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Lumbricus rubellus is a species of earthworm that is related to Lumbricus terrestris. It is usually reddish brown or reddish violet, iridescent dorsally, and pale yellow ventrally. They are usually about 25 millimetres (0.98 in) to 105 millimetres (4.1 in) in length, with around 95-120 segments. Their native distribution was mainland Europe and the British Isles, but they have currently spread worldwide in suitable habitats.[1] Size and appearance Lumbricus rubellus, or the "red earthworm", ranges from 25 millimetres (0.98 in) to 105 millimetres (4.1 in) in length and has smooth, reddish, semi-transparent, flexible skin segmented into circular sections. Each segment contains four pairs of setae, or bristles, and the total number of segments per matured organism ranges from 95-105.[2] The segmentation of Lumbricus rubellus identifies the organism as a member of Phylum Annelida, while the enlarged segments towards the anterior of the organism called the clitellum denotes membership to Class Clitellata. Members of this class are also defined by having permanent gonads. The clitellum of L. rubellus reaches from segments 26 to 32 Habitat Lumbricus rubellus naturally lives in soils high in organic matter, preferably dung and feces.[2] The worms require loose soil to burrow in and soil moist enough for gas exchange.[3] Further requirements include such abiotic factors as pH and temperature. Various abiotic factors are significant to Lumbricus rubellus. pH is of particular importance; a range of 5.5 to 8.7 is acceptable with a preference for neutral soils.[4] Temperature is also significant, with implications for growth, respiration, metabolism and reproduction amongst other things.[2] An ideal temperature is 51 degrees Fahrenheit (10.6 degrees Celsius). A further abiotic factor is moisture, which is important for respiration. A similar species, Millsonia anomala, was most active at 10-17% moisture content. The substratum for Lumbricus rubellus is related to the species food sources and pH and moisture requirements. Dung is the species preference.[2] With regards to light intensity, most earthworm species are photonegative to strong sources of light and photopositive to weak sources of light.[2] This is attributable to the effects of intense light, such as drying and a lack of food sources found above ground for earthworms. Behaviour The sense organs of Lumbricus rubellus associated with feeding are on the prostomium, located at the anterior end of the organism.[2] The chemoreceptors here are sensitive to alkaloids, polyphenols, and acids. Negative responses are caused by acid and alkaloids (at certain levels), while polyphenol sensitivity identifies different food sources. Chemoreceptors can also be found on other parts of the organism's body.[2] These serve to direct the organism away from dangers such as temperature or pH variations, and to direct the organism towards possible food sources. Role in ecosystems Lumbricus rubellus is a saprophage which feeds on organic material that is in a high state of decomposition.[3] In ecosystems, earthworms such as Lumbricus rubellus increase the rate of transfer between trophic levels by making it easier for plants to uptake nutrients. In food chains, earthworms such as Lumbricus rubellus are primary consumers whose role is converting the energy synthesized by photosynthetic plants into food for animals at higher trophic levels. One significant biotic interaction of Lumbricus rubellus results from a relationship with vitamin B12-producing microorganisms such as bacteria and actinomycetes and barley.[3] The presence of such earthworms as Lumbricus rubellus increases concentrations of vitamin B12-producing microorganisms and vitamin B12 in the soil. The result is an increased barley yield and an increased volume of organic material for the earthworms. In this way a positive feedback relationship exists between the barley, microorganisms and Lumbricus rubellus. Medicinal uses In traditional Chinese medicine, abdominal extracts from Lumbricus rubellus are used in a preparation known as Di Long, or Earth Dragon, for treatment of rheumatic, phlegm and blood disorders. References ^ Dr. James A. Danoff-Burg. "Invasion Biology Introduced Species Summary Project: European Earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus)". Columbia University. Retrieved 2020-05-14. ^ a b c d e f g Edwards, C.A., and Lofty J.R. (1972). Biology of earthworms. Halsted Press, New York, NY. ^ a b c Wallwork, J.A. (1983). Earthworm biology. Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, England. ^ Reynolds, J.W., and Dindal, D.L. (1977). The earthworms (Lumbiridea and Sparganophilidea) of Ontario. The Hunter Rose Company, Toronto, Ontario. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lumbricus rubellus. Article on Lumbricus rubellus EST project for L. rubellus Taxon identifiers Lumbricus rubellus Wikidata: Q1721412 Wikispecies: Lumbricus rubellus AFD: Lumbricus_rubellus BioLib: 44028 BOLD: 25199 CoL: 6R26H EoL: 3126800 EPPO: LUMBRU EUNIS: 223697 Fauna Europaea: 178344 Fauna Europaea (new): 43271af7-a20a-44ba-9074-a031347e1a7a GBIF: 4410669 GISD: 1711 iNaturalist: 199376 IRMNG: 10433803 ISC: 76781 ITIS: 977383 NatureServe: 2.964733 NBN: NBNSYS0000022357 NCBI: 35632 NZOR: 09615893-be86-4b08-b402-898d62fc3bd2 Observation.org: 27191 Open Tree of Life: 115614 WoRMS: 994658 Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata International FAST National Germany United States Israel This article uses material from the Wikipedia article "Lumbricus rubellus", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0. Content may have been omitted from the original, but no content has been changed or extended. More Info Animal Diversity Web Atlas of Living Australia Biodiversity Heritage Library BOLD Systems BIN search CalPhotos Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) Maryland Biodiversity Project NatureServe Explorer 2.0 NBN Atlas World Register of Marine Species Computer Vision Model Included The current Computer Vision Model knows about this taxon, so it might be included in automated suggestions with the "Visually Similar" label. The "Expected Nearby" label is derived from the Geomodel. Learn more about the Geomodel here.
Very interesting. Thank you, Ken. One question though - how do you deal with mosquitoes in a setup like this? In Central Europe you'd be eaten alive during the warmer months!
Years ago folks would rub leaves From plants that repel insects. Or use netting from women’s undergarments. I made several videos on this topic. Use screen like material that keep insects from biting
Several years ago my friend Roy Price demonstrated this last resort emergency light. It is particularly useful in caves. Do not use it in dry locations, where it could start a forest fire
Great simplistic camp setup. I've watched many bushcraft camping videos, but yours is by far the easiest to copy. I've been looking for a simple bedroll and I've found it. Thank you for sharing your outdoor experiences. You've made a new subscriber and an admirer. Most other videos are full of major equipment and a lot of gear. Not so with your setup. Please continue to share your experience with those of us who dd not grow up camping. I truly believe I missed something growing up.
unfortunately, I forgot about seeing the elusive Superbloom this year, only just now remembering half way through our crispy August summer... sad I went looking for videos people may have shot. Your video was very immersive, exactly the type of video experience I was looking for. (not people walking through and talking about the blooms, but just... experiencing the beauty quietly.) Thank you.
I love history, and I live in Sylmar, Ca., near where this story takes place. Thank you, so much, I hope to see more of your historical content of L.A County.
Kenneth. I hope all is well. Looking forward to more of your videos. Not to be mean. However, something about your content and the way you convey your experiences is far superior to others. The thing I remember you said is get out of your comfort zone. You truly embrace nature.
Down in the canyon East of Castaic Rock is what appears to be one or two marked out old grave sites. One larger than the other. Looks pre-Lake and Hughes Road. So would have been accessed by walking up from where the lake is now through where a built up part of Hughes Rd. now blocks that canyon's once access. Also once easily of access is a family graveyard just East of the dirt parking lot of Combat Paintball Park off Charlie Canyon Road. I think a chain link fence is set up to separate the parking access to it now a days. Thank you for the historic video.
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