Capillary Electrophoresis (Part 2): Instrumentation & Electroosmotic Flow 

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Hi @Greatest Lines, thank you very much for your kind words. Glad the videos were useful :) FYI, I don't have plan for creating video on how glass electrode works yet, as it is not part of our syllabus for my students. I will definitely keep this topic and electrochemistry in mind in the future.

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Hi @Dr. Nanda Gunawardena, thanks for watching. Sure, please feel free to recommend the videos to your students. Hope the videos are helpful.

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Hi @Jeffrey Kim, thanks for watching. Thanks for the questions. 1. In the case of normal EOF, the concentration of cations is higher than that of anions in the diffuse layer, which in turn influences the direction of the EOF. However, as compared to the bulk solution, the species in the diffuse layer is just a very tiny portion of the entire system. The total charge in the solution should always be balanced. For instance, if we were to prepare a standard chloride solution, we would probably dissolve a known amount of NaCl in ultrapure water right? So there will definitely be counter cations in the solution. 2. pH tells us about the concentration of H+ ions present in the solution, but not the concentration of anions present in the solution. Perhaps you may consider the relationship between pH and pKa? For more information, please kindly refer to: www.thoughtco.com/the-ph-and-pka-relationship-603643 3. Yes, electrophoretic mobility is usually only considered for charged species, but not the neutral species. Since the driving force is the potential difference applied, only charged species will be affected. For neutral species, the electrophoretic mobility is equal to zero. Perhaps you may also refer to my other videos relevant to capillary electrophoresis? Link: ru-vid.com/group/PLKuPzbjZoQ2i42DW_Ss7jCrcbHEgvaXDx

Many many thanks to you too @Kumar Subham :)

Hi @Giorgianna Grant, thanks for watching. My apologies, for the topic on column chromatography (2:45), it was a face-to-face lecture for the students two years ago. I will keep this in mind, and might cover this topic in future videos. Thank you :)

Hello @sindu priya :) Yes, anions are attracted to the anode under usual circumstances. However, in the context of Capillary Electrophoresis, Electroosmotic Flow (EOF) is the major factor that governs the direction of the flow of the bulk solution. In this case, as illustrated in the video, the Diffuse Layer has higher concentration of Cations as compared to that of Anions, therefore when the voltage is applied, the Diffuse Layer will be attracted towards the Cathode, dragging the Bulk Solution (everything, including the cations, anions, and neutral species in the bulk solution) towards the Cathode. In the context of the Electrophoretic Mobility, the anions are attracted to anodes. The Electrophoretic Mobility of the charged species (anions and cations) governs their separation in Capillary Electrophoresis. If you are interested in finding out more about Electrophoretic Mobility, please feel free to check out the 3rd Video on CE: ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-XVeE-Lb0EPU.html The overall migration rate (and direction) of individual analytes in the solution is equal to the sum of EOF and Electrophoretic Mobility. In general, EOF is greater than the Electrophoretic Mobility, therefore in the example mentioned in this video, even though the anions are attracted towards the anode (due to Electrophoretic Mobility), the resultant movement of the anions are still directed towards the Cathode due to EOF. On the other hand, in the case of Reversed EOF, the anions move towards the anode. If you are interest to find out more about Reversed EOF, please feel free to check out the 6th video of this e-lecture series: ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-pP4kZlJYTyo.html Thank you. And have a nice day, @sindu priya :)

@@FrancisChongYY thanks for the reply.. How abt coated capillaries where eof is ruled out

Hi @rawan mohammed, you are most welcome.

Hi @Avik Sarkar, yes, I will try to create more videos of other Instrumental Analyses during the winter break :)

Hi @Karabo Ramosamo, thank you so much for your help clarifying the pronunciation for that part. Have a great day.

Hi @Khush Bakht Hassan. My apologies for the pronunciation at 2:57, I meant "silanol group", which is like a hydroxide group attached to a Silicon atom. Hope this clarifies. Thank you :)

@@FrancisChongYY ahh yess got it :D thank you so much :))