It's win-win for both China and Pakistan. For China, Pakistan is a test lab or R&D center for Chinese weapons. Pakistan is a war ready nation, always on alert and keeping a strong vigil on what its arch rival is doing. This gives Chinese firms deeper insights into how weapon system should be modified to stay ahead in competition. I have heard a Chinese weapons designer as to how Pakistani strategists push them to bring advancements in Chinese weaponary. Pakistan is also a gateway for Chinese weapons showcasing to other nations. For example, PAF J10s and Qatari Eurofighter jets are doing intense air combat exercises. This gives both airforces a valuable lesson about the capabilities of each other's jet. In a way, if J10 performs equally well or better than its western counterparts, it gives a free publicity to Chinese weapons. I'm quite sure J31 be sold to Pakistan in a much discounted price and easy payment plans. PAF will definitely enjoy strong edge against Indian airforce till the time it inducts the same technology in their service. By that time more and more upgrades and a large force of fifth generation jets trained PAF pilots will be ready to take on their Indian counterparts.
plus India is common enemy of both china and pakistan so china want to counter india with making pakistan defence strong so that china can take care of nato with being challenged by india in its nieghbour
You are absolutely right, and looking at Pakistan and it's current situation especially economic and stability they are still doing a pretty great job , makes you always wonder that what if they had the economy and stability what they could have become Brave to them no doubt
Pakistan can only get Chinese fighter jets cos they buy it with a IOU chit. Who else gonna sell it to them. Only the smart Indians didn't know this. They always think China is arming their enemy.
But of course, Pakistan induct Chinese fighter jets with modifications recommended by PAF. PAF is acquiring more lethal and improved versions of FC-31 with modifications that are beneficial for PAF and lethal for enemies.
@@fazoolde6811 when Pakistanis are living in poverty , and yet Pakistan 🇵🇰 government prefer to spend billions of dollars 💵 in China 🇨🇳 weaponry! 🤯🤯🤯🤯🤯
@@吴德明-n8c meh! Most these statements are feel good statement. People only say them to make themselvea look good. Two topics dont mix. National secruity trumps all.
Pakistan is slowly shifting from western weapons to Chinese made weapons. It’s a great move by Pakistan since western weapons come with a lot of restrictions , it’s not the same with Chinese weapons.
Yep they can get all the Newest American tech from China, china has good spys :p And hunter biden leaves his latops everywhere :p They have spys following hunter, He DROPPED ANOTHER ONE ;p
@@grepsu-x6b No it was from 2010 onwards but was in talks from 1995 when Pakistan jointly made JF17 thunder. It was all USA. Now Pakistan doesn’t have much money and USA have restrictions on weapon’s especially for Pakistan we still haven’t received F16s 25 of them where USA took the money but didn’t give so that money instead of giving F16s usa offered wheat 🌾 😂 so Pakistan shifted to China now and J10C is far better than F16s According to PAF now J31 I can’t say they bluffed or serious as Pakistan is in crisis
Pakistan has engineers workig on the KAAN project in Turkey which was confirmed by the Turks themselves. China may be a good friend but so was America once upon a time. Pakistan needs to develop indigenous defense capabilites.
Pakistan is a minor subcontractor of some components, nothing more. If there are Pakistani engineers working on Kaan, they're paid by the Turkish side and are responsible to them, not any entity in Pakistan.
PAF will get KAAN fighter jet, but since KAAN won't enter production until 2030, PAF is buying FC-31 to have an advantage, Turkish officials confirmed Pakistani engineers working on TFX. so its safe to assume KAAN will enter PAF line up but will take a few years.
If Pakistan gets fc31 in the next few years then that would make the PAF OP against the IAF. India's only choice would be su57 which is an inferior 5th gen jet compared to fc31s superior stealth. India won't be able to buy f35s because india bought s400 missiles from Russia like Turkiye did.
Another information, Pakistan is also working with the Turkish in the KAAN fighter project as a direct partner. So, there might be a hi-lo mix of KAAN and Gyrafalcon fighters in the airforce
I can imagine PAF buying j31s from China and then a small number of KAANS with kizilelma B loyal wingman for the most elite PAF pilots later on. Pakistan may also be looking to integrate locally built FAAZ air to air missiles and Taimoor cruise missiles.
This acquisition is win-win for both Pakistan and China. It's integration with existing infrastructure will be easy, low cost operatability and customization permission according to PAF needs. As per known information this jet is highly customized after continuous evaluation by Pakistani air force pilots..
I adore the fact that this channel (one of, if not the most professional defence RU-vid channel on this platform) gives a decent coverage of the Pakistani Armed Forces. I only have huge respect for you. Aside from that, the Airforce enthusiasts like me are absolutely stoked over this development.
@muhammadhassankiyani8953 That is a very naive way of thinking my dude. There is no way in hell the Army is going to give money to the poor. That's like thinking somehow Elon Musk or some other billionaire retard should give his wealth to everyone on the planet. I get your concerns but there is nothing I as this commentator can do anything about it. Maybe if I was the chief of Army staff or the minister of finance I could suggest these things.
@@aaronnicholas3653 I was replying to the op. The op commented that he's an airforce enthusiast. I told him that we're wasting billions on defence when we could've used the same amount on the economic development of the country.
@muhammadhassankiyani895 let's be more mature about it. Budgets are a thing. Military procurement (which means the acquiring of weapons, tech and services from local or outside providers) is something we cannot be behind on. Especially when we are retiring our Mirages, A-5s, and F-7s. That will leave a massive gap in our air defence capabilities and India will exploit that gap to wreck us. So to maintain Parity and avoid sparking a disastrous nuclear war; we NEED to have sufficient assets to hamper dangerous Indian adventurism. The Air Force is a separate, Independent branch of the military. And frankly, it is the most important branch. They have a job and that job is to keep itself relevant and to guard us. This is them doing that job. The Air Force is not responsible for the development of the country or the elimination of poverty, That is the government's job.
Your introduction is incorrect. China's fighter jet bidding will only determine the winner in the design phase, and the Aircraft Design Bureau will present their own plans for comparison, rather than building prototypes for comparison like the United States. Shenyang FC31 is not intended for bidding against Chengdu J20, The fifth generation aircraft project used by Shenyang 601 Factory to compete with Chengdu J20 was the "Snow Owl", which was a three wing layout of the fifth generation aircraft scheme, but ultimately failed to win. After the failure of the "Snow Owl" project to bid for the PLA Air Force's fifth generation aircraft project, Shenyang 601 Factory did not give up on developing the fifth generation aircraft. FC31 is a small project developed by Shenyang 601 Factory using the fifth generation aircraft technology accumulated from the failed "Snow Owl" project and self raised funds within the factory, rather than a serious large-scale project supported by government funding after winning the plan like the J20 project. So FC31 is not a losing bid against J20. Due to the in-house funding for research and development without the support of the national government, the project lacks research and development funds. So FC31 was considered for export at the beginning of its development, hoping to use its exports to attract other countries to invest in the project and raise more funds to improve FC31. Although many countries were interested in FC31 at that time, but no other country joined the project. Later, due to the PLA Navy's need for a fifth generation stealth carrier based aircraft to counter the US F35, the PLA Navy invested in expanding the aircraft based on the FC31 and redesigning the new J35. At this point, Shenyang 601 Factory finally received funding support from the PLA Navy, and the PLA Air Force also wanted a fifth generation aircraft that was cheaper than the J20, so the PLA Air Force also joined the project. Due to funding support, the project was able to become a full-time employee, so FC31 was officially renamed J31. This is what we see today as J31 and J35.
@tlowe9796 Kind of defeats the purpose doesn't it? And then they probably wonder why a lot of these nations are more interested in Chinese/Russian fighters.
Pak F16s shot down 'Indian' Su30 and Mig21 on 27 Feb 2019, there is no 'restriction' on F16s use, dont listen to these 'stupid' youtubers to bcom a 'stupid' urself lol
A bit Ironic, because Apple is rather notorious for its borderline anti-competitive behaviour when it comes to restricting consumer use. When you have no right to repair, have to get media content only through their store frontend and pretty much have everything designed to be incompatible with anything not made by Apple. While they don't actually tell you where you can't use an iPhone, it's really not that much of a stretch of the imagination.
Pakistan is going to replace its ageing fleet of F-16s. Definitely J-31 is the best and obvious choice to replace F-16. JF-17 for F-7s, J-10 for Mirrages and nothing less than a 5th generation fighter can replace F-16. So good move by Pakistan.
*Saaar we india purchased the Rafael and Pakistan purchased the j20. Now that we got our tejas advanced somasa on front line, pakistan had no choice but to buy fc31.* But we know that we have nothing to worry about with advanced tejas.
@@MuhammadAbubakarMourige Nope. F-16 shot the Mig21. JF-17 wasn't carrying any long range weapons that day they were only equipped with bombs. F-16 shot Mig21 with Aim120
I think this aircraft will be a starting point for development of a proper 5th gen platform. I don't know how far along in development its software components are. It will get better with software updates. Maybe PAF will be able to write their own software for their own requirements.
That's it's primary purpose actually. J-20 is more or less the Chinese F-22 (completely domestic design however) meant for a land based air superiority/interceptor role while the F-31 is supposed to be China's answer to the F-35 (a bit less original of a design). There's still going to be land based F-31s as well but these are meant for export purposes such as the example of this video while the naval variants will go on to become the primary aircraft carrier fleet fighter in the PLA sometime over the coming decade.
Remember, China WANTS Pakistan to deploy as much combat power against India as is economically rational, because it weakens India's position against China. Even if China has no intention of ever invading India and starting a high-intensity conflict with the Indian military, an over-streched India would still leak to weaker Indian responses to border conflicts and a less confident India in negotiations. It would also make India's reaction to an inevitable Taiwan crossing more muted, which China would like.
Exactly. It's a good plan by the Chinese, they know the heated Indo-Pak rivalry and are using it to their advantage since Pakistan is their friend & India is their rival.
@@liongjiahwong5478 Not sure if the C version can use more advanced air to air missiles but this would give Syria a real deterrent in air to air combat without spending a lot of money. 300km is a long way.
Good move. It's easy to imagine FC-31 gaining customers across the Global South. There's no way Russia can build enough Checkmates to supply all the potential customers.
@obblue I wouldn't bet on it. They checkmate is projected to be roughly half the cost upfront and given that the FC-31 is for the most part just a Chinese F-35 it'll in all likelihood be far costlier in maintenance as well (keep in mind the SU-75 only has one engine). If Russia can get them into mass production by or before 2030 and they really are around the price they say they will be it'll be formidable competition in the global south.
With western sanctions at full tilt, there's no way the Russians are going to be able to build enough Femboys to even match the production of the Felon...
@@realtissaye Do I look Russian to you? Or Chinese for that matter? American shit's expensive, but unlike our eastern rivals it works. Compared to the Russians who've been recycling the same Cold War designs with go-faster stripes for the past 30 years, or the Chinese who haven't ever had an original idea that didn't begin with stealing it from someone else first. I mean, just look at the FC-31... it's literally "F-35 at home". Largely because it's based almost entirely on stolen data from the F-35 program. Or going Russian, how the SU-57 is literally just a Su-27 with a (low quality) body kit. And as for chinese production issues, their stuff on paper is solid and assuming it works it's a fantastic deal... but Chinese manufacturers are notorious for good reason. Several nations have gotten JF-17s with serious structural problems out of the gate, and hell, even the PAF has about 1/3 of it's JF-17 forces grounded... and this is from someone who thinks Chinese equipment is neat.
In my opinion, Saudi arabia will also buy FC-31. As far as india is concerned, their 5th gen fighter will atleast take one more decade. I think india will pick either the SU-57 OR KF-21 and keep working on their own design without going in to panic mode.
As an Indian I think India should not buy other countries 5th gen fighters but to keep progressing in our own 5th Gen program, AMCA as well as the 4.5++ Tejas mark II and carrier based TEDBF. While we do need to fulfill the gaps at the moment with Rafaels manufactured within India with ToT. Gosh, 10 years from now is gonna be insane
@@pranayghosh4413 You guys need to get away from America before they eventually try to destroy you. You are next on their list after Russia then China.
@@pranayghosh4413 brother bura mat manna but tejas jab itne delay ka shikar hai to 5th gen fighter jet banana itna asan nhi hoga it will at least take 10 to 15 years for IAF to operationalize them or more
@@Obaid_Saeed bhai vo politics ke karan hi hua delay. Original design end of 80's mai hi designed thaa but the problem was the government interference, they always used to force engineers to change the designs according to their own criteria. Only after 2015 sab finalised hoke finally roll out hua. Right now things arent the same, Tejas mark II program is matured and 4 prototypes are already being ordered. This is crucial and most of the tech of Tejas mark II will be going in AMCA and TEDBF. Titanium metal cuttings and its weapons bay part is already done. Main problem will be the engine scenerio as Kaveri mark I isnt capable of producing more than 80kn. Although till then we will gonna use the american engines. Delays are there for sure but 15 years? nah no government would be able to do that as $2 billion is already invested in the programme. Lets see hope for the best to both our countries
I'd say Pakistan will go for at least 85 in all FC-31 more to replace the Mirage 3/5 strike fighter's before replacing its F-16's as thay are newer and thay could be replaced if needed by the J-10CE that and Pakistan could still want to try for a future upgrades or possibly the F-16V despite it currently looking unlikely keep in mind France had no problem selling the Rafale and Mirage 2000H to India and upgrade the PAF Mirage 3/5 fleet to ROSE standard and if the US and India were to have a falling out or/and Iran and Pakistan have a cold war or become formal enemy's Uncle Sam could become more generous with it's offering always good it at least keep a second option open at least on paper so after a tangent I'd between 32-85 FC-31
No more than two squadrons (32 fighters) and if we want more than we manufacture/assemble them in Pakistan like the JF-17s. We also need two squadrons of TAI Kaan from Turkey.
France didn't upgrade mirages of PAF. ROSE is a mostly indigenous effort from PAF. France however was recently approached by PAF for mirage upgrade program which was refused by France.
Correction: SAC put forward its own proposal for the J-20 (J-XX program at the time), but the PLAAF determined that CAC's design was better. J-31 was never a contender for the J-XX, but rather something SAC developed a bit later to attract PLAN and foreign orders.
fc-31 is not the jet that lost the 5th gen fighter compitation, sac got three-surface config heavy fighter by then, something like chinese version of su-57 with carnard
What J20 was competing is shengyang's J14. J14 is a jet that is even larger than J20. And after the failure shengyang decided to design fc-31 to prevent the tech being totoally blank in 5th generation fighter.
You are wrong about kaan project... We are partner in kaan research team... So our 5th gen will based on kaan+fc31 ... Actually fc31 will give us enormous push in azm 5th gen jet..
TFX kaan will also be inducted as Pakistan has also partenerd with Turkey under Project Azam. To sum it up Pakistan has 2 5th generation jets in pipeline. 😊
@@MuhammadAli-255 no project azm is merged with kaan project which means pakistan will acquire kaan fighter jet with customizations from turkey and kaan is being built jointly by pak and turkey
Long answer and speculations short, if someone think a machine performs sufficiently enough and does the job in relation to acquiring and operational costs, then its a no brainer to buy it, especially if the supplier is around the corner.
It has the same capabilities of an F-35 while being at a discounted price and probably having less strings attached in most cases. Not to mention that America is unlikely to offer newer platforms like the F-35 to countries not firmly within it's sphere in the first place so these places don't have much else in terms of 5th gen options (at least until the checkmates become commercially available)
plus Pakistan also buying kaan fighter from turkey. having two different kind of fifth gen fighters will help balance and help better strategize against the enemy.
JF-17 was a collaboration project from the beginning, China and Pakistan both put resources into developing that aircraft, therefore Pakistan is now able to produce it. But the j-31 is a stand alone project in China, and it also is a fifth gen fighter. It’s highly unlikely that Pakistan will be able to have the facilities to make that happen. These are also very expensive to maintain, much more than the JF-17s, making it unwise for Pakistan to acquire them in large numbers. Though, a squadron of these will give Pakistan a tech edge in the air against India and will enjoy air superiority in the conflict region.
Nope. We cannot manufacture it similar to JF-17. Pakistan initiated the JF-17 project and is the co-owner. The aircraft was designed in China but Pakistan was officially part of it from the start and paid for all the R & D. Pakistan gets the shares of profit if any JF-17s are sold to other countries. On the other hand, Pakistan was never part of J-31, it's already a finished product that Pakistan has opted to buy. Pakistan can only do "liscence" production. Which is NOT similar to ownership as in the JF-17's case.
@@aryanshukla6026 Idiot, Rafale has never been war proven. it has never shot down any aircraft, never been tested in air to air combat. bombing terrorists with ak 47 guns that has no airforce and no air defence does not make it war proven. a ww2 aircraft can do that job just as good.
This is what happens when dumbos who read a-a missile with 400km range think they will Destroy all enemy fighters within that range. Learn a thing or two before you vomit your propoganda
The FC-31 is the export version of the J-31, AKA J-15 for use on China's carriers and an analog to Russia's SU-57, Aside from Pakistan, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia have shown interests.
FC31 is the designation before Chinese Airforce inducts the aircraft. It becomes J31 once it's procured by China. FC35 for example is now J35. Export variant will most probably be called J31e or J31P for Pakistan.
@@KingKong-uf3xq GDP and economic strenght are Essential for military might. Pakistan hos not more "friends" like india. Pakistan is locked in a dept trap of China, collapses currently from within and about military, lost every war they ever fought, especialy against india. Despite their shortcomings. They are fighting dozens of terrorist Organisations currently operation in their country
@@sH-ed5yf Pakistan got no Hindu to worry but india have few hundred millions of Muslim to worry, at least Pakistan have support from Muslim countries, but india as the only Hindu majority country, US not even india allies, Russia won’t act if india go war with Pakistan as Pakistan is China allies and Russia is China allies. GDP essential but india can’t even afford best fighter jets or even they afford US won’t sell to india. There are many military equipments India can’t buy or afford to buy, their military development not on par with big military powers like US, China and Russia. Their jets and helicopters are old and even killed their defend minister. Their missiles not even function well when a missile accidentally fired into Pakistan. Imagine if it’s US, India have big price to pay.
I believe the restrictions on the F-16s are for joint exercises (especially against China). If it was anything beyond that, why would the USA sell us AIM-120C-5?
pakistan and turkey developing and manufacturing 5th generation plus fighter jet too... but its takes time too.. but due to sudden dynamic changes in international politics and wars... pakistan have to have 5th gen fighter jet
If Pakistani ESTABLISHMENT has to obey every order Washington will give, then these will be just those toys placed for decoration purpose. As a Pakistani, we are loosing everything which is beside us and gain nothing due to our policies made behind closed doors.
Either way Allah is running Pakistan or it would have failed a long time ago .even with India which is one of the strongest militaries in the world they still don’t have the capability to win a war against Pakistan they can’t even take Kashmir from Pakistan even though Pakistan has a less than half the army India has and also we support our army even when corruption occurs they are still rated number 1 intelligence in the world and still manage to keep Pakistanis safe .
I'm sure they can. Every 5th Gen stealth aircraft is detectable a some ranges and directions. The su30mki and Rafale both have extremely powerful radars. The question is, can they detect it before it get within missile range? That's the question.
Pakistan will be slowly but surely able to phase out its old jets with newer ones. That'll maybe give them the opportunity to sell their old jets like the f16 to Ukraine but idk who'd buy the old Mirage 5 😅 probably Zimbabwe to replace its obsolete hawker hunters
Pakistan has a lot of fighters to replace very soon, 180 3rd G fighters let alone aging F-16 even those 18 new F-16s need to be replaced to get rid of american tech. So those 180 fighters will be replaced by chinese fighters asap (JF-17BLK3/4, J-10C, J-31/35). The F-16s however will be replaced either completely or partially (54-72 fighters) by the turkish stealth fighter to keep a wing of fighters of western technology. So pakistan has 184 JF-17, 36 J-10, 75 F-16, +180 (232 Currently by 51 substracted from already counted under delivery remaining J-10/17) Mirage3-5/J-7PG. Those 180 3rd G fighters need to be replaced asap and china is the sole answer to this request. The new composition in my opinion is : 246 J-17, 72 J-10C, 72 J-31/35 + 75 F-16 that will be replaced by 72 TFX from 2030 onward as first option otherwise more J-31/35. So the orders will be : - 50 JF-17 blk 3 + 12 JF-17B (dual seat), delivered in 2025-2030 (also upgrading the existing fleet to the latest standard). - 36 J-10 C before 2028. - 36 J-31/35 (land version) delivered before 2028 (+ 36 optional/follow on order that can be made in 2027 and delivered by 2030). All adds up to +450 fighter (the minimum pakistan needs and the maximum it can sustain (eventhough 54% are light cheap quasi-domestic fighters), they need support and to work on their economy).
Pakistan don't have money to buy cooking gas..where from they will buy 5th generation fighter jets😂😂 there is a huge difference between telling something or actually happening
Tfx has been merged with Pakistan's own stealth 5th gen fighter program called project azam. They will later aquire a special version made especially for pakistan. Otherwise good video
Pakistan doesn't have the newest weapons and jet fighters to vigilant India's counteroffensive at the border. But the Islamic nation became Pro-China, so, high officials in the government couldn't purchase American weapons so far. However, another Islamic state IR Iran showed Pakistan some aggressive moments, thus, Pakistan should deploy jet fighters to protect its territories. But the nation can't import NATO standard weapons from the Western world, therefore, Pakistan's last option to import weapons is only China. Unfortunately, China's jet fighters developed these days don't have reliable functional aspects because the latest aircraft types were the result of reverse engineering from Russian and American weapons. Moreover, China's aircraft developers don't have the technologies to design aircraft engines. So, they just copied Russian engines but the result was not so good. The Air Force of Pakistan didn't use many jet fighters from China since most of them had very serious functional problems. Even China's aircraft makers couldn't fix those problems. So, it goes without saying that the new jet fighter of China doesn't have the trustable capacity to deploy in Pakistan's Air Force. But Russia's weapon industry was totally fucked up by the US's international sanctions, so PAK doesn't have any other options.
To all who call for not wasting $$ on weapons, let me say, its foolish for a country like Pakistan to risk its security to the goodwill of our enemies. It will be more costly for Pakistan if we cannot defend ourselves, our economy will be ruined, so guess what? Buying these weapons are cheaper in the Long run, because it will discourage india from adventurism. Its good to want peace, but the best peace comes thru strength, not weakness. Look at Palestinians, they have wanted peace with Israel for decades, but did they achieve it? No, and they won't, because one side is too powerful. There is no balance. So while our ultimate goal should be peace but until then, we will keep our dagggers sharp to discourage our enemies. Trust me its much cheaper this way.
No worries s-400 waiting for ur jets and just for info rafale once defeated f 22(best 5th gen fighter),so we dont give a shit about these chinese jets.
@@fgtrhwu2 That depends on if India is willing to go against US sanctions to buy Russian arms or whether the US willing to sanction India if it does. In my opinion, India doesn't want to go against US whims until Russia's relations with the US improve, and the US also doesn't want to sanction India even if they did buy it going against the US.
Whats the point in buying something only to be told where and when you can use it. the only time you can tell some one where and how you can use this something is when you buy a car. And only then it is regionally based laws.
not sure about that. Rafele once shot down a F 22 raptor and also india can buy f 35s or su 57s when ever they want . U should also consider air defence systems . we cant be sure about anything when it comes to military. we are general public who barely have info on it .
@@Atomic.c.hso why India 🇮🇳 is not buying it huh? And those are just rumours 😂just like India 🇮🇳 saying we shot down f-16 😂 but Indian 🇮🇳two fighters are shot down tea was fantastic ☕️🥱
@@KINGgaming-zh6lp According to reports Pak lost a F 16 and it was said that it was shot down by a mig bison. Idk what pride is Pak taking in shooting down an aircraft IAF is planning to retire from its fleet. I don't think Pak is economically strong enough to maintain their nation in any aspect. Maybe your nation should consider stabilizing their economy rather than buying arms from China. On that note the Indian economy is nearly 4 trillion dollar economy. At estimated to grow even more . Maybe use loans from imf properly
Kinda making buying J-10C pointless as the FC-31 and JF-17 makes better high-low pairing Also, need to get the new engines done and probably put in more advanced electronics. Cheap is ok but cheap and good are far better; FC-31 should be at least considerably more advanced than Su-30MKI
@@Peizxcvwhat su30 mki... Just in nest 2 years our whole airforce will be better no far better then su30 that india have.... India is so behind they don't have datalink.. They don't have maws on any jet other then refale... J10 and jf17b3 are more then enough.. Fc31 is not for future..
J-10C along with old F16's is gonna be the new backbone of PAF while JF-17's are Jointly made force multipliers, and FC-31 and KAAN will be the trump cards of PAF.
Indians always get shock from, you people need to understand messages on our statements we don't use dialogue like Indians hope you remember we will surely react on our chosen time and place be ready
