15 Subatomic Stories: The truth about black holes 

Dr Don Lincoln you are awesome!

Dr. Lincoln, thank you for always seperating Math, Philosophy and Science.

At last I hear someone say "singularities are maths things not physics things" 👍

After several weeks away from my You Tube subscription page, I had a lot of videos to watch, so I had to pick and choose the ones I wanted to catch the most. No surprise that Dr. Don was at the top of the list.

Thank you so much for putting these out! Just re-watched the subatomic stories series today, now this yay!

When this is all over, I'll miss these bookshelf-side chats.

love these videos, just wish they were longer!!! like maybe 10 minutes longer? i always leave wanting more.

Thank you for clarifying that the singularity is a mathematical quirk! That always confused me. I'm sure a real singularity violates many many things, but the Pauli Exclusion Principle comes to mind

Dr. Lincoln mentioned the phrase "non-rotating" several times in this video. But doesn't every star have some (or quite a bit) angular momentum? If so, isn't likely that a black hole that results from a collapse of a star also has angular momentum? So the big question is: how are rotating black holes different than non-rotating black holes?

Question: You spent a life dedicated to academia and then directed it towards youtube and digital outreach. In honor of the third law, how has a life of youtube and digital outreach affected you as an academic?

Dr Lincoln, I love your series - great video as always. Only one remark: since Karl Schwarzschild was a German, he was most definitely not pronounced „Schwarzs-Child“. „Sch“ is the German writing for the English „sh“. „Schwarz“ is „black“ and „Schild“ is „shield“ (and is actually pronounced quite similarly in German, only with a briefer „i“ like in „to build“) So he was litterally called „black-shield“ - which makes the „black-shield“ radius of a black hole even more fitting! (And less „child“ish!) 😀

Subatomic Stories is such a wonderful thing! I come for the subject and stay for the addressed comments. Keep it up!

Hey Dr. Lincoln, thank you for these short videos! They're so informative and I love the viewer comments section. I have a question though about gravity and the higgs field: if the higgs field gives mass to matter, then is there a connection between the higgs field and gravity?

Wow, I got in there 1 minute after release and was the 21st to watch. Just shows you've gotta be at the right place at the right time! Thanks for the videos.

Awesome explaination

Question: I read an article recently about algebraic geometry, and how it might be the key to unifying general relativity and quantum mechanics. What have you heard of this, and what are your thoughts about the potential for this approach?

That story of the Fermilab logo is super cool! (....get it? :D)

what is the smallest object that we have ever measured gravity effects coming from it?

Excellent.... thanks.

You are getiing better and better at making videos. Keep it up

A minor pronunciation error, Don. Schwarzschild doesn't end with the "child" pronunciation. In German, schwarz means black and schild means shield, and is pronounced very similar to shield in English. Just make it short, like shild instead of shield, and you'll be spot on!

Note: It's Schwarz-Schild, not Schwarzs-child. There is no child. Schild is German for shield and pronounced more like sheeld. Schwarzschild means black shield. And the "a" is pronounced like English people pronounce the "a" in "can't". Shwuhrts-sheeld. 😄

Interesting video as always Dr. Don! I am hoping that you are going to discuss the temperature of Black Holes & why it approaches absolute zero. Also, what are the differences between Anyons, Fermions, and Bosons? Thanks for these awesome videos! Stay safe......

Thanks for sharing.

🙀wait! You didn’t explain the moustache! 🙃

Hi Dr. Don, thanks for that answer! I've heard of gravity being diluted by extra dimensions but I didn't know about the link between the extra dimensions and "massive" gravitons. That's a really cool connection! Sadly I think extra dimensions siphoning off gravitons has become less likely because of results from the LHC but I can't off hand remember what led to that conclusion. Wild thought, what if dark matter was a non-local excitation of a field? An electron is where the electron field is excited, in one place, what if what we see as dark matter was a large excitation of that field so that no particle is seen, but just energy in that field has built up? It wouldn't have to be the electron field either, it could be the Higgs field or a quark field or even the neutrino field. Now how to test that…

Awsome! Thank you👏

I'd just like to say that one of your colleagues, Paul R., is woefully underappreciated. His groundbreaking work clearly merits doubling his salary and giving him one of those emeritus positions where you don't have to actually work. It's entirely coincidental that we attended college together.

Is it possible that cores of black holes, at least those of solar remnants, are held by neutron degeneracy pressure but obscured from observation due to extreme curvature of space-time at the event horizon?

Is it possible that gravitons are just really big and we’re looking in the wrong place?

Thank you for the answer, very cool! :D

So interesting!

Is a blackhole’s favorite meal meatball spaghettification?

Fun video. Thanks Don.

Thanks to the best show on youtube😍 Q: How big would a black hole be (Schwarzchild radius), if it contained all the mass in the univers?

I think this topic has set a record for the number of questions that can be answered with a simple "No."

If Dr Lincoln was my primary school physics teacher I can bet that today I would study particles for sure!

You absolute chad, Don. You didn't mention it or reply to the comment, but you (or whoever controls it) renamed the episodes of this series with numerical labels involved. However, I might request (15) or [15] or something like that for more clarity, as I almost thought this was a compilation for a moment. Sorry to be a pain, but it's absolutely a step in the right direction, you guys. Thanks a zillion planck-doodads.

Question about the density of a black hole: I got it that we assume that the matter in black hole is not crushed to literal zero size. But do we have any idea how it is actually distributed? Is it crushed in the middle to a small, but nonzero size? Or is it evenly distributed within the Swartzchild-radius? Or is it unevenly distributed? I’m thinking about the thought-experiment where we fill the volume of the solar system with athmospheric air, which will immediately be a black hole due to its mass versus size, even though its density is really low, so atoms are not crushed together. And since time stops for an outside observer, we won’t even see any change, it will stay low density.

Awesome sir

Karl is a true hero. Died way to young As a designer, thanks for short explanation of Fermilab logo. Appreciate that even artsy people like me get attention.

I imaged the bow shockwave from Cygnus x-1 last weekend and even made a RU-vid video on it. Black holes amaze me for numerous reasons.

Dr. Lincoln, Subatomic Stories are amazing. Thank you!!! Kip Thorne said that black holes are the objects made from pure warped space-time, and there's no matter or antimatter under their event horizons: the worldline of every particle the matter made of ends its life in central singularity, which is under event horizon not a location in space, but inevitable future. He also said that technically these objects are "gravitational solitons": spacetime is curved so strong, that enormous energy of this curvature make the process of spacetime warping to self-sustain itself due to non-linear gravitational effects. Can you explain, please, how does this mechanism work?

Man I love this guy

@9:24, you nailed the pronunciation!

Obviously the answers are classified and they will never spill the beans. I have heard the same story my entire life and nothing changes. 50 years ago I described the black hole the same as you did almost word for word when my father asked how I was on it.

Somehow I hadn't realized that the event horizon was quite so close. "Semi-respectable idea" :)

Hi Dr. Lincoln, Big fan from Iraq, thank you and all Fermilab to make such hard subject fun and easy to all non physics specialists . My question is . What will the discovery of neutrino bring to our daily live or at least to the science community ?.

Six related Questions: 1) Since most of the mass of a proton is not "rest mass" shouldn't a measurement of proton mass look "fuzzy". I.e. on a normal distribution around an average value? 2) Have we seen such a distribution experimentally? 3) If so, what does it look like? 4) If rest mass is a result of the Higgs Field shouldn't rest mass also be on a distribution? 5+6=2+3 for rest mass.

Born too late to crack electromagnetism, born too early to sail throughout the galaxy, born just in time to hear Dr. Lincoln's jokes! Dr. Lincoln, could you summarize why/how the known dimensions are shaped up the way they are? And, since "singularities" are mathematical entities and not physical, what then the idea of "naked singularity" would stand for?

Thank u

Very interesting series even for non-physicists like myself. At what point/size/mass does something become part of the quantum realm? Is it a cliff-edge or a very fuzzy border?

Your joke about haircuts being so trivial to a "quasi-diety" cracked me up!

Fermi Lab's logo is beautiful

Well I mean there are singularities not only in gravity... Even something as simple as Flow of liquid has singularities in Navier-Stokes equation at a corner... But what we get in real world is turbulence there which we have hard time describing rather than some weird infinities...

I really like that crazy part at the end about the haircut. Haha.

Don, thanks for your always excellent and enjoyable videos. A minor comment: The pronunciation of the German name Schwarzschild is not "Schwarzs-child" (which suggests something like "black child", "schwarz" being the German word for "black"), but "Schwarz-schild" (which means "black shield", suggesting perhaps a black shield for the singularity). Wikipedia has the correct pronunciation, also as audio file.

You are the Bob Ross of physics ♥️

this guy gets physics .. i graduated with > 90% average for both 1st and 2nd year physics at uni, i wish i had this guy as a teacher, i might have stayed on to do 3rd instead of finishing electronic engineering and becoming a slave to middle management

Nice

Hey Dr. Lincoln! Regarding the recent paper concerning hypothetical Planet 9 potentially being a primordial or small black hole, could the implied prevalence of small black holes account for dark matter? Thanks!

Hello DR. Lincoln, Does dark matter can be affected gravitationally and fall into a black hole? Can we theoretically detect a black hole gaining mass without a visible disk of matter around it?

In special relativity: When an object is traveling at a significant fraction of the speed of light an external observer would note the object's: clocks run slower; the object has a greater resistance to changes in velocity; and that objects length, measured along the direction of travel, is shorter. All to ensure that both the observer and the object's respective measurements of the speed of light agree. With General Relativity, Question: would a distance observer see a similar set of effects to an 'stationary ' object in a strong gravitational field? (Gravitational time dilation is well known, I am curious if gravitational length contraction or gravitational inertial mass are predicted) Thank you for providing this wonderful and informative series.

Thank you again for the fantastic video! One thing that I have real issues with regarding a black hole is how they move through space/time? I have heard a few times that if you are unfortunate enough to be pulled next (and ultimately into ) the event horizon, someone observing from the outside will actually see you slowing down as your time dilation will go up exponentially as you approach that line of no escape. That said, if time is getting massively compressed near the Schwarzschild radius- how does that even horizon makes it way through normal space time? How can it move if the time is being so squished that it has actually stopped? Isn't that area now effectively halted for the entire future of the universe? I hope this question makes it!

Sir I would really appreciate if you shed some light on Electromagnetic molecular black holes. I read in the papers 3 years back SLAC creating molecular black holes with electromagnetic impulses. How are these different from a gravitational black holes?

Hi I tried to research the black hole heartbeat phenomenon, and I was very confused with what was happening I'm hoping you can shed a little more light then the black hole itself about this :)

Hi Don.. if light can scape.from black holes what are those gamma ray bursts from the center of some (quasars)?

Hi Don, what's the deal with asymptotic safety? Does it buy you anything for calculations?

Can the last episode of this series be on the frontier of particle physics. Like what are the next biggest problems to find out and how long until we likely discover them.

Hi professor , i recently watched a 60 symbols video claiming that the black hole information paradox had been resolved - does this mean that there are no firewalls?

Hi Dr. Lincoln, i have two questions: 1. i´m not sure if im right, but is it correct that inside of black holes time slows down to the point you would think it´s a direction of space? and if its true, would it be possible at least in theory go back in time? 2. Maybe its a silly question but... how does a balck hole looks like? is it a 3D structure? like a sphere?

Hello, I admire your videos and don't miss any of them. I have two questions: - During supernovae, I know that the core of the star collapses and forms a black hole while the outer layers are thrown outward. How can the outer layers escape the black hole? Why are they not immediately sucked into the newly created black hole? - I know that empty space has energy and thus an outward force opposing gravity (so that the universe expands and accelerates). But I can't grasp behind the science of the inflation during the first moments of the universe. Where does the energy of inflation? Could you please explain briefly? Thanks very much! Cheers!

Does the Pauli Exclusion Principle apply to matter within an event horizon?

Can you explain the Pauli Exclusion Principle as it relates to black holes? I know I'm not the first to ask, but consider this a vote. I've always vaguely thought Pauli limits the density of a neutron star. Do we know what allows black holes to bypass this limit? Does all their mass get converted to bosons? How?

Hi, Does matter with Negative mass does exist, one that will have anti-gravity and push you away instead of pulling you?

Oftentimes, elementary particles are described as being 'point objects' that occupy zero volume. Could you explain why this is allowed, but a black hole having zero size is not?

Would you say black holes are our best observations of gravity working on small scales (or at least originating from small scales) and are there any plans to utilise them to test general relativity’s limits? As clearly the “ singularity” is indicates some dodgy divergence of maths and physics?

Hey Dr Lincoln. Thanks for being better than any Uni lecturer I had other than the Prof that gave me my first job :) So I read the universe is bathed in neutrinos, I saw an estimate of 300 odd per CM^3. What would happen to the neutrinos as a black hole, say Sagittarius A* plows through this medium, and would it leave a neutrino depleted region and/or neutrino jets in its wake ?

Could you do a video explaining the Pauli Exclusion Principle? Also yes please could you explain the plank length sorry that's not how you spell it. Is there similarly a plank mass, time, voltage, energy, momentum etc?

I've already came up with the theory of everything that can't be disputed. How does the universe work? It just does.

Just an idea & question related to it: As the matter is squeezed immensly in the black hole, can it interact with, or transfer its very existance to the hidden dimentions at sub-planck level? And this sub-planck interaction leads to transfer of that “kind of energy” via that hidden dimentions towards the whole universe to form dark energy? Or am I getting psychosis at the cellular level?

As well as the arrow of time only goes one way. From the past to the future. Is there any correlation in the fact that the spacetime only goes towards the singularity in black holes? What if we are experiencing time in a manner such as if we are contantly "falling" into a "time singularity" ?

Those episodes are always too short. I can listen for hours of Dr. Lincoln..

A video that isn't choked with ads? Rare as a black hole

On the dark matter question answered during the viewer mail portion of this video, given the various anomalous observed phenomena attributed to "dark matter", is there one singular monolithic definition for what dark matter actually is (or isn't)that all specializations agree upon, or could the term mean different things to those different fields of study like how the term "planet" has a different specific definition according to how a planetologist uses it vs. how an astronomer does? Could we be talking about different types of unknown matter depending upon the specific phenomena attributed to dark matter, rather than one as the audience might assume?

Question - in your previous videos we learnt that strong force gives matter most of the mass, we also know that mass is responsible for the bend in space time, I may be misunderstanding but what does it imply?

How to measure black hole's charge? Is it possible for 2 black holes to have so big negative charge they would repel each other, even if in other circumstances they merge?

Doctor Don Lincoln, I read somewhere that Hawkins radiation has been referenced on a recent paper as a possible indication that information is not lost on a black role. If memory serves, it was stated that an attempt to measuring a particle would cause the appearance of a wormhole linking to another part of the entangled pair inside the black hole. If this is theory holds, would it be reasonable to consider that we could somehow get some information from beyond the event horizon if we send entangled photons strait to it while measuring the others outside? Oh Boy! my brain is about to explode. Cheers!

Fermi Lab logo looks like a partial equation : fermilab bar divided by antifermilab bar. Does that equals everything?

Hello sir, I have a question. Can we find Graviton where gravity force is tremendously strong,,I mean inside a blackhole?

Take love from India

Dear Dr. Lincoln, I have a question about the space around and in black holes: I have heard many times that the space around black holes essentially flows into the black hole. At the event horizon the space flow exceeds the speed of light, therefore you cannot get out of one. Is this just an analogy or is this what is believed to be the case? To me it makes somewhat sense that space can act similar to a fluid... I also heard that the particles that falls into the black get crushed down so much that they get annihilated completely similarly to matter and anti matter. and therefore there isn't a singularity instead the mass of the black hole is due to the potential energy of the warped space. Is this believed to be true or also a oversimplification?

Dear Don. Thank you for wandering off to black holes, where I have developed a ton of skepticism over the years. But please, could you find it possible to answer this question? How can a black hole form at all within the time frame of our universe, if relativistically speaking, the matter would be taking forever to drop into such highly curved space-time as is suggested for those objects by the same theory? How can we see those object at all in our universe? How can we see any object falling into it for that reason? And secondly, what do you think the matter is within those objects (because we still have to assume there is some real physics going on within)? This question arises from the assumption that any object can be turned into a black hole, but for some it is so small that no known matter can accommodate that.

Have you watched that science fiction show on SyFY called "Dark Matter" that ran for three seasons? What did you think of it?

Seen some RU-vid video a while ago about antimatter were the elements around the atom spin the other way. The most they had them go is about 2 minutes. But to study them more going to make a bigger electromagnet field so it can go down or even up maybe be anti gravity. They don't think so but that would be neat. In the Hadron Collider when they smash the atoms the parts that come off them are they affected by gravity? All so radioactive atom just have to many elements spinning around them so one element will shoot off it and can mess you up going though you. So is that element affected by gravity? What is electoral radiation then? What does it shoot out if any thing? Or does it just vibrate your cells till they become cancer. Heat is just a atom vibrating the fast the more hot it is right? So they must be a limit to how hot something can get then right? Maybe the vibrates can not go faster than light is the limit?

Is there a maximum limit to the bending of space time? Or does the escape velocity increase indefinitely as you hypothetically approach the singularity?

If we had a mass particle accelerator that goes from one side of the earth to the other to collide particles, what do you think or theorize we will find or discover from their collisions?

Thank you. Always wondered if aliens use dak matter to communicate through. No electro magnetic interfence.

Hope you don't mind me use this opportunity to ask a real physics pro a very specific question!: Is it accurate to say, while from the outside of the black hole time near the horizon almost seams to stops, from the inside time would move very very fast indeed? Or from another point of view: Is it fair to say that, observed from the outside, black holes do exist long enough for galaxys to form around them, from the inside of the BH the same galaxy is being build and destroyed in the blink of an eye? Thank you so much for sharing you knowledge! Awesome channel!

Understanding why we see gravity as week is the key yo understanding it all.