Тёмный

A city with a visible difference 

Lateral with Tom Scott
Подписаться 114 тыс.
Просмотров 34 тыс.
50% 1

Ruth Amos and Shawn Brown ('Kids Invent Stuff') and Daniel Peake face a question about a municipal match-up.
LATERAL is a weekly podcast about interesting questions and even more interesting answers, hosted by Tom Scott. For business enquiries, contestant appearances or question submissions, visit www.lateralcast.com
GUESTS:
Ruth Amos: ‪@KidsInventStuff‬, / ruthamos
Shawn Brown: ‪@KidsInventStuff‬, / shawnmakes
Daniel Peake: / quizzydan
HOST: Tom Scott.
QUESTION PRODUCER: David Bodycombe.
RECORDED AT: The Podcast Studios, Dublin.
EDITED BY: Julie Hassett.
GRAPHICS: Chris Hanel at Support Class. Assistant: Dillon Pentz.
MUSIC: Karl-Ola Kjellholm ('Private Detective'/'Agrumes', courtesy of epidemicsound.com).
FORMAT: Pad 26 Limited/Labyrinth Games Ltd.
EXECUTIVE PRODUCERS: David Bodycombe and Tom Scott.
© Pad 26 Limited (www.pad26.com) / Labyrinth Games Ltd. 2024.

Развлечения

Опубликовано:

 

3 июн 2024

Поделиться:

Ссылка:

Скачать:

Готовим ссылку...

Добавить в:

Мой плейлист
Посмотреть позже
Комментарии : 169   
@RossParker1877
@RossParker1877 Месяц назад
Tom is a better man than me. He managed to mention Chris Hadfield without saying "who i shared a room with in the arctic"
@ryqd
@ryqd Месяц назад
Tom seems to have taken a leaf out of Chris's book, literally (semi-literally?). I mean, Chris wrote a book and there he said that he made it a principle not to talk about going to space unless someone else asked him to.
@fariesz6786
@fariesz6786 26 дней назад
so.. you shared a room with Chris Hadfield in the arctic?
@Chicken_o7
@Chicken_o7 Месяц назад
What a coincidence, Wendover Productions uploaded "The Logistics of German Reunification" an hour ago.
@17Se7enteen
@17Se7enteen Месяц назад
Yep
@Aesperius
@Aesperius Месяц назад
Also just watched that before this video.
@florac1995
@florac1995 Месяц назад
Made me immediatly guess the answer
@metropod
@metropod Месяц назад
Could have put this in a spoiler mode…
@der.Schtefan
@der.Schtefan Месяц назад
Which is wrong, because it is Unification, not re-unification. Germany was never united in the current shape and form, that's why we speak of Unity and Day of German unity not re-unification, especially because it is quite smaller than before the war.
@LelouchVee
@LelouchVee Месяц назад
Ah, yes, Chris. Tom's mate he shared a bunk with for a fortnight on a cruise.
@ThePixel1983
@ThePixel1983 Месяц назад
As one does...
@Zichqec
@Zichqec Месяц назад
I love this thank you, this made me laugh
@xenialafleur
@xenialafleur Месяц назад
North Carolina recently had an issue where a sizeable percentage of the new streetlight bulbs that they bought had a defect where they would suddenly change from white to purple. All of the ones lining the streets have since been replaced, but there are still a few purple ones remaining in out of the way parking lots.
@route2070
@route2070 Месяц назад
There's a couple of areas in the Chicago suburbs where the defects are that the streetlights are just always purple, and it is annoying to drive through them.
@authorinthedark
@authorinthedark Месяц назад
it exists in a couple places, it happened near where I live so I looked it up and found that apparently it has something to do with it being cheaper to produce purple LEDs, and then put some kind of film covering it to make it white, and some cheaper manufacturers have had their films come off a few years later, revealing the purple bulb underneath
@violagreene4643
@violagreene4643 Месяц назад
Ah! I was wondering about all the purple streetlights here in Hickory, NC!
@somegeezer
@somegeezer Месяц назад
Same thing happened in my UK city. Went from the very yellow sodium, to bright white LEDs, that when dying, would give off purple light. Then moved to some yellow LEDs, that aren't quite as intense as the sodiums, and I haven't seen any of them die into purple since.
@Starman-qj1wt
@Starman-qj1wt Месяц назад
Happening in Seattle area too, basically anywhere that used one brand of streetlights. Tbh I like the purple way more 😅
@lemonofish869
@lemonofish869 Месяц назад
I knew the Berlin answer right away but I thought the Chris in question is Chris Joel (he reads books you know) lol
@LelouchVee
@LelouchVee Месяц назад
He did have a chainsaw licence at around that point in time, but did he have a pilot's license though?
@ChathuraNuwanga
@ChathuraNuwanga Месяц назад
Tho he was Tom's roommate😅
@admicos
@admicos Месяц назад
@@LelouchVee you don't need a pilots license to attach a few helicopter blades to the chain
@abigailcooling6604
@abigailcooling6604 Месяц назад
I was thinking of Chris Joel throughout the entire question.
@GryphLane
@GryphLane Месяц назад
​@@LelouchVeeIf he had, he could have landed a plane outside York Megabowl
@radagastwiz
@radagastwiz Месяц назад
Knew this one from the moment it was read out! Helps that I follow the Chris in question, and that I have visited said city.
@fsodn
@fsodn Месяц назад
Yep, me too! I didn't know the physical reason, but yeah.
@JimCullen
@JimCullen Месяц назад
Just coming to the comments to post my guess based only on hearing the question. Berlin, because the lights used in East Berlin were noticeably different types to the ones used in West Berlin.
@chrisheintze2603
@chrisheintze2603 Месяц назад
Fun fact - and I know, because I live in (East) Berlin and have seen it happen: even if the street lights in Berlin are changed to energy-efficient modern ones, those in the eastern part are usually replaced by orangy-yellow LEDs, because >> that's, what people are used to
@llearch
@llearch Месяц назад
That's super interesting, thanks for sharing that detail.
@nienke7713
@nienke7713 Месяц назад
Also nice way to keep a bit of history and uniqueness of the city alive
@mmtunligit
@mmtunligit Месяц назад
i was screaming "BERLIN!" at my monitor the entire time
@RFC3514
@RFC3514 Месяц назад
And then you clicked this video?
@MercenaryPen
@MercenaryPen Месяц назад
back in 2013, Milton Keynes wasn't officially a city
@abigailcooling6604
@abigailcooling6604 Месяц назад
But it is now and we're all very proud of it 😁.
@JimC
@JimC Месяц назад
To Rep. Ocasio-Cortez in 2020, that wasn't a city either: that was an economist! 🤣
@Becky_Cooling
@Becky_Cooling Месяц назад
@@abigailcooling6604 agreed.
@blindleader42
@blindleader42 Месяц назад
I like how the thumbnails are always so blatant they are effectively the opposite of a red herring.
@BerlinerStadtaffen
@BerlinerStadtaffen Месяц назад
3:17 it is actually deliberate. By now that could have easily changed the lights, but we east Berliners would riot if we got those ugly bright white lights.
@Myrtanae
@Myrtanae Месяц назад
Hmm, die Wessis könnten das überlegene Licht des Sozialismus doch gar nicht vertragen. Gruß aus Treptow ❤😎
@evah4431
@evah4431 Месяц назад
Verständlich!
@MyRegardsToTheDodo
@MyRegardsToTheDodo Месяц назад
To be pedantic: Berlin was unified on October 3rd, 1990. The Berlin Wall fell in 1989, but the German Democratic Republic still existed until October 3rd, 1990.
@Zadster
@Zadster Месяц назад
There are still around 1500 gas lights in London. It would be interesting to see how noticeable the colour difference is from the air / space.
@isaacbobjork7053
@isaacbobjork7053 Месяц назад
I remember playing Sim City in the 90's and writing the city's name with roads
@bachaddict
@bachaddict Месяц назад
He wasn't flying, he was falling!
@SmallBlogV8
@SmallBlogV8 Месяц назад
With style!
@nbartlett6538
@nbartlett6538 Месяц назад
I mean, I think I could recognize a good 6 or so European capitals at night by their street layout. My immediate thought was Moscow because of its concentric circles. My second thought when they moved on to talking about light colours was that maybe some European capital had done a good job of reducing light pollution, and therefore looked quite dark from above.
@R-Tex.
@R-Tex. Месяц назад
I saw a photo of this difference, about a year ago, on Instagram. That photo immediately flashed before my eves when I heard the question!
@missitheachievementhuntres560
@missitheachievementhuntres560 Месяц назад
I can’t be the only one that instantly googled the answer and was blown away by the beauty of that picture?
@QemeH
@QemeH Месяц назад
I mean - what other city in europe has an entirely different lighting pattern for one half of it? It HAS to be Berlin.
@sandwich2473
@sandwich2473 Месяц назад
The first thing I was going to say was the LED streetlights, but without hints I'd have never got Berlin or who Chris was
@howshows888
@howshows888 Месяц назад
My very first thought was Berlin, but then I saw the 2013 date, and went, "no, it couldn't possibly..." 🤦‍♂️
@renerpho
@renerpho Месяц назад
A lot has changed in the 11 years since that photo. The difference stopped being easily visible from the air around 2016 or 2017, and following a resolution passed by the city in 2022, almost all of the last remaining gas streetlamps have now been replaced. There are a few places where you can still find sections of a street that still have to be updated, but those have become so rare that you're unlikely to find them if you wander through (east) Berlin at light, and much less from the air.
@DukeDukeGo
@DukeDukeGo Месяц назад
From the beginning I thought "it must be an iron curtain thing, it's gotta br Berlin" and then I dismissed that
@maxxod1
@maxxod1 Месяц назад
Guessed this one straight away. Looked up the photo and there is quite a striking difference.
@sezziek1
@sezziek1 Месяц назад
Yep I did exactly the same 😂
@Iseladore
@Iseladore Месяц назад
I love how at 4:34 Tom said '.. which are much whiter.' And two people went 'hmmm. *nod nod*' and you could tell by their faces nobody had any idea what he was on about.
@davidwilliss5555
@davidwilliss5555 Месяц назад
The city where I live uses LED lights now and they got a bad batch of bulbs. After some time, they go from white to purple.
@lady_draguliana784
@lady_draguliana784 Месяц назад
Plot Twist, there was a McCoy in Berlin taking a pic of the ISS at the same time! 🤣
@The_Wicked_Wookie
@The_Wicked_Wookie Месяц назад
Have been missing Tom glad to have stumbled in to his new project
@laju
@laju Месяц назад
0:40 This moment is a proof that the time between a joke and the laughter is constant.
@lucbloom
@lucbloom Месяц назад
“Light can be damaging” Lol. Sunlight. I guess during the day they put a tarp over the city.
@rhettbaldwin8320
@rhettbaldwin8320 Месяц назад
0:20 - Berlin, the lights on the east side are different color temp than the west side due to the different lighting technology used in the soviet days.
@geoffroi-le-Hook
@geoffroi-le-Hook Месяц назад
The streets in Khartoum (Sudan) are laid out in the 🇬🇧 pattern
@jasonbailey9139
@jasonbailey9139 Месяц назад
I just looked at the photo and must say that I would have written off the color distinction to number of lights and would never have guessed it was because of sodium vs non-sodium lighting.
@alxk3995
@alxk3995 Месяц назад
Spoiler . . . . Being a German jumping right to different colours in street lights made me feel smart. But then thinking "is it a city in Spain?!" Took that away quickly 😂
@Zatacke
@Zatacke Месяц назад
I heard the question and initially thought Berlin...
@OzoneTheLynx
@OzoneTheLynx Месяц назад
Thought so too the moment I read the Titel.
@gdclemo
@gdclemo Месяц назад
I was thinking either Berlin or Nicosia, Cyprus, which is still split, though I don't know if the streetlights are different colours on either side.
@jamesbarnes8396
@jamesbarnes8396 Месяц назад
Me coming from the Wendover video that was just posted lol
@geoffroi-le-Hook
@geoffroi-le-Hook Месяц назад
Fortysome years of West German and East German street lighting ended 35 years ago (which one was yellow and which was blue?)
@victoriazhu2067
@victoriazhu2067 Месяц назад
When tom asked "who was chris?" I instinctively said out loud "Chris Hadfield" and was suprised i was actually right
@hens0w
@hens0w Месяц назад
I'm fairly sure that London has the same thing thanks to its many powerful boroughs
@schnorpel
@schnorpel Месяц назад
I saw the headline and immediatly knew it.
@JimC
@JimC Месяц назад
I looked this up, and I don't think the episode mentioned the West Berlin lights were *GAS* lights, not incandescents! The Telegraph article about the photo (18 April 2013 "Berlin satellite image reveals stark east-west divisions) mentions this. With mantles of some kind to produce the white light, perhaps?
@jblen
@jblen Месяц назад
When they said about Milton Keynes being a grid and Tom said there weren't many cities in Europe in grids, I immediately thought it was Madrid and stuck with that until they said about lights, then I realised I was thinking of Barcelona not Madrid.
@Jenthura
@Jenthura Месяц назад
Haven't watched the video yet, but just from the prompt I'm guessing East and West Berlin lights are different colors. Heard that one a while back.
@GregorMcIntosh
@GregorMcIntosh Месяц назад
I love that I knew instantly!
@olivier2553
@olivier2553 Месяц назад
That the third video about sodium street lights in my subscription channels in two weeks.
@PopeGoliath
@PopeGoliath Месяц назад
Which isn't a lot, but it's weird it happened thrice
@cooledcannon
@cooledcannon Месяц назад
I got Berlin but the streetlights made me doubt myself
@sophiamarchildon3998
@sophiamarchildon3998 Месяц назад
Initial thoughts: I think I know this one. There isn't a lot of European capitals and that narrows it down greatly. As it's at night, it's probably lighting being seen; and he saw the road layout, so lampposts. And what EU capital was divided in two clear side until the end of the 80s? Berlin. Two different road infrastructures in the same city. Could have been Sweden when they switched the driving side of the road, but the year is wrong.
@lucbloom
@lucbloom Месяц назад
A Belgian one. They clearly spend their infrastructure budget on paying for all the lamp posts instead of fixing the road.
@lawnjart16
@lawnjart16 Месяц назад
woohoo - second question I got right this week! I am starting to feel proud of myself
@loddude5706
@loddude5706 Месяц назад
Cardiff! - it's 2013, so pre. the blanket 20 mph speed limit & light could still get out . . . well, partly : )
@FlesHBoX
@FlesHBoX Месяц назад
Wow, one of the rare instances where I guessed it immediately (before the second reading of the question even). Except that I had no clue which city, just that it was the color of the lights and why they were different colors, just not why any specific city would have older lighting.
@leonardosimiaodeluna
@leonardosimiaodeluna Месяц назад
From the question, I immediately thought of London, since one would see lots of red lights on the left side of the road (from car’s backlights) and white/yellow lights on the right (from car’s fronts), the opposite of other capitals of Europe.
@Coonwhiz
@Coonwhiz Месяц назад
I was thinking London since the Jay Foreman video mentioned that London's boroughs are visible from space based on the streetlight color.
@mrab4222
@mrab4222 Месяц назад
Have you forgotten about Dublin?
@Pablo360able
@Pablo360able Месяц назад
I doubt Chris would have been able to see *that* from where he was.
@WyvernYT
@WyvernYT Месяц назад
London did have a wall - but got rid of it long before it got street lights. I doubt most people could easily pick out the City of London from a distance at night anyway.
@nienke7713
@nienke7713 Месяц назад
​@@mrab4222(also: Edinburgh, Cardiff, and Belfast could work depending on how one interprets "European capital", as Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland are sometimes considered their own countries within the United Kingdom, where a kingdom isn't necessarily the same as a country)
@57thorns
@57thorns Месяц назад
At 3:26 something dawned on me, that would bake a huge difference to different parts of a city.
@tomcardale5596
@tomcardale5596 Месяц назад
I was going with London because of driving on the other side of the road!
@aidanbrumsickle
@aidanbrumsickle Месяц назад
Second guess halfway through: Berlin, are there any old streetlights that are different East vs West? Or along where the wall used to be?
@donaldasayers
@donaldasayers Месяц назад
If you have never seen it, it is worth looking up the photograph in question.
@nymalous3428
@nymalous3428 Месяц назад
I just watched a video about the sodium lamps last week. It's weird how things chain together.
@Ghiaman1334
@Ghiaman1334 Месяц назад
0:20 Getting in early because I'm damned sure I know this one: it's Berlin, because the streetlights used in East Berlin use a different colour of bulb from the West Berlin lights. I don't exactly remember the difference chemically, but it's probably a different material for the filament or smth
@JaccovanSchaik
@JaccovanSchaik Месяц назад
I was sure it was London, because you can see from the car lights that they drive on the left there. But that's probably not visible from *that* high.
@nienke7713
@nienke7713 Месяц назад
Dublin would also be a possibility if that's what you saw
@nienke7713
@nienke7713 Месяц назад
(also: Edinburgh, Cardiff, and Belfast could work depending on how one interprets "European capital", as Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland are sometimes considered their own countries within the United Kingdom, where a kingdom isn't necessarily the same as a country)
@DanielCooper1
@DanielCooper1 Месяц назад
I knew the answer to this one as soon as he said a city from the air.
@jefferyspurlock4272
@jefferyspurlock4272 Месяц назад
Someone needs to tell Ruth the story of how the US figured out Spy satellites were a thing that was going to happen.
@annak1042
@annak1042 Месяц назад
"Split European capital? Got to be Berlin!" Poor Nicosia gets no recognition...
@andrewparker318
@andrewparker318 Месяц назад
Before even watching, just based on the thumbnail, I’m guessing the answer is Berlin
@UpHigherMusicOfficial
@UpHigherMusicOfficial Месяц назад
I got that one immediately yay
@PaudyalArjun
@PaudyalArjun Месяц назад
Berlin, it’s Berlin. As soon as Peake told historical reason, it’s Berlin.
@dauwenkust
@dauwenkust Месяц назад
Guess at 50 seconds, Berlin because of two distinct lighting colours.
@mawkernewek
@mawkernewek Месяц назад
Is the East German Ampelmännchen taken directly from the Phaistos Disc 𐇐 ?
@lightningwingdragon973
@lightningwingdragon973 Месяц назад
And here I was thinking it was Chris Joel, Ornithologist!
@lightningwingdragon973
@lightningwingdragon973 Месяц назад
My implication being that Chris, is in fact, a bird
@CerberusTenshi
@CerberusTenshi Месяц назад
Berlin is still split that way to this day.
@gordonw.8831
@gordonw.8831 Месяц назад
This was obvious from the title. The actual caption made it even easier, specifying it's in Europe and it's a capital.
@m.h.6470
@m.h.6470 Месяц назад
That one I knew right away, as my sis lives in Berlin.
@amon_69
@amon_69 Месяц назад
i knew it as soon as i read the question. but, hey, i was born here in Berlin.
@songofshadow5043
@songofshadow5043 Месяц назад
If Berlin was reunited that long ago, why was there still a difference in the streetlights? They didn't have white LEDs in 1989, so those would all have been replaced after Berlin unified. So why didn't they do both sides?
@siosilvar
@siosilvar 29 дней назад
That was still in progress in 2013. East Berlin was lit by sodium-vapor lamps while West Berlin had mercury-vapor ones and gas lighting that was being replaced first. Now that they have all been swapped to LEDs, there's still a bit of a difference in color temperature but not nearly so noticeable.
@erictaylor5462
@erictaylor5462 Месяц назад
It is kind of a spoiler when the answer is Berlin, and you tube is suggesting "related videos" about Berlin.
@randomtiling4260
@randomtiling4260 Месяц назад
Tom once again subtly flaunting that he's on a first name basis with Chris Hadfield
@Kumimono
@Kumimono Месяц назад
The road layout of Rome, actually spells Paris!
@RFC3514
@RFC3514 Месяц назад
For tax reasons.
@yoshthen00b
@yoshthen00b Месяц назад
I had Nicosia, with the notable shape in the middle and a distinct difference between the parts.
@panda4247
@panda4247 Месяц назад
So it was not London, the capital where they drive on the wrong side of the road.. But also, I doubt it is sodium vs LED (as presented that those were the original lights from the time of the wall)... the wall fell 20+ years before the photo was taken - they did not have LED streetlights in 1989 and.
@vnXun
@vnXun Месяц назад
I knew the answer when I saw the title of the video
@Pixel_Higitsune
@Pixel_Higitsune Месяц назад
Very wierd i got the answer cause of a kinda different reason. I guessed that with the sodium lights, cause i got reminded of the orange street lights by a video of a blck flame. My reason why it must be berlin was cause they got a lot of curruption and the ministers of traffic mosty try to cash just into their own pockets. That means since years the infrastructure is kinda stuck, like the railroads that cant handle anymore the growing traffic.
@torche72
@torche72 Месяц назад
My first guess was that the cars were driving on the wrong side of the road.
@Ken_King
@Ken_King Месяц назад
Today I was part of the shouting the answer at the screen demographic...
@cpasr8065
@cpasr8065 Месяц назад
I guessed Berlin for the wrong reason lol: that lights travel much faster in the autobahn cos no speed limit.
@shaunhouse8469
@shaunhouse8469 Месяц назад
Berlin? If it is it was the "parts" part
@taniakrause9253
@taniakrause9253 Месяц назад
I knew that one 😃
@Slikx666
@Slikx666 Месяц назад
The same Chris that shared a room on a ship with Tom. 🤔
@tiny._.sxnshine
@tiny._.sxnshine Месяц назад
is it berlin west east difference?
@Felix-qq6sx
@Felix-qq6sx Месяц назад
My hometown Berlin, DDR and BRD lights.
@aidanbrumsickle
@aidanbrumsickle Месяц назад
First guess: London because the red taillights were to the left of the white headlights on each street.
@goinkosu
@goinkosu Месяц назад
I just finished the Wendover video that came out like, an hour before this on the same topic lol
@smithandshortdogs
@smithandshortdogs Месяц назад
I was going to say london because traffic was on the other side of the road.
@Rollermonkey1
@Rollermonkey1 Месяц назад
Seems like it's much too late to be Berlin?
@AB-Prince
@AB-Prince Месяц назад
I immediately thought chris hadfield, because if it were some sort of aircraft, you'd just know where you're flying.
@RFC3514
@RFC3514 Месяц назад
Are you suggesting that Chris _didn't_ know where he was flying? "Let's see where this thing goes..."
@tiako729
@tiako729 Месяц назад
london
@shavranotheferanox7809
@shavranotheferanox7809 Месяц назад
from the thumbnail i knew exactly the answer to the question, thnx ww2
@alexj9603
@alexj9603 Месяц назад
Same here. And I have seen the photo in question a couple of times before. But I didn't know who shot it until this video.
@alexj9603
@alexj9603 Месяц назад
Btw: It should be "thnx cold war", not WW2.
@paydaygh9388
@paydaygh9388 Месяц назад
Edit: Nice Calling it early, don’t read if you’re avoiding spoilers: Berlin, East/West economic divide
@lucidmoses
@lucidmoses Месяц назад
Isn't north Korea known for being very dark at night as well.
@geoffroi-le-Hook
@geoffroi-le-Hook Месяц назад
But all of Pyongyang is dark
@manas7372
@manas7372 Месяц назад
I knew the answer as soon as I saw the title.. didn't see the Chris ****** bit coming.
@HyperDaveUK
@HyperDaveUK Месяц назад
If it helps jumps to 5:00
@psilorder86
@psilorder86 Месяц назад
Kinda cheating since the image mentioned light but Guess at 0:18 Berlin? Still has different lighting in east and west? Well, not so much a guess as a "i think i've heard this"
@EnderLord99
@EnderLord99 Месяц назад
Berlin? I'm guessing Berlin. EDIT: Called it.
@MuSic-ok7dh
@MuSic-ok7dh Месяц назад
Ah yes, the berlin. And the wall. One side has yellow the other has whitish lights. Don't know which one is which, but the reason is one was modern free world with modern sodium lamps, and the other side of the wall had the 'communist' old fashioned street lights.
@siosilvar
@siosilvar 29 дней назад
I think you've got your "communist" in the wrong place there. East Berlin had sodium lamps (now warmer LEDs), West Berlin had gas and mercury lamps (now cooler LEDs).
Далее
When 4,000 guests were banned
6:33
Просмотров 39 тыс.
The game even non-fans celebrated
7:50
Просмотров 49 тыс.
Получилось у Миланы?😂
00:13
Просмотров 1,4 млн
80 Year Olds Share Advice for Younger Self
12:22
Просмотров 1,5 млн
why you were forced to learn the recorder in school
19:34
A most incredible phone call
9:25
Просмотров 87 тыс.
The queens wearing green in 2024
5:53
Просмотров 31 тыс.
Why swap equipment every two minutes?
6:09
Просмотров 34 тыс.
Avoid These Words (And Not Just at Work)
9:46
Просмотров 361 тыс.