Building a DSM2 R/C Transmitter with Arduino

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Ad: Thanks to @Huel #Huel for sponsoring this video jlinks.io/jamesbruton
I’ve built quite a lot of remote controls for projects in the past, and this is because I want to have custom controls for whatever I build.
There are mostly quite a few joysticks and buttons on them for various functions of the machine I want to control. It’s been really useful to send a custom data set for all the controls, but I’ve still not found a radio device that’s super reliable.
I started using Bluetooth devices like the HC-05 modules, but I found that these sometimes randomly disconnected. Since then I’ve been using the NRF24L01 modules which is what’s in my openDog remotes. These are ok but range is limited and sometimes they drop data. There is a long range version of these which I used when I worked with Mark Rober on his Autostrike Bowling Ball project. I found that we could get the radio to reach the length of a 60ft bowling alley, but it worked best with one long range version as the receiver, and a standard module for transmitting. That was pretty random though and I ended up swapping a few modules out before it worked.
I also built a WiFi remote with a Raspberry Pi in it to control ROS based robots. That involves either having some sort of WiFi base unit nearby for both the remote and robot to connect to, or making an ad-hoc network between the two. Then we’re also at the mercy of an TCP or UDP connection.
I can’t find any other specific modules that would work reliably with an Arduino so I can build a custom remote or that I can shove arbitrary into. Having a reliable low-latency connection is really important.
But when was the last time you heard that someone crashed their drone because the remote disconnected? Hardly every or never right!? Surely there’s a reliable radio solution here.
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22 янв 2023

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Комментарии : 363

@jamesbruton Год назад

Join my DISCORD! discord.gg/fc6MedG7eW INSTAGRAM: instagram.com/xrobotsuk TWITTER: twitter.com/xrobotsuk MASTODON: fosstodon.org/@XRobotsUK

@travisash8180 Год назад

Aren't you a bit too old to use the word super ?

@WowCoolHorse Год назад

this is a super cool project!

@rhadiem Год назад

James, please create a USB Joystick (like a T1600m) to RC-link setup, that would be a lot of fun to drive a robot around the house from your gaming PC. Or a racing wheel setup!

@texasfossilguy Год назад

why not use cheap cell phones and send data via telephony like an old modem would? Then your range would be essentially unlimited so long as it had a basic phone signal and some code to transmit and receive confirmations like a checksum would? Cheap cell phones would probably work like this instead of using radio, plus your frequency would be higher so your compressability should be higher, including video streams potentially?

@MuertoChango Год назад

@@texasfossilguy LoRa is best

@Lozoot2 Год назад

In the world of drones and RC, DSM/DSM2 is practically ancient these days! ExpressLRS is more or less the modern "budget" standard - and radios that support it can be had for very cheap. Building your own radio is cool in itself, but I feel like it's being held back from its full potential by the tech inside it.

@trylleklovn Год назад

Also I think any RC plane/drone pilot will agree that DSM/DSM2 isn't exactly great for range and interference stability - I know I've almost lost models previously due to lost signal - but I guess if you're coming from bluetooth anything is hundreds of times more stable - and I guess a driving robot rarely goes as far as a model airplane.

@Matty.Hill_87 Год назад

I remember the days of having transmitter/receiver crystals to change the radio frequency.. Simpler times 😂😂

@JClemente1980 Год назад

@@Matty.Hill_87 still have many of those... far simpler and no interference as today everyone is on wifi :P

@StarLiteNL Год назад

I agree, DSM2 has a really bad name in the R/C industry for having lots of failsafe and brownout issues. DSMX is a lot better in that regard. ELRS will still have way better range, features, reliability and hackability (it's an open source project, DSM is very propietary) tho

@WKfpv Год назад

Yeah elrs is where it's at

@DariusAlexanderMusic Год назад

James, an idea for encoding your switches/buttons/binary. Use the bits! ie you can think of an int32 number as 32 binary numbers (referenced by their index). It's pretty simple maths to encode and decode and you can use 1 channel for all the buttons you could ever want :)

@MrJimmySegers Год назад

yeah, was thinking the same, using a bitwise operator to see the value of every bit in the number.

@techspertrichard1198 Год назад

@@MrJimmySegers We used to call it bit twiddling 🙂 Just make sure you thoroughly document what each bit controls in its two states.

@Mike-oz4cv Год назад

Isn’t he still using PPM on the input side? I don’t think he’ll get 32bit accuracy there.

@TheStuartstardust Год назад

@@Mike-oz4cv yes - i also think it is too much, but 4-8 bits should be possible. Perhaps 6 bits with 2 for crc

@jeremysargent5037 Год назад

@@Mike-oz4cv PPM channels are analogue as the value for each channel depends on the width which represents an analogue value. The PPM is then being fed through a DSM/DSM2/DSMX modulator which is digital. so I'm pretty sure that PPM can represent as many bits as you would want but the limitation would be the modulator.

@ShinyVideoStuff Год назад

+1 for eLRS support. You may also want to check the 3dconnexion 6D Spacemouse serial module, to allow you to map everything onto 2 joysticks.

@jamesbruton Год назад

I've read the stuff on ELRS but I'm pretty happy I have a solution better than the NRFs for now that's off the shelf. Future upgrades though

@petrusoroaga6528 Год назад

@@jamesbruton Not sure I can post links here,but if you search your preferred online shop for: "3dr radio modules" or "LORA 433Mhz radio module" (or other frequency band or any radio module with SXnnnn chipsets) you can find a ton of modules. They are just transparent radio UARTs, and you configure the datarate/ec/etc using AT commands. They expose just a RX/TX UART pins or USB to connect to your microcontroller or PC or PI. They usually support up to 56kb air rate, some do support more, but it's enough for remote controlling and sending commands and configuration data and whatever data you want back and forth. All these modules are just plug and play. You just configure the serial speed and the channel using AT commands (most are already set with default values, so 2 identical modules will just

@patjackmanesq Год назад

Remote controlled Hulkbuster confirmed!

@dollarbutt Год назад

@@jamesbruton have you ever tested the nrf24l01+pa+lna modules?

@3089io Год назад

Your stuff is always very pretty, but I really like the fit and finish of this. The transmitters, all the orange and black matching, and layout. Quite cool.

@kevinmcaleer28 Год назад

Great video! I love how simple and elegant your solution is. Thanks James

@peters9929 Год назад

Every time I watch your videos James I'm in speechless with your technical skills just fantastic

@qwertz2761 Год назад

Coming from the drone space, I suggest you check out Express LRS. The TX modules are the same form factor as yours (and there are also smaller ones). The RX modules are much smaller. Everything is open source (hardware + software). The range is much better thanks to LoRa (reception works below noise floor, this is dark magic to me). Supports up to 16ch (10 bit) at 333Hz or 10ch (10 bit x4 + 1 bit + 7 bits x5) at 1kHz (though that's using FLRC and not LoRa). Transmitter modules are available up to 2W as of right now. Receivers up to 100mW for telemetry (around 2 cm² of PCB + antenna). And yes, they use basic UART for communication.

@bentsprockettech Год назад

Awesome project. I am on a really tight budget and this would be a way to save a few bucks. Thanks for doing that range test as well. Very cool!

@prodeous Год назад

Another awesome project, and as always thanks for sharing your work.

@c42cly Год назад

Wow. Amazing. Great workarounds to get what you want.... Maybe accelerometer that's available to use on some channels, or a second slave remote for use by another person. I love the telemetry and screen idea for the future! You make it look so easy!

@segue2ant395 Год назад

I was musing to myself last night 'I wish I knew how to make my own transmitter, because none of these ones on the market have QUITE the combination I need and they're all really expensive'. Then you go and do this! Cheers James, I'm sure I'll be using this as a reference at some point!

@cho4d Год назад

i apprieciate the stable camera position :) also very good project!

@felixman9691 Год назад

This is an awesome project. Thank you much for sharing. I will probably make something like this but with my own cad. I can’t code well yet so this is so cool. Cheers

@Richiegilbert Год назад

Another fantastic video, thanks James!

@madmonkey7183 Год назад

Amazing Video. This has always been one of my biggest questions from watching your videos !

@iforce2d Год назад

Reminds me of my early forays into arduino stuff. I actually had more success range-wise with the nRF24 modules than with the (kinda junk) orange RC stuff, although they are quite finicky about antenna and power supply. Your idea for sending different sets of data in alternating packets works well with nRF24, I used that method on my high altitude balloon. Having two radio transmitters right next to each other might not be ideal for range.

@dunc5623 Год назад

Using an ESP32 you could dedicate a core to reading the incoming values, and another core to run your code.

@aculleon2901 Год назад

Edit: The RTM of the esp32 is a better choice than an ordinary ISR. Thanks @michaelmiller5705

@a154james Год назад

How would you do that with an ESP32? I am working on a project and am still trying to figure how to separate receiving data and processing data separately. would be nice to just keep them entirely indpendent.

@mattack12 Год назад

@@a154james in the receiving data callback function just copy the received data in a ring buffer (do nothing else). In the main loop, check for data in the ring buffer, and if there is any, pop it from the ring buffer and process it. After you have done that, process other input in the main loop, like button presses etc. If you want to be safe, use a thread safe ring buffer library.

@MakunaRGBIC Год назад

@@a154james Use the RMT peripheral to read the pulses (doesn't use a core) and then you can read the values encoded for you from the RMT receive buffer.

@aculleon2901 Год назад

@@mattack12 This is probably the best way you could do it. I‘ll change my previous comment.

@AhmadHossamMahmoud Год назад

impressive work mate ... just impressive !

@avejst Год назад

Great project Thanks for sharing your experiences 🙂

@makerslife Год назад

Great job James! I definitely vote on adding a touch screen in the center!

@DJlegionuk Год назад

Fantastic idea !!!! A touch pad in the middle would be a good addition . Another one would be a screen with a macro recorder.

@RandomGamer1486 Год назад

I love your videos, they help me with my electronic things that I make. Keep up with the amazing work James.

@timlong7289 Год назад

I'd be tempted to look into the Express LRS project (Express Long Range System or ELRS). Its the current thing in the world of FPV quadcopters. Its all open source and cheap, and the transmitter modules and receivers interface over a UART serial port. It's a modern system that has incredible range and reliability, people are flying model planes more than 40 Km.

@CarlPaulsen Год назад

James, I'd love to see a video covering your design process, for example the controller parts...

@JohnStenborg Год назад

…always good to see diy builds and love it…thanks…i have about a hundred of dsm receivers…almost everyone in nano sub 20 gram mylar planes…i love em n keep them forever…never lost a signal…short range ones but fly them sometimes outdoors and better than frsky which i gave up a couple of years ago…will transfer all my about eighty big planes and some quads to open source protocol express lrs…sold all jeti and frsky radios and radiomaster tx12, tx16…two radiomaster zorro for everything…

@jimmy21584 Год назад

Thanks! I just grabbed a few😊. My solution has been to use a wifi router modified with OpenWRT, and UDP. And that is very resistant to large amounts of interference. But I will try playing with these.

@bradmeekakasilvertopflyer Год назад

true hobbyist at work here innovating and proving 20 plus channels can be achieved on a DIY build i will be sharing this on my community tab

@antoanyanev Год назад

You can use a single channel for all of the switches with the help of a bit mask and some boolean opeations.

@fab_5356 Год назад

Cool that you talked about the hovercraft

@haze022002 Год назад

Very impress on the content of all your video. I just cant imagine how you keep searching a problem to be solve in everyday routine. Yet came with the great solutions and share with others. Thank you for the most priceless contribution that you make. May god bless you with more incredible knowledge and ideas. 🇲🇾

@googleyoutubechannel8554 Год назад

Hey James, clever setup interfacing with the DSM2 transmitter directly! I was afraid to try this, so instead I've had good luck creating an even simpler _40_ channel tx/rx. I used 2 bog-standard esp32s + ESPNOW protocol. I went this route as it doesn't require bit bashing, and supports {n} channels, and was easily expandable to basically infinite range using a wifi->LTE dongle.

@pnwscitech1589 Год назад

THANKYOU! I have been wanting to do a project just like this for some time. It's like you read my mind... weird

@nickldominator Год назад

ESPNow is a surprisingly good, long-range capable w/ built-in optional ACK/retransmission baked in communication protocol. ESPs are also cheap as chips, and code is easy to write for it.

@ChrisB... Год назад

I don't really need another TX/RX right now, but I ordered these anyway. Too cheap to pass up! Thanks for the tip!

@alroma6609 Год назад

This is just amazing. Love it :D

@ricardoferes9051 Год назад

When he said "perfectly balanced" during the Huel ad I immediately thought of Spiffing Brit.

@PyroSAJ Год назад

Without buying any additional hardware, I was planning to just use ESP-NOW from the ESP line. On LR mode you should be able to get 200kbps, which should give plenty for a few signals. You could get 16-bit for 12 channels and a few 1-bit switches in there at 1000Hz. The main appeal was that it could also get info from the robot, as it's effectively two-way.

@picsi-software Год назад

You know you could assign all your switches to bits.. packing all of them into one channel :)

@jayzo Год назад

If you want more range, at the cost of having to work out the settings to keep it within the law, the RFD868 radios support a PPM/SBUS uplink and a UART telemetry downlink. They do however use 868MHz instead of 2.4GHz. They boast a range of several kilometers however I think in the UK we're limited by power levels.

@snik2pl Год назад

For buttons you can do what car dasboards do on CAN. Binary decoding. Sending 00 = all switch off sending FF = all 8switch on and 04 = third swich on. 06 = second and third on

@THESocialJusticeWarrior Год назад

I have used XBee radios with my controls. They work pretty well.

@kenwood_9474 Год назад

Ah so cool finally something like ive done at home! You should try out more opentx stuff perhaps! Explore Express LRS maybe and other open hobby radio protocols?

@tjorbim Год назад

This is brilliant! I'm working on my entirely custom drone build and stuck with exactly that fly sky remote, as I don't see spending more on a remote then on all other parts together. Tried bluetooth as well, but the range is simply not enough. Guess I'll build a similar remote

@haaspaas2 Год назад

Have you looked into ExpressLRS? Its open source and cheap.

@tjorbim Год назад

@@haaspaas2 not yet, but their page looks promising, thanks!

@thirtythreeeyes8624 Год назад

@@tjorbim ELRS is the new standard basically it is amazing multiple miles of range on 2.4ghz with the lowest latency of any link and you can build it yourself.

@elliotpascoe5030 Год назад

Not sure if this would be right for your use case, but esp-now is extremely fast and reliable. I use it to control my electric skateboard from a custom remote that I have built (about 2ms for a 4 way trip). You can also turn the esp into long-range mode which allows about 30 m of transmission distance through brick and building, some people have even tested up to a kilometre line of sight. Not only that, you also get a microcontroller which is far superior to arduino, boasting infinitly faster speed, far larger storage and many extremely high speed pins

@devinholland5892 Год назад

I was wondering how esp-now would compare. Thanks for the data!

@devdev-cs3tq Год назад

oh wow this is exactly what I neeed OMG THANK YOU SO MUCH

@planespeaking Год назад

very impressive

@Demoncarlie Год назад

12:26 that's a new catch phrase, "wiggle as I walk" 🤣

@quintenluyten6382 Год назад

Have you heard about the HC-12 UART module? The DIY Tech Bros did a great video series about this transmitter-receiver set. It has a lower data rate than the NRF-24, but everything else is better.

@marccloutier3501 Год назад

This is really inspiring im buying very soon a 3D printer (ender s1 pro) and for sure i will try to design a remote battle bot !

@SQuiDFPV Год назад

ELRS (extreme long range system) open source, cheapest, one of the best links available. 12 channel. the module was 6 bucks because Dsm in FPV is pretty much extinct.

@beethaniel Год назад

As many people have already mentioned, ExpressLRS is a far superior transimisstion protocol as compared to DSM2, but Id like to add that those liner polarized antennas are junk. Great project, love it!

@MrgnUTube Год назад

I also implemented a decoder for an Arduino and DSMX, I loved Spektrum and all my drones worked with it but... I was always disapointed by the range of this technology. Now my drones uses CrossFire modules from TBS, and my next bots will probably use it too.

@R2D2internet 7 месяцев назад

You could also read the PPM receiver signal using the Capture peripheral of a MCU in combination with DMA to free up the processor.

@hanelyp1 5 месяцев назад

The arduino / atmega328 doesn't have DMA. It does have hardware to capture when an input changed, good for reading a PPM signal.

@aL3891_ Год назад

Mentioned by a lot of others but you should really check out Express LRS! super low latency and really long range (tens of kilometers) serial connections on both ends, and its open source as well, great stuff. you can get better range with better antennas as well

@IonRoux Год назад

I'm relieved to hear that it isn't just me that can't get NRF modules to work reliably

@ElDJReturn Год назад

I love your videos and actually kind of got what you were doing on the coding in this one. Beautiful code btw! Also, you always choose really good music too. I'm curious what track you used on the Filament ad section? I'm a DJ always looking for good tracks and while that type of EDM typically isn't what I use I did like how it was brought in. Thanks for sparking my curiosity into coding!

@magicalpencil Год назад

reliable and DSM rarely gets used in the same sentence, should of gone for ELRS!! I've had over 1.5km out of the cheapest 10mm receiver

@jamesbruton Год назад

Well it's DSM2/DSMX depending on the receiver, it's better than the NRFs though - I'll look at ELRS

@CSAlso2 Год назад

Wow you always say a bunch of things that I don't understand but for some reason I find it entertaining. 😄

@joshmellon390 Год назад

You should definitely look into ELRS. All of the hardware from all manufacturers works together, it's open source, cheap, and uses WiFi. You can even make your own modules using an ESP8*** (I forget, but it's documented everywhere.) I'd say this is your best bet. Excellent range (miles possible), up to 24 channels, and fully open. It's also bi-dorectional, so you send things back like telemetry.

@nandingpanelo Год назад

Youre amazing happy new year

@Galileocrafter Год назад

ExpressLRS would be a solution, best paired with an EdgeTX compatible radio.

@CDRaff Год назад

Have you looked at ELRS? It's a fully open source project Radio Link based on the ESP32. DSM really isn't used as much in RC anymore(aside from Horizon Hobby/ Spektrum off shoot companies)because of it's reliability issues and since it's closed source if you run into limitations there really isn't much you can do. With ELRS on the other hand not only is it fully open source, but rolling your own module is really easy and really well documented.

@beautifulsmall Год назад

Superb work James as always. A pleasure to watch and learn. I'm tempted to suggest going to teensy's and esp32's but pincounts are very low. I didn't know you could do Serial.println(); For years ive been putting "" in the brackets. Seems obvious now.

@kd5ahl Год назад

OK, This is really cool. However, I wish you had chosen a TX unit that is at least obtainable.

@Hisa1shi Год назад

For sending multiple switches over a single channel, I suggest using a bitmask.

@C4WebConsulting Год назад

"Wiggle while you walk... The joystick, don't be dirty!" I think that needs to a be a shirt

@VincentFischer Год назад

You should look into the LoRa based open source project expressLRS, best latency with an unreal range that seemingly defies physics, bidirectional telemetry and it's all quite cheap too. Just have to communicate with a serial protocol instead PPM

@aaro_n Год назад

A pistol girp style controller would be awesome from you. I bet you could get ten channels in one

@ustarecepusta Месяц назад

So good

@DiyintheGhetto Год назад

What about using a esp8266? You can link two together also have external antenna for range.

@bako481 Год назад

Hello from South Qazaqstan!

@maalonszuman491 Год назад

Really good video !! I have a question is it possible to stream video with this kind of transmiter ? Or rnf ?

@ninjaskitches Год назад

The frsky remote can be added to. I wouldn't give my enemies flysky trash

@azyfloof Год назад

Have you ever used or considered using Xbee modules? I've played around with these in the past and had good success, but I've never tried streaming several channels worth of data at once. I don't know how reliable they are for that. I'd love to see you experiment with them :)

@conorstewart2214 Год назад

You get a lot more configurability and control with something like the nrf24 since each packet is 32 bytes and you can send whatever you want, that could be 32 separate 8 bit channels. You can also do what you tried to do which is to make the first byte an identification byte and then send packets containing different data. Where did you get your nrf24 modules? There are a lot of fake ones out there that have rubbish range or don’t work properly.

@bentsprockettech Год назад

😍 I need one!

@cinemoriahFPV Год назад

Missed a perfect opportunity to build a Gemini ELRS link.

@thebloxxer22 Год назад

I use SBUS for my Radiolink T8S and R8EF for my R/C robot I am building right now... but waiting for a new 4S AA holder.

@alex.thedeadite Год назад

I'm a little confused, normally I hear "channels" in relation to r/c vehicles/stuff as a way of controlling multiple devices in the same area with individual controls (think retail toy R/C cars, they often have a selector switch on both the car and controller to switch between the "channels" so you can race another person's car [of the same make/model usually] or control multiple cars with one remote). Is there a clear distinction between the two or are they the essentially same thing, just different levels? Presumably each of these channels has 3--5 sub-channels for the various controls.

@dickon_br Год назад

Hi James! this is exactly what I was looking for to control my robot, because I needed several channels. I intend to build the 20-channel one but I looked at the git and was in doubt about what I will really need to buy and what the connection scheme is, because I didn't find it there. Could you guide me on that? Regards, from Brazil.

@gibranzawahra4224 Год назад

look into expresslrs if you want reliabilty and range at a low cost, but might be simpler to use lora modules directly for custom integrations and dataset lora might be helpful but relatively slow compared to wifi, it should not be very different speed wise compared to the nrf24 depending on selected data speed, there are many modules with varying tx power for arduino some with more functions built into the chip directly like interference mitigation and error checking and correction... elrs uses lora and it gets very low latency, high refresh rate and very long range, it's also open source so you can also probably adapt it to your needs.

@davidstafford4873 Год назад

That's great, what's the best way to get a secure data feed back for video?

@homedad3324 Год назад

As usual, an awesome video! You should try and help out the hacksmith and his hydraulic spider, I bet you could make it work better than they did!

@WistrelChianti Год назад

Dunno... think the biggest issue they had with that thing was the sheer effort/time involved in each test run and that every error caused damage. The other issue was that they were working with imprecise actuators (and sensors? or at least not enough of them). It was a good try (an excellent try even) but not sure any more minds on the job would have helped.

@petrusoroaga6528 Год назад

Not sure I can post links here,but if you search your preferred online shop for: "3dr radio modules" or "LORA 433Mhz radio module" (or other frequency band or any radio module with SXnnnn chipsets) you can find a ton of modules. They are just transparent radio UARTs, and you configure the datarate/ec/etc using AT commands. They expose just a RX/TX UART pins or USB to connect to your microcontroller or PC or PI. They usually support up to 56kb air rate, some do support more, but it's enough for remote controlling and sending commands and configuration data and whatever data you want back and forth. All these modules are just plug and play. You just configure the serial speed and the channel using AT commands (most are already set with default values, so 2 identical modules will just

@nicholasroos3627 Год назад

I don't want to drink Huel. He was a kind man.

@Deny8252 Год назад

I think ExpressLRS is best radiolink for today, one driven by community , and not crap covered by copyright.

@thecraigish Год назад

The primary reason I upgraded all my RCs from Frsky/XM+ is because of dropouts. ELRS has been rock solid and cheap. Love your videos, keep it up!

@HermanKruisman Год назад

Frsky has been rock solid here to

@skylar7320 Год назад

For what James is doing FRsky is probably fine (and dang cheap) since he can code around dropouts since it sounds like he already has had to before. I’ve lost signal on an XM+ at 75’ LOS so I moved on personally. One thing a newer protocol would have helped with is serial in/out from the start rather than the PPM code, but it works now so why change.

@scottmilano2940 Год назад

Take a look at ELRS. It’s a modern, open source version of this tech, with kilometers of range, and bidirectional comms for telemtry.

@BrianW2979 Год назад

I don’t understand 90% of what you’re talking about, but your still entertaining

@michidk Год назад

You might want to have a look at ExpressLRS - it's an open source high-performance control link, supporting telemetry.

@gibranzawahra4224 Год назад

maybe use the blank in the middle of the rc remote for a screen either simple liquid crystal or even a touch one with lvgl, for telemetry and battery percentage ... in addition to switches and buttons if necessary..

@Pippy626 3 месяца назад

I know this is an old video but you could consider using the HC-12 wireless module gives you 1km @433.4-473.0 MHz for Arduino to Arduino communications. They have hit 2km in some situations.

@michaelscott8284 11 месяцев назад

is there a way to get a wiring diagram of the universal remote? I love the idea a many of my robots us 10+ ch DSM/DSM2, etc. is fine because I am usually around 30 meters away max.

@eekee6034 Год назад

I remember when you could make an 8-channel PWM link with 4000-series CMOS 1-of-10 counter chips and a few capacitors and stuff. :) And these, of course, won't try to be clever by mixing up different frames. (I hate systems which do that; hardware or software.) I've still got the book with the circuit diagrams somewhere. 4 quite simple circuits: encoder, decoder, 27 MHz transmitter and receiver. Having a quick search, it looks like you can even still get the adjustable inductors; Toko branding and all, though I haven't checked the values. The book is Mastering Electronics; I'd post author & ISBN but I've just moved and don't want to go raiding boxes just now. Oof! 3km? I don't think those 27MHz circuits had that kind of range. :D

@mathieusan Год назад

you should check out ELRS protocol, it's fully open source, and 40+ km range

@JamesChurchill Год назад

The attempt to multiplex the channels failed because the receiver is decoding the channels asynchronously from the ibus reporting. So you get some values from the current frame and some from the previous frame.