribes that spread far and wide.

not surprising to me. I'm a white Aussie but I find it quite shocking the way my culture suppresses Indigenous achievements & history. I think the land route's ridiculous though, much more likely such competent seafaring people intentionally travelled there by boat. The higher dna levels on the pacific coast & lack of it in the north would support this

@@mehere8038 Huh? What are the evidence for the aborigines being a seafaring civilization? Arent they said to have been quite isolated for tens of thousands of years? Maybe the polynesians took some with them

​@@frilansspion sorry, I'm combining both things into one. Yes I agree with you re Aboriginal peoples not being seafaring, just history suppressed. Polynesians are the seafaring ones, but included in the Y group (and history/technology also suppressed). Only real problem with what I'm saying is that the trade winds blow east to west around the equator & west to east needs to start the journey from much further south if wanting to do a straight trip with really basic tech (raft & basic sail that pushes one direction for example), which is what we're likely talking about when we look at how far back in history the genetics likely got there. Certainly possible there could have been trade & travel by seafaring people along the coast of Australia though, we know from Indigenous stories that the Chinese visited the north of Australia for example, but that's suppressed, no reason to think there's not more suppressed interaction, especially when going back as far in history as we are here. Still haven't explained the pollen & ash samples from Australia that were found in 2 studies to be "consistent with large scale firestick farming starting 120,000 years ago". We just don't know what was happening here when we go back even beyond 10,000-15,000 years ago (or even beyond 250 years ago really)

@@frilansspionthe peoples that would become indigenous Australians must have been seafaring as the landmass of Sahul (contemporary New Guinea and Australia combined) was separated by sea from Asia even at the time of lower sea levels. more recent instances of indigenous Australian sea faring can be seen in the trade/kinship of northern Australian indigenous groups with the Makassans of Sulawesi. well worth looking at research by historian Lynette Russell on this last point

Lol

There are many sources of people to go to live in Brazil.

Right? All the ads are very scammy too along w comments

I agree. YT is my main media goto.

Are there any more youtube channels like Stefan Milo?

@@M4-Z3-R0 honestly don't know many with prehistory like this one but for Ancient history I recommend Fall of Civilizations and World of Antiquity. Fall of Civilizations has great documentaries.

@@M4-Z3-R0 Gutsick Gibbon is also very high quality. Your Dinosaurs Are Wrong reviews toys but in a very nerdy and educative way. idk if you have meant prehistory channels specifically, but if not then i can also reccomend Medlife Crisis. all of those channels are made by people who have a real passion for their field and it just makes me so happy to see their enthusiasm. they also have high standards when it comes to quality of information. you can see that reading academic papers comes naturally to them and they dont just do it for the videos. they dont half ass the research like so many other science-related channels that base their content purely on other pop science sources and just link some study or two to make you think otherwise. or some will talk about each and every scientific field which is just... please, leave it to experts. a programme that talks about every kind of science will never be as meritoric as one where the author only talks about topics they are most knowledgable about. thats also something i like about the channels i listed - the authors can recognize what their field of expertise is and when something is beyond it, and i really respect them for this.

"Enlightening" lol

@@Bitchslapper316 yay my first skinheads not even 24 hours. You want a lesson?

@@Bitchslapper316 I’m not the benevolent educator however. You spit some BS you’re going to get it back x10 little man. I only play the benevolent act for kids, adults who the education system has failed before my time i consider fair game for my decade or so of research in this field.

@@pinchevulpes I don't know or care the content of your classes. I'm just making fun of how self righteous and sanctimonious that comment came across.

@@Bitchslapper316 I wish I had the privilege of ignoring marginalized people and being dismissive of them because my fragile YT boy ego doesn’t like being called out on BS.

The problem is pop culture, and social stigma and assumption. People don't understand science doesn't always work like common sense. The Americas happened in waves. The first wave of eurasian look more similar to Australasian and were dark skin. The reason being is that east asians didn't exist yet. The early inhabitants haven't split into different racial group. What ruins science is thoughts like "we have tattoos, we worship nature, we have tribal chief, so we must be native Americans and sailed to the Americas before anyone. " if this was the case then vikings would be related to native Americans too. Many people did tattoo, chiefdom, worshipped nature.

Yes, you can even see certain geographic areas that formed "circuits" where nomadic peoples would roam around before occasionally exiting the circuit into the more settled areas, creating this domino effect that would happen again and again with each migration wave. T.E. Lawrence talks about one of these geographic circuits being the Arabian-Syrian desert, which resulted in waves of nomads that would naturally end up heading either into the settled villages and towns of the Levant or Mesopotamia and shaking up the status quo there. Another of these is the Eurasian Steppe, which either ejected nomads into the more settled areas of Europe, Northern China, or India/Middle East in repeated waves over the centuries. The North America Great Plains probably produced a similar effect. The nomads hardly ever wrote their history down, so you have to look at the records of the settled peoples they came into contact with (and archaeology, genetics and linguistics) to pick up clues about their history. From this you can glean information like some of the dynasties of China were not only Mongolian nomadic conquerors, but also probably connected to the Turks, Huns, and Indoaryan (Tocharian/Scythian?) nomads before that, they were just recorded under different names than when they would later show up in the histories of Europe. The Chinese would note in their records that the dynasty were a foreign people, but they would give them a Chinese name and record them in their records like any other Han dynasty, so you might miss that one group is the same that the Romans or Medieval Europeans would mention centuries later unless you can piece a few things together.

That makes sense but it still leaves the big question, where did that admixture occur? And what accounts for the apparent lack of this signal in native North Americans? Each possible answer to that question has its own difficulties, which Stefan exposits in this video.

yea too bad the native American languages are more shrouded in mystery and most have gone extinct

A significant problem with this early peopling of the americas, is that there are no direct sites predating about 20,000ish years ago. For a population to have ended up reaching south america, you would think that even one single skeleton would have turned up by this point. The most ancient peopling of the americas (16000+ years ago) clearly involved a very small population, and even still there's evidence they left.

@@aperson1 If it is true that they lived a coastal life and extended their range down the coast then all of these sites are probably underwater...

tell us your story so we can figure this out! lmao

I'm gen X myself

@@lakrids-pibe I'm an older Millenial - just old to enough the golden years following the collapse of the Soviet Union, before 9/11. And the internet, the goddamn internet

Yes he knows his name....you've just watched it!

Who cares,well done, let me guess, you're Irish too

Welsh and Scot.@@dougyohooglefrogtownrovers9017

@@dougyohooglefrogtownrovers9017bro, I care. Also what site did you get your dna done? (Hoping commenter)

Fo shizzle. I get a blown mind thinking about how we had the right body plan to survive all the mass extinctions.

Interesting how you take theories as fact!

@@gerrythorington7332 Interesting indeed, how we are not flying around all day, since gravity is only a theory, too. But way more interesting: What are YOUR facts? God created humans, because it's written in the bible? Human embryos in early stages look like those of fishes and other mammals by accident and pharyngeal arches are homologous by accident, too? What about mitochondrial DNA? Fossils? What about Lucy and all the other skeletal remains we have found and what about the stuff they wrote on cave walls? What about the flawed evolution of the eye and the laryngeal nerve of the giraffe? Pretty dumb creation for a perfect creator, don't you think? This is your chance to explain it to everybody.

​@@gerrythorington7332interesting how you confuse hypothesis and theory 🤔🙄

This was first hypothesized over 100 yrs ago, one scientist or researcher is not enough to make it factually. Whether American, Brazilian, Japanese etc, it's a process and it takes years.

We are all taught things 30 years ago in school, even today, that are factually incorrect. I personally lean towards the fact that it's complicated, but that's not a thing is humans ever like to hear, that humans got to South America by many routes. I do think this suggests that there was some migration from Australasia/Micronesia/Melanesia/Polynesia but there needs to be some scientific proof and even with genetics, which is a fairly new area of study I'm not sure you can conclusively prove this, not yet anyway. We can't just go on what seems to be likely, not in the academic community, and that goes for academics in non white, non European parts of the world. Everyone is free to believe what they want and if this to you means it's likely unless proven otherwise that's up to you, I'd probably go along with you on this matter, but that doesn't make it fact beyond all doubt. I don't think pointing this out makes it racist either. There's are plenty of racist views going around these days but I don't think today most of academia in this area is racist (although I'll totally agree that it was in the past, and some of it was just accepted until not to long ago as well).

Most of the brazilian research on that topic is still bad science at best, and lunatic nationalism at worst. Your comment is like saying that the brits who thought sapiens originated in Europe was actually right, because we found that europeans tend to have Neanderthal admixture.

the blue egg gene in chickens is actually a dominant gene, so my chickens and I find you post fascinating.

The main problem I can see with the Pop Y entering the Americas alongside chickens is that Pop Y entered what would become the NA genome 2-3x farther back in history than the earliest evidence of chicken domestication. This isn't to say that the evidence for the chicken part of the story is incorrect. Just that I don't think the two are connected.

@@brittoncooper1251 Perhaps the Pop Y gene isn't connected. Perhaps that human gene migrated separately. But other human genes would have come along and it is worth doing an in depth study. Besides if you are wanting a noisy fog horn for your boat you just have to catch some wild ones from the jungle and put them in a cage and take some grain to feed them. They would have shown no sign of being domesticated if they were caught wild. The earliest you can call the domesticated is when they started crossing the Green Jungle Fowl with the Red Jungle Fowl to create hybrids called Beckisars. But their is a pathway on this blue egg gene that seems to follow the same path taken by Pop Y. First SE Asia then the islands between there and Australia then showing up in South Am. More research in needed. The people could have been first and later immigrants brought the chickens.

He made a whole video on this a few months back. Group Y is something different.

I'm with you, leaknester. The more we learn the better it gets. And, oddly, the more we learn, the less we seem to know!

I’ve suspected that after studying the Ainu. They seem to share phenotypic traits with Andamanese people like facial structure, darker skin, etc.

Only issue is that Pop Y is almost exclusively South American, meaning that either Pop Y was completely displaced from North America or the ancestors of Pop Y made it to South America by sea like the later Polynesians did.

@@bustavonnutz yea I think they most likely got replaced. Similar to how Haplogroup D diminished in Asia, now only sparse populations

@@bustavonnutz As it was mentioned in this video it looks like the interactions occurred prior to arriving in the America's, so either Pop-Y ancestry was carried by a distinct sub-population of the ancestral Americans who migrated more-or-less straight down into SA, or quite possibly the sampling work necessary hasn't been done with regards for northern populations yet, but it is there (or at least was there historically to some extent). Given the apparent speed of inhabitation (assuming the 18kya hypothesis holds true), discrete groups moving away across long-distances without putting down roots so to speak remains a possibility.

I've seen this video, I think they're all linked

12% taino very sad to consider loses in my family line Great grandma was and at least from what it seems it’s a legitimate union as opposed to the other options My mom knew her My ancestors watching me use a device that allows me to talk to anyone at any time To watch cartoons at 30

Naw babe your white like me

@@cfgpropertiesllc7292 nah not my bet She can feel free to correct me of course But She looks Hispanic Which means she see race differently then you do Im the same and I see white people as their own groups especially American White people You have your own culture and bad and good tendencies In America you guys put your “race” first In Puerto Rico Pale Dark Tan All Puerto Rican Culture come first We have some racist yes who use your people racism (not you but the racial ideas you culture uses don’t get all emotional on me not trying to offend ) But they even view American whites as different lol

@@aspiringscientificjournali1505 If she's brazilian she isn't hispanic, hispanic refers to a person with ancestry from a country whose primary language is Spanish, she's lusophone, neither of these words have nothing to do with race btw, I'm brazilian and my dna is 98% european, 2% north african.

@@UglyDucklingOficial Spain is European But yes I guess the country that made of is the Portuguese lol I love Brazil you guys almost did the only “good” eugenics It still would have been messed up Which was where they were actually gonna use better breeding methods They were like Not racial lines you guys just smash whoever and we can pick out the bed o combination by merit (Which is a better idea typically and how you should breed cattle to get better cattle from a large gene pool….. but we aren’t cattle so kinda mehhhhhhhh) The. Some racist people got mad and ruined It But I think you should take pride in the worlds first attempt in actual merit based eugenics instead of racist eugenics lol

But those underwater caves are now under 100 feet of silt. How do we find them?

@@scottemery4737 imagine what is under the sand/silt in oceans and under them deserts. north africa, gobi, even in north america. let alone the silt on the seas. if only we had a technique to find oddity amongst the grains.

It makes total sense, actually. Because during the ice age these caves were not underwater. Nice tip!

backhanded compliment

The genetics seems to show there was a period of isolation with mutations accumulating in a closely interbreeding population before dispersing again, locking in that set of mutations in the populations where we find them today. That it happened in Beringia is a hypothesis that is hard to test. I.e., genetics says it happened, but doesn't say where, so we are left to guess. Beringia just seems to many like the best guess we have.

@@sciptick Beringia is not a bad guess. However an isolated population on the American mainland could perhaps maybe explain earlier finds was my thinking.

I don't actually think there has to be a limit on basic sails inventions. Steerable ones, maybe, but a basic sail that supplements oars, really no reason they couldn't build that as soon as they could build canoes. They made clothing & elaborate fishing nets, so really no reason not to use the same materials used in those to make sails. Not sure if sails changes anything in this theory, but I just think it's worth pointing out that things like sails are often dismissed by researchers who want to claim them for Europe in a later era

Native Americans are a mix of Ancient North East Asians (similar to Jomon or Proto-Austranesians) and Ancient North Eurasians, the NEA contributed most of the DNA of the Native Americans, the ANE had the greatest influence in South America, and They contributed Haplogroup Q, brother of R, the ANE themselves were 3/4 Gravettian (ancient populations of the Middle East/Europe) and 1/4 Basal Eastern Eurasian (these Basal were more similar to the Mena peoples such as the Onge)

@@user-yt3xd2jl6d Who are the Mena people? Sorry, I haven't heard of them.

There's a similar story (memory? legend?) about a pre-Maori people in New Zealand. But the nature of Polynesian voyaging makes it hard to be certain if this is a different story or the same one. It's an intriguing idea.