The best part. Is that Historically humanity in the past has poked things with sticks to try and understand them. But in the present day we still do, the stick has just become a whole lot cooler.
We never imagined textures could be so quantified. Our ancestors knew nothing of the micro world, they couldn't even conceive of a stick as small as a nanometer and moving so quickly.
@@SpeakerWiggin49 that’s not the point, the point is our ancestors poked things with sticks to try and understand them just like we’re doing now with the microscopic world
Come here. We are experimenting on people. -How do you experiment on people? We stick things in them. - Are you from the Biology Lab? What's a bilogee lab?
I've been retired some 12 years now, but back in the '90s I lead a team to select and purchase an AFM. I then supported it (and its Windows 3.1 interface) and trained users. Your model is excellent.
Back in the 90's I was working with one of my profs building these. stm actually. iirc, there were doubts as to whether they were actually showing the images they said they were...
Hey we're waiting for somebody to prove that about our own perceptions? Are we really hearing what we think were hearing are we really seeing what we think we're seeing how do you know?
@Stellvia Hoenheim I have basic knowledge of AFM, i am not an expert. (I learned new things) My thanks is for the time/effort spend on the research, explanation and rebuilding a 3d printer to AFM to teach people the principle.
Love this so much, its like the most basic nature of humanity. "What the fuck is this? lets poke with a stick" thoughts stand the test of time to the fricking atom
As a PhD Student in MEMS technology the chip a 7:18 just put me in awe. I know how complex the mechanics of the "simple actuation" I want to achieve is. This thing with x/y/z controlled motion is just beyond and stunning to see in almost exclusive silicon. Edit: 13:06 blew me away even more! One can still see the point the the "arm" was etched free from the surface, amazing!
Pretty wild, right? It's amazing what MEMS engineering can do these days! IIRC, the actuators are thermal bimorph actuators (instead of electrostatic comb, which is what I assumed at first), which is just super cool :)
Atomic force microscopy is one of my favorite microscopy techniques, just because it can see down to nanometer resolution, give quantitative data in the Z direction, and the sample does not needs to be in a vacuum. compared to scanning electron microscopy, which requires the sample to be in vacuum, does not see in 3d or give quantitive data in the Z direction. Atomic force microscopes are just so cool
also scanning electron microscope damages the sample because the electrons (since they are accelerated to a somewhat high speed) can hit the electrons in the atoms of the sample itself and affect the valence bonding in the chemical elements under inspection. So, if you making some custom integrated circuit for a client, and you want to verify if it is ok (quality test), you can't use electron microscope since it will introduce defects in the product
*Addendum* - More footage of the probe scanning here: ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-m0UK7LVSZ8g.html - If I mispoke, leave a comment and I'll add to this addendum! I'm new to AFM :) - Sorry for the "glow". Some poor life choices were made while filming (fogger, for cInEmAtIc haze) and made my life hell in editing. Lessons were learned 🙃 - There are _many_ types of scanning probe techniques, I'm only describing a very small handful of techniques for topographic information. I might cover other techniques in the future, there are dozens! There are equally many variations of topographic AFM itself, and each manufacturer has their own special sauce, so my comments are just general statements :) - Scans were post-processed in Gwyddion, and the 3D animations done in Blender - The Macro-AFM architecture is: arduino driving voice coil and measuring back-EMF, a grbl controller handling stepper motors, Rust program talking to both of those and providing a browser-based UI - I should have elaborated on spatial resolution more: the final resolution you get is a combination of tip radius and surface geometry. A wide tip (100nm) can still get you high precision (few nm) spatial resolution if the surface is very flat and the features are not high aspect ratio. But high aspect ratio like nanoparticles or trenches will require a sharper tip that itself has a high aspect ratio, so that the tip can access the internal geometry. So spatial resolution is variable depending on what tips you load and what the sample looks like - Gage block is a cheapo import from Shars, so I'm not sure if this is representative of precision ground surfaces in general, or just cheaply ground ones :)
@@MichaelWatersJ No particular reason :) Any suggestions for better color schemes? Definitely new to color maps in general, not sure what the best strategy is
Do you think it'd be possible to combine this with something like the Open Flexture Stage to slightly move the object over to rescan and expand the area? It doesn't need to do this super accurately as long as there is some overlap since that could be used to stitch the scans together automatically.
Awesome video! Only thing to note is that there actually are quite a lot of modes that use contact mode as the base! It does dull the tip more, but with a proper calibration you can limit the forces applied to the surface. Some interesting contact mode applications are like conductive AFM (CAFM), piezo force (PFM), scanning capacitance (SCM) and more!
@@andrewphillip8432 Present day technology is sufficient for individuals to build personal spacecraft as well as orbiting habitats and factories with all necessary life support systems and communications. Yet almost no one understands the power and capabilities of the programmable femto-second quantum cascade laser array which can not only implement catalytic chemical restructuring on demand but molecular positioning and orientation as well for nano-assembly.
I hear on good authority that "Tapping on atoms with a very sharp stick" is also a highly technical term. Great video, easy enough to follow even though I had no idea about your field. Thanks for sharing.
what i really like about your channel right now is that while it hasn't exploded yet, you have enough time to reply to semi-sensible comments that we leave, which i'm pretty sure will not be the case once it takes off :)
Well, if the channel ever does take off in a big way, I'll still try. I like interacting with folks in the comments, I've learned a ton that way! There are _a lot_ of super knowledgeable folks here :)
It’s a shame they too operate on the “request for quote” pricing model. Look I don’t care if your product cost 1k, 10k, 1M, or 10M just list the damn price, whatever it is.
Yes I see it, Yes I want to buy it. I need 15. Take my money. Response : we dont have 15, only 12,000 min. Sure, send me the 12000, im going to take 15 out. Send it back on an account of the "picture does not match' cannot be applyed to out exact use.... Request Refund.....
'Request for quote' simply means you might need some therapy before and after you see the price. But no worries. There is always a disruptor around the corner.
So i've had that project in my mind for a while. A geometry scanner to scan complex surfaces in a more or less automated way. Mechanically like a 3d printer, but with a probe instead of a hotend. Nothing extra fancy, all i want is .5mm of resolution on each axis. Guess now i finally have the inspiration for the probe design. Great stuff!
Honestly I can’t think of a single case in my life where I would need this but it’s still cool information. Ps: awesome deal, maybe unorthodox but a sweet deal
With just one atom, the answer would be, not a lot would happen. In fact with atoms up to the mass of Iron, it actually takes energy to split it. But even with a heavier atom, the amount of energy released from just one atom is so small, my guess is you won't notice anything. All of this of course just hypothetically assuming it would even be possible to split an atom, by just tapping on it. In reality, that would be impossible to do with something like this. Atoms are tough little guys, with really strong nuclear forces protecting their integrity. In this scenario, I guess it would be akin to trying to open a bank vault, by blowing on it through a straw. 🤣🤣🤣
@@ColinMacKenzieRobots You wouldn't know, since your gf always chooses one of her other bf's to take her to parties. But hey, at least you get to "respect" her, and give her all your money to call you her bf, right? Chad and Tyrone thanks you for your contribution.
That's basically a vinyl record player in atomic scale. And I liked how that image gauge block surface resembles Mars surface. I mean, i know they just choose to use that color palette for images but i think it's worth to think about the surface detail/mass ratios of both Mars and gauge blocks.
That gauge block surface really put the resolution into perspective for me. Unbelievable. It looks like the surface of mars, not some of machining's most finely surfaced measuring tools.
Very cool indeed! I just finished a very similar project at university. We made our own Scanning Tunnelling Microscope! Uses most of the same principles, but instead of tapping on the surface, you move a very sharp probe about an atom away from the surface. Then when a small voltage between the probe and the sample is applied, a magical current appear that is extremely distance sensitive. Our goal was to see atoms, so a micrometer is pretty huge in my brain currently :)
@@BreakingTaps It is a bit confusing the difference between "making contact" and "not making contact", as "physical contact" is a remote interaction between fields, so maybe what is meant by "contact" is when the tip is close enough to produce phonons and potentially exchanging atoms, or rearranging them on the surface, hence potentially causing wear, sticking the needle to the surface, cross-contamination and change in topography?
@@_John_P Hehe good eye, I definitely glossed over that (well, I recorded a bunch trying to explain, but it was confusing and long so got cut). And looks like I technically mispoke in the final cut as well. So my understanding is that "contact" mode AFM relies on the very-close range repulsive forces between the tip and the surface. I believe this repulsive force starts just a few angstroms above the surface, and is why the cantilever is very soft so as to prevent damaging the surface (or tip) too much as they are strongly shoving on each other at that point. The so-called "non-contact" AFM relies on attractive forces at a longer distance, and measures how the attraction to the surface changes the resonance of the cantilever. I believe non-contact cantilevers are much stiffer to prevent them from being pulled down to the surface, and typically have much more sensitive amplifiers to detect the small attractive force. But yeah, you're totally right: all the forces are remote and nothing is _really_ in contact once you get small enough :)
This is a very good intro to the SPM world, amazing! One quick note, AFM cantilevers don't have a mirror glued on top, instead they might be coated with a metal, like aluminum and gold for certain applications, like AFM imaging in liquid. Cheers!
Great stuff, I really enjoyed this! I was wondering, the samples you showed are pretty flat and parallel. How does it handle large height differences or things like surface tilt?
Depends on how large the height differences are :) So the max Z resolution is 10 microns. If it encounters something larger than that the probe will bottom out/crash, or just start oscillating in free-air no longer touching the surface (like if travelling over a hole). The cantilever is actually pretty soft and flexible so it's unlikely to damage the probe unless you run it into a _really_ large feature which would be noticeable from the microscope. It'll just stop recording data because the oscillation is basically halted. There are also settings which control the size of the oscillation... I usually turn that up when scanning a new sample because it allows you to clear larger objects. Once you're sure the section is "safe" you can turn it down a little, which gives better resolution. There's usually some amount of tilt in the scans (due to angle of probe, and the stage not being perfectly parallel) which is corrected when post-processing the data. Different methods to level the image (3 point triangle, intersecting lines, polynomial, etc). If there is extreme tilt it'll be similar to running into large features, at one side of the scan you may bottom out or start scanning air. But OTOH, at a 20um scale even uneven surfaces end up being pretty flat... i was able to scan part of a fly wing for example.
@@BreakingTaps Thanks Zach for this elaborate answer. Sounds like this is a really interesting tool, for example also for layer thickness measurements. I will definitely be checking out this product!
@@HuygensOptics No problem, feel free to ping if you have questions! I didn't get into it in the video, but they have different types of probes: sharp DLC tips and less-sharp wedge tips. The wedges are designed specifically for things like thin-film thickness testing since you don't need the high aspect ratio. Apparently last a really long time and are cheaper. I'm going to be doing some thin film testing in the near future, will let you know how it goes :)
Dude your channel is just awesome. This is going to get so much attention from so many huge RU-vidrs and science lovers alike. I hope you continue down the path of DIY optical tools also. The community needs a well-designed DIY spectrometer, Along with so many other pieces of DIY optical test equipment and scientific apparatus! I think you’re just the man for the job! Your last few videos have me so excited about the possibilities!
- So next week we will be building an MRI scanner... Like every time I see Breaking Taps I genuinely beam with excitement to see how the hell he's going to outdo the last video. And although he didn't say he would be building an MRI scanner, I bet most people thought "When did he say that", rather than "Don't be silly"..
Dropping out means the system has failed you. Not the other way around. It's not a testament to your character. Plenty of legendary thinkers have been fed up with or been failed by the system. If you're curious and rigorous then you're a scientist.
A lot of people think that the analog music industry is based in nostalgia and archaic technology. But there is musical detail in a record groove that gets down to this level.
AFM can do cells, proteins, DNA, etc! The cantilever is actually very "soft" (although the tip is quite hard) so it will happily scan other soft things like cells or polymers. Mine can only do dry materials so I would have to dry/fix cells to make it work (on the todo list!), but there are other AFMs that specialize in wet environments, like for alive cell cultures. There are even variants that can record the "adhesion" force, and it's used to help differentiate proteins on the surface of cells, since different proteins are more or less "sticky" than the surrounding cell membrane. There's a sorta-classic AFM experiment that looks at DNA which I might try some day. It's supposed to be pretty tough, but the results are neat when it works :)
Thank you very much for _not_ resorting to clickbait with your title for this video! Additionally, I want to give a second humongous thank you for showing those incredible AFM images right at the start of the video instead of forcing us to watch everything! Seriously, my thank you is very, very big and my appreciations are even bigger!! 😊 Not many RU-vidrs have this respect for the viewers, but you do. So you have my big congratulations, a very large thank you and so much appreciations! 😁👍
Thanks for the kind words! I was thinking about the video and how to structure it, and figured if I showed the images up front and folks _didn't_ want to see how those were generated, they probably wouldn't have watched the video long anyway. So might as well show them at the beginning so that everyone else could appreciate how cool it was at the beginning :) And I was just too excited to hold it in until the end haha :) Cheers!
@Stellvia Hoenheim "Clickbait is a text or a thumbnail link that is designed to attract attention and to entice users to follow that link and read, view, or listen to the linked piece of online content, *with a defining characteristic of being deceptive, typically sensationalized or misleading* " Source: en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clickbait
WOW! That is *amazing* ! Excellent explainer, the “macro AFM” is great. I learned a lot; I’d always assumed that AFMs were measuring some sort of chemical-type interaction force. They were somewhat conflated in my mind with STMs (scanning tunneling microscopes). I’m **intensely** envious of (a) all your gear but (b) especially your new pro-level AFM. (Brilliant tech; when I saw your macro AFM, I immediately thought that flexures would be a great way to do the x/y movement, then saw that that’s exactly what the ICSPI unit uses, only built with MEMS technology. I wonder if I could 3D print a platform to carry the probe, using flexures? - And also wonder what the ultimate limits might be of your Macro AFM approach. ==> I know they only work on a “request a quote” basis, but *is there any way you could get ICSPI to let you tell us what the overall range of prices is* for the model you have? I assume there are a lot of different configurations, so likely a broad range of prices, but maybe they’d let you tell us the general range? I doubt I’d remotely be able to afford one, but would love to know I’d it’d ever be a possibility. (I used a mini-SEM in college for semiconductor research I was doing at the time; it was the most fun instrument I’ve ever used 😁)
honestly you having showed the results at the start of the video encouraged me to watch the rest of the video. most of the time i find it patronizing that i have to skip to the end to see the results.
There's a bunch of really cool new types of AFMs that also have characterization like the nanoIR from bruker. The same ir peaks seen with an ftir also induce a greater volume change than other wavelengths. The AFM tip detects this change in the surface. You can get 10-20nm characterization resolution and it is very surface sensitive with a penetration of just a few nm. There's also a nano-raman and a nano-ftir.
"Here's the surface of a precision ground gauge block" Missed a spot Post video edit: Wow, that is some seriously interesting tech. It seems so crude and archaic to just kind of smack something with a stick to look at it; especially on those scales, I would almost think it would effect the results a lot more. That is really fascinating
I love the RU-vid algorithm, it has lead me to some of the most awesome channels like yours, the summer of maths exposition was awesome. Thought emporium, and some other channel that speaks about Optics. I can't wait to graduate to start doing some experiments in my free time
I once worked for a company that produced negatives for the IC industry. The plotter which use a light beam to expose a flat film had a requirement to be able to plot a point, move 10 mm away and return to that point +/- 1.5 microns in all directions. The manual said adjust until this is achieved. It often took a long time as part of the adjustment was mechanical and adjusting a mechanical component is a matter of luck and trial and error. Fun though.
seeing on how little time humanity went from steel-ball-airbag accelerometers to this is insane. Semiconductor and MEMS tech was beyond a paradigm shift for sensor tech.
They need to send one of these things to Applied Science, This Old Tony and Clickspring too. You guys are marketing gold dust. Well done for getting hold of one. Great video.
I'm actually impressed. How is your voice not causing any scan interference? How is it scanning that quick, 20x20um would take up to an hour in my experience. This is eye opening
Used one in university physical chemistry lab experiments at Rutgers about 20 years ago. The one I used was on a heavy anti vibration table and it used a piezoelectric stage.
When your mic started picking that up it almost sounds like someone standing in the doorway across the room slowly letting the air out of a balloon and that image will not leave my mind. 🤣🤣 I done cracked myself up.
I don't comment on many videos, but man...this is seriously one of the coolest and most "I want to make this" videos I have seen in a long time. Thanks!
I'm used to dealing with the likes of rocket motor turbo-pumps, but I must say, your presentation, here, is most satisfying in the realization that the world of macro vs. the world of micro share the same 'data' challenges ... I.O.W. ..."Parts are Parts". Thanks ... I've subscribed.
If you like this look into SNOM scanning near field optical microscope which is essentially an AFM but also provides optical information such as absorption etc and sub diffraction resolutions. ie you can get nano meter optical resolutions with longer wavelength light such as IR.
Fantastic exposition Zach. Congratulations on the deal you made with ICSP too, and thanks to them for making this possible. The axiom goes "Never read the comments" but your channel amongst a few others is an exception to the rule. I think I've spent more time enjoying the comments and thinking about what you've presented than the video actually lasted. I do hope to see more AFM microscopy, and perhaps a home brew setup too.
Agreed! I've learned a ton from folks that watch these videos, really happy the little community of folks that drop by to comment. So pleasant and knowledgeable! :)
Truly amazing. Not even at 30k subscribers and already I've seen people refer to this channel in the same sentence as Tech Ingredients, Thought Emporium, and Applied Science. I salute you!
Super inspiring work! The "janky" prototype was actually my favorite part of the video! It made the concept very clear (you can't see a MEMS device working!)
Fantastic! I also love the comments from people who worked on these, like me. I used a capacitive tip and imaged the 0 and 1's on a floppy disc... cool as! For the lazy people.. 1nm is in the x-ray region.
There was a guy on hackaday who DIYed an AFM. For the probe he just took some tungsten wire and pulled it until it snapped. Apparently that's all you need for an atomically sharp probe :)
The technology has only moved forward. Now it is possible to scan at a rate of up to 30 frames/second, so you can observe molecules in action. High-speed AFM allows you to see DNA "dance" for instance. With ultrasharp tips you can also see the major and minor groove of DNA.
Quantum physicist:"Observations will change the outcome because at that scale the means of observation will disturb the experiment". Microscope maker: "TOUCH IT NOW."
I'm in awe... I have never seen this kind of scanning. The quality of the scan from the home made version... Wow. The quality from the company one...wow! I can't even think of projects where I would use it. The area is really small, but the speed of the results... Impressive. Thank RU-vid for the recommendation, subscribed.
This is the kind of science content I love. Using cool tools to do cool things. Also that was a great use of a scale model. Great content as always. I'm honestly surprised you don't have like 300k subs already.
That looks like a fun little machine to use. I'd be scanning literally every surface in my house that I could fit on the platform. I never would have imagined an AFM would be in such a small and simple package. Even then I bet it's still pretty expensive. Would that be able to measure the profile of a lens without damaging it?
What an absolutely staggering piece of equipment. Mind-Blown. Thank you very much for showcasing it for us, and for creating an overwhelming craving for this piece of equipment in myself and probably thousands of others. Hard to believe that such power can exist in such a compact, plug-and-play form.
To whom it may concern. Over Unity Electric Generator Design: By ☯AMA☯ Segment 1: 1 motor with hollowed bar connected to it standing vertically. Circular disc connected to bar that has magnets embedded in it's top side all around, surrounded in high permeability material to focus magnets outward pushing force in an upwards direction from top of disc. Segment 2: Hollowed out cylindrical Bar of material horizontally positioned. donut shaped platter that's flattened on all sides instead of rounded, all around the flat edge of this platter, from the center is a ravine in the center so structure looks more like 2 donut shaped platters flattened on all sides & sandwiched together against a smaller donut shaped platter that's flattened not rounded & between them both. Square openings are located all around the outside of platters edge on both sides & goes all the way through material. In these openings rectangular magnets surrounded in high permeability casings are slid into place all around platter in a matching pattern on both sides. N facing in then S facing in. Connect these securely all along the length of the horizontally positioned bar except at far ends and center. At both ends of horizontally positioned bar securely connect a ring of material that can be magnetically repelled (This will allow bar to spin when apart of completed construct) Build a hollow ring structure that has ring of magnetic repulsion around its inner ring that will be able to fit around main horizontally positioned bar and keep it from touching anything on account of the bar sitting on its magnetic field inside the ring. The ring structure has a rectangular bar protruding from it's outer edge & has small square platform on end of it that will allow it to be screwed in to another structure. Make 3 of these ring structures & position them (approx) over both ends of horizontally positioned bar & around it's center. Build hollowed out rectangular encasement that is separated into 2 pieces that can be placed on top of each other and screwed together. This encasement will fit over horizontal bar & everything that is immediately around this bar. Encasement needs areas all along it's top side that has screw openings that all structures inside that need to be fastened down will be able to screw into. (Best if encasement is transparent) Encasement has round opening at both ends so when in place horizontally positioned bar with round magnetically repel-able disc attached to it are sticking out. Build hollowed out ring structure (flattened not rounded) that has a hollowed out rectangular bar that protrudes from top and bottom of ring and has square platform at end of each that will be able to screw into inside of encasement on top and bottom. Ring structure should be able to separate into 4 halves (from middle separating top & bottom & from side to side on each) that sit on top of each other & side by side perfectly connected when encasement is closed. Hollowed out aspect of ring structure & it's protruding hollowed out bar that's connected to it is for conductive wiring to be placed so that the copper coil constructs not mentioned yet will be able to plug into this ring structure and the current can be diverted up through the hollowed out area to a point where another device can plug into it. On bottom of hollowed out ring structure there are openings where copper coil constructs can be plugged into. Build wide but small ring with ravine around its outer edge in center (kinda would look like the round metal piece you would see in a pulley system but not angled in) of structure (flat not rounded & not hollow in center). Copper coil will be coiled around this. Build hollowed out rectangular structure the length of the width of the wide small ring structure. Build a plug system within it so at the center of the rectangular structure it has proper electrical plug poking out that will be able to plug into bottom side of larger ring structure that is designed to divert current. At both ends of small rectangular plug system there should be flat rectangular legs hanging down so that you can fit it perfectly over center of small wide ring structure that has copper coil wound around it & screw openings at bottom of these flat rectangular legs so they can be screwed together. Ends of the copper coil are fed up into the plug securely. With wiring in place screw top halves of ring structure together still separate from bottom halves. Then with wiring in place screw bottom halves of ring structure together. Now screw the already connected top halves to the inner top encasement structure & same for bottom halves. Two main encasement structures still disconnected at this point. (Fine point... there are as many of these ring structures with copper coil constructs plugged into them as there are the magnetic disc constructs lined up across the length of the horizontal bar) This is because they are all to be lined up. Now with everything ready carefully lift up the Horizontal bar with the magnetic disc setup securely attached to it. At this point the magnetically repelling rings that are at far ends and center of bar should be hanging freely. Carefully position this whole thing in the bottom encasement so the copper coils are positioned perfectly in the ravine of the magnetic disc area connected to bar. Line the free hanging magnetic rings that have rectangle bars and square platforms up with the inner bottom of encasement and screw them in. At this point the horizontal bar is sitting on the magnetic fields in the rings and is securely in place connected to bottom encasement. Now pick up the top of encasement and carefully line it up the same but on top & then screw the top encasement to the bottom encasement. If lined up properly you will see that when the horizontally positioned bar is made to spin, the magnetic fields will interact with the coils that are perpendicular to the magnetic field lines and since the copper coils are positioned to hang withing the ravine, the magnets on both sides will magnify the effect to achieve greater results & since the magnets on both sides are set up N then S all the way around it will end up being AC current. At this point you may be wondering how will this ever equate to over unity? well we are about to get to the part that makes that possible. Build cylindrical structure (like a donut but flat not rounded on all sides but still hollow in center like a donut). The cylindrical structure is built in 2 parts. Top part & bottom part. Bottom half has a ridge close to bottom center area that circles around further into the center but not all the way in. On top of this ridge is a flat ring of high permeability (magnetic field shielding) material that has small openings that will allow magnetic fields through specific locations. The top flat side of the 1st part has rectangular grooves cut into it that go almost the entire distance from outside of cylindrical structure to hollowed out center. At both the outer edge and inner edge it instead cuts down sharply & narrowly at just over the width of the horizontal bar. This way when the horizontal bar in it's encasement is sitting in this spot the case fits down in and bar slides down in with a little extra space but the encasement can't shift forwards & backwards. The top half of cylindrical structure has same groove but no extended ridge going further towards center. Fill the rest of the rectangular grooves with duplicates of the electric generator construct. Now carefully position top of cylindrical structure in place and screw it to bottom section. Now position the motor segment with the vertical bar that has discs on it in center of cylindrical construct so the disc is lined up perfectly underneath the inner ridge that has the flat ring of high permeability material fastened to it. Now you can duplicate this whole setup and stack it for more electrical output. (The only thing that would need to be duplicated with the motor & vertical bar setup is for you to add another disc with magnets embedded in it, higher up on the vertical bar you are already using). When you turn motor on the discs will spin and the magnetic fields on them will only interact with the discs on the horizontally positioned bars when the magnetic field lines go through the small openings in the high permeability material. Since those openings are lined up with the edge of the discs connected to the horizontally positioned bars, it will force them to spin, effectively generating lots of electrical current. Just make sure to let enough of that current pump energy into the 1 motor you are using to run things, and the rest of the electric current is over unity. If you are still wondering how this could end up being over unity, the answer is simple. The device exploits magnetic field effects connected to the vertically positioned bar connected to the motor to have them do all the extra work so the motor does not have to. And since the magnets are exerting there force upwards while the bar spins around sideways, the motor won't be getting a detrimental amount of push back. This design invented by ☯AMA
I like the style of your videos good sir! Start with the cool stuff and then capture my attention and then explain it, that way you don't lose me 3 minutes into the video. That deserves a sub.
