Why Were Things So Terrible In the 17th Century - General Crisis Theory 

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You should upload videos on Mughal conquest of India and how they became richest in the world

When are you going to do a video about the South America war of independence in which Venezuela liberated Colombia , Ecuador , peru and Bolivia ???? What are waiting for ???

When will season 3 of the early muslim conquests come out ?

Because of the 'Little Ice Age Big Chill' Maunder grand solar minimum.

Yeah... I'm disappointed with that too. Mediaeval TW ends too early and then Empire starts 200 odd years later.

A video game in the style of the Total War franchise based on the By Fire and Sword tabletop wargame would be awesome.

Honestly, I thought about that, but the period is very, very complex

They will probably do it in the future especially with A.I.s helping with the coding and perhaps roleplaying in the game rather than the typical highly efficient min/max super efficient A.I. player

There's a 30 year war mod for Medieval 2 TW

Stay curious

Same did not even think about this

@Salvatore Martialis It is true it is a channel that has learned a lot about history.

100%

I think deep down we all know why there was such a crisis in the 17th century.. aliens.

This is a fact vert few people know about.

How could anyone pay taxes if they had no silver and were never allowed to have it?

@Marcelo Henrique Soares da Silva Except that the Ming was an indigenous Chinese dynasty while the dynasty that replaced it was actually not Chinese at all but Manchurian. China was conquered in large part due to the economic decay the Ming dynasty suffered. Other contributing factors were natural disasters that undermined the Ming's mandate of heaven and the Ming's mistreatment of its generals that swung to the Manchurian side. The Ming were arguably developing a proto-capitalist society and had a large middle class. All that went to ruin and Chinese history was forever changed. Ironically, the Spanish Empire would also fall in large part due to its economic problems from the silver trade. And Spain also fell to a foreign power: the French Bourbon dynasty. This was the first modern international trade network and it resulted in the fall of twin empires.

@@superpowerdragon Manchu at the time was absolutely not Chinese. In modern China, yes, they are Chinese nationals. But it was a distinct ethnic group which has now assimilated. Also, being a citizen does not mean you share the same ethnic group. It's a designation by the state. The Manchus invaded and conquered China, just as the Mongols had, and throughout the Qing Dynasty Manchu and Chinese fell under different jurisdictions of law and lived in different urban quarters. The overthrow of the Qing Dynasty was the overthrow of foreign rule as well as the traditional form of Chinese government, whether it be wielded by indigenous Chinese rules or by foreign invaders.

@@EmisoraRadioPatio I used the phrase "partly blamed" for a reason...

what did you end up doing?

Similar, if a little younger, family expected me to go into the steelworks meat grinder that killed half of them at an early age University was never a realistic option then, though I was able to go there later My time voluntarily wearing green was considerably more relaxed, barring some unpleasantly tense days in N Ireland A bunch of jobs from retail to junior manager had taught me by then that my love of history did not translate readily into teaching, especially in the schools I had experienced where hardly anyone gave a fuck, as long as you came out with basic reading, writing and maths Heavy industry locally had little use for academics (people who read a lot were likely to be union troublemakers) and you could get well paid jobs shovelling shit in hazardous conditions - so long as your health lasted But I can never thank enough that one really good history teacher who taught that context mattered and that causes were more interesting than dry dates Thanks to her I can now confidently discuss many periods, yet be certain I will always have more to learn

@@devvv4616 my girlfriend got pregnant when I graduated high school. We got married, at 19 I had two kids, went to work as a machinist, then construction for 40 yrs built log homes in Idaho, then commercial buildings office building and schools. Made good money but I would always find people like me. WW2 was one thing I was very good at and ancient history the internet is wonderful!!

@@WilmerCook Bruce Springsteen should write a song about you.

H. Fenton Mudd - Two of the greatest injustices that have long plagued the world: young men sent to fight old men’s wars and money being wasted on the rich...As an archaeologist, I commend you on your lifelong passion for history, my friend. I agree; “Kings and Generals” is awesome! Greetings from Delphi, Greece.

Just like witches in Medieval II Total War.

Yeah it’s not hard to make the connection between widespread stress and this sort of behaviour

The publication of James i of England's "Daemonologie" in 1597 was the major catalyst . Crazy Puritanical nonsense from a monarch obsessed by witchcraft and demons.

The witchcraft panic started earlier than the 17th century, starting gradually in the 15th century, and peaking in the 17th.

Also it was the most severe in protestant countries

Local Indonesian kings : *chuckles* i'm in danger

Rule or acquisition 162 even in the worst of times someone turns a profit.

Thats just the dutch specialities making money from other's suffering, take example of the boers who established apartheid in South Africa for example. Unfortunately they have not been famous for being flexible led to their decline

@@stefanodadamo6809 and funnily enough, they succeeded

@@stefanodadamo6809 It was bad when the Spanish were fighting the Dutch, but now that they betrayed us with their “Triple Alliance” they must be destroyed!

But as always he did not mention any ottoman thingies, nor there is no even tiny placement on time label for ottomans. They love ignore and vilify ottomans. Classic kng. European countries invade a state:liberated Ottomans invade a state: murdered, massacred, perished, tortured exc. They do a great job, but you know honest people hates theese types of hypocrites. Kng is a perfect example for it.

@@andyc9902 LOL, whose god?

@@CosmicValkyrie the spitefulness i harbor leads me to believe he's referring to the Greek orthodoxy version of God's wrath.

@@Brandon-bc1fz lol still playing with gods and dolls.

​@@CosmicValkyrie the one that founded the city

Total War...

So basically the Empire from Warhammer Fantasy.

*We are One starts to play in the background*

Well, you alr got the Ecclesiarchy & mass witch hunts for Chaos Cults💀

So like every other century

This RU-vid channel is like an encyclopedia of world history and really helps you to expand your knowledge.

@@marneus It certainly has to do with the fact that climate change is the main factor influencing the crises that humanity has gone through in general.

Because it is just one of many theorie/hypothese/speculation (which is mentioned in the end of the video). Which are triggered by the fact that now we are forseeing that the climatchange could trigger something interesting, so learn AR15 basics if you are an american, and its straightpull version if you are from the UK lol

@@beepboop204 it is still a speculation, as well as a transition from "feodalism" to "capitalism" (Not to remembering a transition from "antiquity/slaveowning" to "feodalism"). Huns/Xungu as well as transformations in xvi-xix centuries (chose your favorite span) could habe nothing or almost to do with climat (btw not a fact that to 2030/50 anything major will happen, and I am not sure it will ever be 0% CO2 emission). But sure when you have a hammer in your hand all problems are looking like nails.

That’s because it is generally regarded as a lazy theory. It was even pointed out in the video that events such as the “little ice age” was a common underlying factor that exacerbated existing grievances related to human activities in any specific location. But it’s often cited as the main catalyst, changing the perception dramatically. This leads to all encompassing theories that really have little value academically. It’s easy to take any “chunk” of history and portray it two different ways. One of barbaric subsistence and bare survival, and another of culture and human achievement. Both occurred in parallel throughout most of human history. The 17th century gave rise to Newton, Galileo, Pascal, Lippershey and many others. Great strides were made in science, mathematics and astrology became largely replaced by astronomy.

the spice trade never belonged to Portugal(fully) in the first place part of it was controlled by the Ottoman empire

@@ahnafahmed4951 After Ottoman Empire, Portugal took the spice trade. Made it very difficult for the Ottoman Empire. Indeed they were competitors but in the end the Portugese were the superior.

​@@brunolima7402 Kings and generals made a documentary on it and it showed that the ottomans did not lose fully and a large part of the spice trade was controlled by Portugal but some parts were controlled by the ottoman like from the African horn to Alexandria and oman to Yemen. I will agree Portugal was the superior but the ottoman also were pretty in it.

@@lb5560 Kings and generals made a documentary on it and it showed that the ottomans did not lose fully and a large part of the spice trade was controlled by Portugal but some parts were controlled by the ottoman like from the African horn to Alexandria and oman to Yemen. I will agree Portugal was the superior but the ottoman also were pretty in it.

@@brunolima7402 Well.. I meant the leading country benefiting from the spice trade. Even though the Dutch took over a lot of valuable trading posts from the Portugese, the Portugese were not entirely replaced by the Dutch. The Portugese just turned weaker in the European league.

That was basically the only positive thing for Spain in that century

@@5thMilitia lol

@Hendrik van Nassau-Ouwerkerk , the point is that if you check out at 9:18 Thomas Hobbes's quote, you shall see the different mindset. While the British were saying that there was no place for anything aside from surviving in a really pessimistic way, even though they dealt better with the XVII century events, in Spain there was place for superior creations of the human being, even though the country only had 3 years of peace and the population decreased drastically.

@@alejandrop.s.3942 Because of crown patronage. For most of the Spaniards I doubt that it was much different than for the English.

Well, I think that it would be better to call it the golden 150 years, because the period of great artists lasted that span of time (from the early 16th to the mid 17th centuries). By the way, it is not coincidence that this period matchs the years of Spain as the most poserfull state of Europe. Even with all the riches of the New World Spain was bankrupted and the arts sudenly stoped after all the wars of this period: 30 years war, the Dutch revolt, de Portuguese restoration war, the Catalan revolt and the hispano-french war ( all of them fought at the same time which is quite impresive).

Seconded. When I was in college years ago we jokingly called the History Channel "The WW2 Channel" and unfortunately RU-vid has the same issue...gotta go where the clicks are I guess...

If you want contemporary content of a similar vein I'd definitely suggest "whatifalthist," he has a lot of good stuff on secular cycles and malthusian limit theories.

@@BlessedAreTheCheesemakers People also called it the 'Hitler Channel' XD

@@igloo.550 "UP NEXT ON SECRET WEAPONS OF THE NAZI REGIME...AND STAY TUNED FOR SECRETS OF THE SS, FOLLOWED BY HITLER'S SUPERSTRUCTURES"

@@BlessedAreTheCheesemakers Thank God Ancient Aliens replaced it...

In pre-Islamic times, women were socially despised and humiliated... They were treated worse than a slave girl. Even if someone gave birth to a daughter, burying her alive was a common thing in those days.. Islam has come and given respect to women.. Gave them back their lost rights.. Prophet Muhammad (SAW) said, "Your paradise is under your mother's feet.(one must respect her mother) " In another hadith, Prophet Muhammad (SAW) Said, "Who has three daughters or three sisters or two daughters or two sisters; And he nurtures them properly and works for them (in his heart) fearing Allah; In return, he will reach Paradise forever. "'(Tirmidhi) Prophet Muhammad (SAW)said, " Whoever has three daughters will bear the hardships of raising them and provide for them according to his ability; On the Day of Resurrection, that girl child will be an obstacle for her on the way to Hell. '(Ibn Majah) Violence against the girl child decreases somewhat after the exhortation; Then the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) declared, ‘I urge you to be kind to women. You accept my instruction. '(Bukhari) Women's education in Islam Regarding teaching women, the Holy Qur'an says, "Treat them (women) well and teach them to behave well." (Surah 4 Nisa, verse 19). Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) declared, ‘Whoever has a daughter, if he does not despise and neglect her (in all matters, including education) and does not give precedence to the son over her; Allah Ta'ala will admit him to Paradise. ' He added, "You give good advice to women (educate them in good education)." Prophet Muhammad (SAW) said, ‘Learning (acquiring knowledge) is an obligation (duty) on every Muslim man and woman.’ (Ummus Sahihain, Ibn Majah Sharif). Therefore, the number of hadiths narrated from Hazrat Aisha (ra) among the books of hadith is 2,210, which is the second highest among all the Companions. Islam has given that status to women as mothers Hazrat Abu Huraira narrated that once a man came to the court of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and asked, "Who is more deserving of my benefit?" Prophet Muhammad (SAW) said, ‘Your mother’. The man asked, then who? He replied ‘Your mother’. The man asked again, then who? This time too he replied ‘your mother’. (Bukhari). Needless to say, no Nothing in the world has given so much respect and dignity to women before Islam or like Islam.. A muslim Woman can get education from schools, colleges and universities and even she can do job or higher studies. But there is one condition that she has to maintain the veil of her body completely(for both married or unmarried woman)(but an married woman must take permission from her husband) (ie- muslim women have to follow all the orders of Allah and prophet Muhammad (SAW) in this regard)..But if she violates Allah's order then Allah will send her to the Hell. Explanation -By maintaining the veil of body completely a woman saves another woman's marriage. Imagine a married man is walking with his wife in the path.Suddenly he watches a girl(who does not cover her body-ie-what the western women do actually). He starts liking that girl more than his wife..And he can't control himself..Do u know what happens next actually..That married make illegal relationship with that girl and after some days start dating and the final result is the girl becomes rapped..Then think how will that man's married wife will feel...After knowing all this things that legal wife will give divorce to that man...And that ugly girl is responsible for all this things...Maybe u can now think that why will that man do that?Answer-Allah has created both men and women in that way so they have attraction to each other...So if the women think that they are modern they should follow Allah's order(maintain the veil of her body completely)(so that they don't have to be the cause of legal man and woman's divorce)..So as a result man(both married and unmarried) will not look at the woman(maintaining the veil of her body completely with a bad intention or attraction). And man also should be careful.They should give time to their legal wife and love them not to any girlfriend. Maybe Allah will help them if they don't violate the order of Allah and prophet Muhammad (SAW)

@@thebelieverbangla4353 tell that to the women of Afganistan.

@@jlvfr agree

@@thebelieverbangla4353 stop the propaganda. Islam oppresses women. Islam mutilates women. Islam hates women and always has. Your so called prophet NPBUH married a 6 year old.

It was not only the problem of volcanoes but also the fact that class division in European societies was deep and this led to the instigation of numerous revolts that led to famine and disease.

So France and Norway were on the come up while everyone else was trying to stay afloat.

@@geordiejones5618 i didn't know about norway, but yeah, probably

@@Fatherofheroesandheroines well i learned french history as well as i watched this video. The reign of the bourbon kings is considered as one of the most stable era of french history. despite the fronde and other events, there is nothing comparable to other countries

It isn't really a great century for the French tho. There were in fact civil wars like the Fronde, a lot of international wars and 10% of the population died in 1694 due to a famine

@@geordiejones5618 The Dutch were experiencing a golden age so I would add them and delete France

No, this is what the event "coldest period of the little ice age" (which always fires in the 1640s) attempts to represent

I lost 1 stability reading this

@@Dustz92 Yeah, but that really only serves to make Russia more money from all their fur :)

@@jforozco12 that history for you lolz

Can I apply to be a student at the university u work for?

@Hyper Borean NO, I don't teach communist history. I teach the history of the East and I have adequate ideas about the history of civilization

@@brandonlee9624 In principle, you can, but I do not know the technical side

@Hyper Borean I’m chums with a historian who is in no doubt that communism was a vile ideology.

@Hyper Borean but I should say- he doesn’t teach at uni, he got his doctorate and left partly because he couldn’t stand the left wing ideological bent of his colleagues, here in Scotland.

Check out the Annales School of historians, and many others, if you like that kind of history!

Check out critical theory and the Frankfurt School of thought. That in which should not be mistaken for “critical race theory”. A concept popularized in liberal American academics in the 1970’s.

Totally agree with your opinion. I also like this kind of story.

I love it too. But , I also enjoy breaking down the battles as well.

It would be good if historiography wasn’t such a toxic, stifling environment. History is one of those areas in which a ruling elite is most keen to shape, to provide the justification for their rule and right to rule, their ideas, and their policies. Therefore, the taboos and norms they create pervade historiography and prevent any true enquiry or independent thought. It’s depressing.

At least 2020-2021 wasn’t in the 17th century.

2023/2024 will be darkness and woes Seek the Light in 2027

@@Tsumami__ that sniffle thing wouldnt have caused a shrug in the 17th century

@@MichiMind Yeah the hyperinflation going on now will have us very screwed by then if we dont take action.

@@gm2407 We are not experiencing hyperinflation though, that's just your confirmation bias.

@@TheMrcassina for the rich class

​@@TheMrcassina While there was definitely an increase in the Atlantic slave trade during the 17th century, it mostly rose in the 18th century. The Dutch definitely participated in the slave trade, but really were not nearly as important in it as the British and especially the Portuguese.

@@TheMrcassina The Dutch only participated in the final decades of their Golden Age. And it was mostly a financial failure. Slavery is an inherently feudal practice and it was a relapse on the capitalism that made them filthy rich. Short time greed won from ethics eventually.

Expect a similar situation in this century (2030-2050?)

I see you aren`t french.

Not at the moment, I think

There are more dangerous volcanoes around to worry about imo

Americans: *glance around nervously, thinking about yellowstone*

Indonesian: nervous sweating about plenty of Volcano.,.

Relative, a volcano may slow the temperature rise.

You still play CK2

@@jevinliu4658 I do. It's hard to play CK3 with an integraded Intel GPU.

Sounds like a normal CK2 to me...

@@jevinliu4658 CK2 is better

@@jevinliu4658 yes. I don't have the money for CK3 and it took me a couple years just to master CK2

Get ready for another one soon enough!

@@MrBottlecapBill Yes.

What is the source of 40% hypothesis? I’m interested because currently most Russian households spend 40-50% on food yet there is no revolutionary situation in sight.

@@AnimusAstralis Maybe it's the communism keeping them in line?

@@AnimusAstralis That sounds about right, from talking to a Russian friend- people needing to grow food on their country allotments to survive, despite working multiple jobs :( I'm much luckier in Australia, but I do resent spending 40% of my income on rent- gotta love that housing crisis...

Part of the upper class. Never had to serve and protected by the Crown. A tiny bit of luck plus oodles of power will get you a long life.

To be fair, Hobbes was trying to make a philosophical point about the lives of early humans in their natural state when he wrote the "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short" line, rather than making a comment about life in the 17th century. In Hobbes view, early humans lived solitary, miserable lives more akin to those of animals. He thought that the only way to prevent a slide towards humanity's 'natural' & 'brutish' state of being was through a strong authoritative state that was capable of enforcing law and order and to mete out strict punishment for wrongdoings. His view is the opposite of Rousseau's as he thought that humans were naturally good rather than evil.

Was Thomas Hobbes short, too?

He was rich and the “social contract” thus treated him well.

We are prob heading towards another, Wealth is concentrated at the top, endemic political corruption, climate change starting, a pandemic etc etc

wasnt a bat, it came from a goddamn lab.

@@mr.x3933 Must be fun to be an idiot

@@2yoyoyo1Unplugged must be fun being the boot licking cattle who believe everything fed to them by the oh so honest mainstream media.

@@robdee81 Sure, I'm the cattle. Me, the guy who _doesn't_ believe conspiracy theories from sources that are impossible to trace or confirm just because the echo chambers tell me to drink the kool-aid. I'm sure the previous iterations of COVID that have existed for centuries now are also made in a lab, and while we're at it, so was the common cold and smallpox. How do I know this? Because I said so. That's apparently all the proof I need. You wanna know who is more likely to be the sheep here? Probably the guy who spends his time coming up with and disseminating false information, thus buying actual threats to people and society at large all the time they need to grab more power. Mainstream media has nothing to do with science. I haven't watched the news in YEARS. I just also don't partake in Qanon-level idiocy.

@Metal Rulez III okay, so they checked the markets and found no bats, yet no investigations are allowed? So in other words you’re talking Chinese authorities at their word? Plus, no duh they’re not finding any bats _now._ Why the hell would they not get the disease carriers out of their markets? Bats are rodents. They carry disease. You can’t even articulate a point correctly. Is English not your first language? Looks like you’re the one under a rock, sir.

that was actually around the time of the black death

@@toddberkely6791 The 17th century began 250 years after the black death ended...

@@nationaliseeverything7831 The black death happened again in London just before the great fire of 1666.

Maybe we simply have no sources of notable events in africa at the time? They didnt have much in the way of written reccords down there throughout most of history.

On Brazil that time is know by the high points of expeditions called "bandeiras". They are infamous for hugely expanding brazilian border, by hugely creating cities and by the massacres and slaving that they did to indigenous population on the country. The greatest "bandeirante" from them all, Antônio Raposo Tavares is like the Francisco Pizarro from Brazil. Also 17 century saw the first spikes and consolidation of the atlantic slave trade...

@John Barber racist much? Follow the theory...if the point of the theory is to call the 17th century a "General Crisis", was this also happening in Africa and the Americas

Morocco was actually doing really good in this period, and especially in the second half of the century which saw the birth of the current dynasty

@@TravelFutbolFan keep records next time

The 18th century was relatively nice for Europe. A separation of military conflicts and civil governance arose. This allowed the population to avoid the disasters of war. The power of monarchs was also curtailed slightly. A policy of meritocratic bureaucracy was created.

Don't forget the 26th century when the damn Covenant and The Flood show up..

I mean the 20th century alone gave us 2 world wars so close after each other too.

@@minatodroger7890 and the 21st century loook like it will be the end of the world

Don’t forget about the 24th century when the swissreich colonize Jupiter

1815 to 1914 was a pretty stable period. Not utopia, but certainly not an age of crisis.

@@michaels4255 boer war, zulu wars, then russia vs japan, then war in ukraine by major european powers. Some native people in any of the many colonies of european countries fighting against Colonialism. Etc. Etc. Don't think eurocentric but globally.

And I will agree with your assertion but your view point is Eurocentric and I am taking at Global level. If i dig deep during the time period you mentioned i will certainly find crisis in many places over the world say for example Asia, Africa or America. Why the way during 1st-2nd century AD, Rome killed its many emperor. And during 6th century AD, Rome was divided into chunks by Barbarians which then continued to fight with each other until getting stable around 7th century AD. I am taking will an estimated guess. I don't know exact time but these events did happened during this period.

@@Tearsofsoil I am thinking globally. Sure, every century has wars taking place here and there, but look at the scale and the generalized trauma of those wars. Except of the long anticipated "Civil" War in the young United States, wars between 1815 and 1914 tended to be fairly "ordinary" wars where some soldiers and sometimes sailors got killed, but for most people life went on pretty much as usual.

Yes. In Indonesia most powerfull sultanates in that century, Mataram Sultanate waging war to Dutch until depleted their population and resources

It's also called the 80 years war. Not as long as the 100-year war.

@@Turnil321 And it had overlap with the 30 Years' War

The Indian region not country, if ur going to wor dit liek that might as well say the European economy contributed alot then saying individual countries

@@kacgb5315 plzz keep your fake Data's only to you.

@@mashkooracct2536 lol your one of those self-hating Indians that think India has always been inferior. I'm not an Indian citizen (I'm British) but I do know, after reading tones about Indian history, that India was indeed one of the greatest centres of Human Civilization. 17th century India did have the worlds largest economy (despite having only 2nd largest population). India was also one of the most urbanised regions (Mughal era India was more urbanised than post-Independance India).

@@andyc9902 👍👍🙏🇮🇳

See also The Weirdest People Inbthe World.

Just like you can debate when the thirty years war began you can argue when the 30 years war began. Did ww2, begin with the Spanish civil war? with Japans invasion of China? with mussolinis invasion of ethipia? And likewise, was the Dutch-Spanish conflict part of the 30 years war? Was the conflicts around the Spanish road part of it? Was the Franco-Spanish power struggles in Italy part of it? Was Swedens was with Poland (Austrias ally) part of it? Was the Ottoman offensives on the catholics to help the protestants part of it? If one includes those conflicts, then this war truely was a global war.

@@nattygsbord ww2 started with ww1

@@ElectronicYouth And when did world war 1 start? Was it the French-German rivalry following the German conquest of Alsace and rivalry of colonies in Africa? Did the war have its roots in the many previous border wars on the Balkans between Ottomans, slavs and Austrians? Did German arrogance and shipbuilding make Britain feel threatened and tensions building up between the two countries that brought them to war? All this makes me think that all those separate conflicts came togheter to create a perfect storm that combined all the horrors of all those unsolved wars and diplomatic conflicts. And the paralells to the thirty years war is also there. The thirty years war became a world in many ways. If world war 2 could be said to be about Hitlers attempt to take over the world, then the 30 years war could be said to be about the Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs attempt to take control over Europe.

@@nattygsbord I would say the thirty year war was the ww1 and ww2 started in 1914 and ended in 1945

I thought that looked funny just because academics that young don't get recognized, generally. Takes almost that long to get tenure....

Stealing portuguese trade routes. Yet it is.

@@Silvius5000 we took over because we were better at it anyway, implementing the stockmarket, selling stocks of the voc. Inventing the windpowered sawmill, this allowed us to saw timber with increased efficiency of 3000% allowing us to build ships much faster and cheaper than anyone else, and despite having a tiny population of 1,5 million we possed half the ships and trade in Europe. And we invented the fluyt, wich is still the best transport ship in the age of sail, it could carry twice the size as similar ships of similar size and could be handled by a smaller crew.

@@drpepper3838 yes is true. I have to admits. More the inquisition in Portugal more the union with Spain backwards Portugal in many aspects.

@@drpepper3838And in the time. Netherlands and Portugal have similar total population.

21st century: hold my beer...

@@ziggytheassassin5835 2020: Hold my COVID-19