شرج منهج كيمياء 1 (103) لطلاب كليات الهندسة جامعة طيبة شابتر 2 الجزء الاول
للتواصل علي رقم الواتس 0556402306
Chapter 2
Physical Properties of Solutions
A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances. The solute is (are) the substance(s) present in the smaller amount(s). The solvent is the substance present in the larger amount
A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of a solute that will dissolve in a given solvent at a specific temperature. An unsaturated solution contains less solute than the solvent has
the capacity to dissolve at a specific temperature. A supersaturated solution contains more solute than is present in a saturated solution at a specific temperature. Sodium acetate crystals rapidly form when a seed crystal is added to a supersaturated solution of sodium acetate.
Three types of interactions in the solution process: • solute-solute interaction (A-A) • solvent-solvent interaction (B-B) • solvent-solute interaction (A-B)
soln = ∆H 1 + ∆H 2 + ∆H 3 ∆
“like dissolves like”
Two substances with similar intermolecular forces are likely to be soluble in each other.
• non-polar molecules are soluble in non-polar solvents CCl 4 in C 6 H 6 • polar molecules are soluble in polar solvents C 2 H 5 OH in H 2 O • ionic compounds are more soluble in polar solvents NaCl in H 2 O or NH 3 (l)
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12 окт 2024
