Coding Communication & CPU Microarchitectures as Fast As Possible 

UnknownXV its complicated if you think about it. but its more as if the concept of modern cpus continously improved from the previous concepts for decades now. Its like thinking how calculus is immensely difficult if you have never seen math in your life, but after years of education its more tolerable. in a simple concept we started with transistors, basic switches that turn on and off based off the control gate. with the power to control current at such a fast speed, we were able to be build logic gates out of them. out of gates we were able to build simple circuits for computation (like full adders, and basic memory like sr latches and flip flops). from there we started bolstering these simple circuits, adding more features (like more math functions, more of the units themselves). and after decades of just adding more, and some complicated circuits to control all of this hardware, we get to the modern cpu.

UnknownXV You think about it the wrong way. There was no 1 person who woke up one day and thought about how to create a computer from scratch. Actually, one can argue that scientists have been working for over 400 years on the required components for such a complicated machine. Many discoveries, laws, theories and experiments had to be done throughout this time to achieve that knowledge. Many people from different disciplines like Mathematics, Physics, Electrical Engineering, Chemistry and much more have been working together to produce such inventions, and have been piecing the puzzle together very slowly. All those integrated pieces were invented or developed mostly independently (and sometimes multiple times by different people) because they were always built on former knowledge (as the ones before..). Most of those inventions did not even have "computers" in mind, but they were later used to aid in the process. The first transistor was not on a tiny silicon, rather a big device. It took time and effort to get it there. The process described in the video is really dumbed down (unfortunately it's impossible to understand all the pieces in a 5min video) but the process can be divided and then divided again (and again..) into small pieces which humans understand, and when you piece it all together it looks to be incomprehensibly complex, but the underlying pieces aren't. Think about it like a puzzle of pieces 1,000,000, it's quite insane to approach it like that, but if you were given the entire puzzle in chunks of 1,000 pieces, it definitely becomes more manageable (the example is not 100% correct but it might help you understand). Also, modern computers (and their functions) were basically only possible to create (whether it's software or hardware) using computers in the first place.

Ofek Azulay The puzzle analogy is pretty good. Makes more sense.

To be fair it wasn't one person doing all the work. Someone designed C++ because they wanted to make Cees picky and less prone to mistakes and ease the way to program. Someone decided to decrease the size of a computer and changed transistors to a silicone rather than lamps.

It didn't start with silicone, it started with tubes... essentially light bulbs. Wired together, light bulbs can create all kinds of logic pathways. Given that there is more to a tube than a lightbulb. Anyway from there, there was a long series of small steps that gradually got us to where we are today. A jurney of a thousand miles begins with...

Roxasmaker well shit, imagine if that happens in real life

***** well... You get a help desk ticket, right?

apparently, i haven't overclock yet haha

Sounds like something Comcast would do if they had a say in cpu speed...

Roxasmaker If you go for world record clock speeds you are even looking at prison time.

veazix Im not alone!heard it.

veazix and it wasn't just one time.. he did it again on the car analogy :)

veazix well he does call "graphics(Grafiks)" card as "Grafis card" countless times and that didn't bother anyone....

veazix wanted to post this myself.

Axis Lexington i think its cos hes half french/german or something. Not sure tho

Benny Kolesnikov I laughed wayyyy to hard at this xD

Instructions also unclear, my dick stuck in Benny Kolesnikov 's car.

Benny Kolesnikov Ah, the freedom warranty.

Benny Kolesnikov Your car clearly needed more fluups

Try adding more voltage.

Then amd epic release.......

BILLIONSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

Laughs in 2020

worlwr2 yup me

Dunno why he said millions they already had billions back then

We use the textbook called "Digital Design and Computer Architecture". It didn't tell us everything we needed, but helped us design the basic circuits which we added onto with our own logic. There's this awesome free software called "Logism" you can use to design circuits. I would recommend learning how to do basic c programming, learning how to create that same program in assembly, and then learning how that assembly translates into machine code. Hardest part about this stuff is that it is really hard to find answers online, but if you're motivated and good with textbooks then you should be good with the book!

I kinda learned it the other way around from "ands" and "ors" to flipflops to master slave to counter ... etc.. But we never made a CPU, we just programmed one.

Yeah we covered flip flops and the circuitry after we made a "compiler" that read compiled assembly machine code and did the instructions in C.

This comment is a year old. Man I wish I was smarter back then. Had to leave university, I literally just burned money with no results. I wanted to be a programmer so badly lol, or anything related to IT engineering. I ended up as a network technician (and I love it). Industrial routers are also a challenge, but not as a CPU. I'm just literally too stupid for being a programmer or hardware programmer. Wish you guys the best! Do my dreams :D

I still don’t understand how people go a transistor to obey a command like store.

lol thats really good

LMAO good one

It's an extremely poor explanation. Half is directly wrong, even objectively. It's really incites a complete facepalm, a major one...

@@TheMrTape what is wrong though? I'm a noob in this but I understand what I came to look for (i.e. that the microprocessor carries out instructions using transistors in logic gates, and also cleared things from other videos, like that these instructions are possible with the voltage that is given to the microprocessor with each cycle of the microprocessor's clock)

​@@thisisrtsthree9992 #00:00 To program, I'm programming, I'm a programmer, not code, coding, coder. A clear text program is code as much as any spoken language is (not), even though refereed to as source code, only what it compiles to, assembly instructions, is by definition code. #00:15 and #0:25 CPU's doesn't take "code" directly, it's not compiled (mentioning later doesn't make it right). #00:28 Both can be represented by letters and numbers if translating the binary they both consist of to their respective character abstractions; this representation is only relevant for humans, as the CPU can only see the binary; my text is seen as binary by any CPU, abstracted for your understanding. It's a choice whether to represent something as binary or otherwise to humans; it's irrelevant to the CPU. #0:43 There's not English/Chinese etc. versions; it's not whatever language you want. It's always English. You may name your variables or make comments in any language of course, but the statements and functions are all English. #0:45 There's no sets of instructions when you're talking source code, it consists of statements, functions and operators; instructions exist only in machine code. #0:48 You can't chose whatever programming language. The languages shown in the background are HTML (not a programming language but a markup language) and Javasctipt, both of which are interpreted rather than compiled to machine code, thus irrelevant to what they're talking about. #0:50 A program only needs compilation if it's a non-interpreted language (eg. C, C++, Java rather than eg. Javascript, python, PHP). Again, the programs shown in the background doesn't need compiling to work; in this case no further processing is needed for the CPU to understand, because it doesn't, it uses a translator program to interpret the program in real time. #1:03 A compiler doesn't check for errors, it "checks" for wrong syntax (grammar) by not being able to compile. Also "object code" is a deprecated term for machine code. #1:13 The reason a CPU can interpret machine code/instructions is that this is what it's designed to interpret as instructions; the machine code is 0's and 1's as much as the clear text it's compiled from, since every character is an abstraction of 8 or more bits; it's the exact same thing the CPU sees, always, and this is the only thing it could ever see, 0's and 1's. The differentiator is that the bits of an instruction translates to working CPU functionality while bits of a character translates to the valid character. They're implying that nothing of it is binary before it's compiled, as if the CPU could understand characters directly, as opposed to through abstraction via the 2 "letters" it understands, 0 and 1; the letter A means nothing to the CPU, only A's binary representation: 1000001. Binary is completely irrelevant to any of this, it's always fucking binary. #1:17 Implying that binary is something modern that weren't always the only thing used for computing. I won't bother with the rest. It's all so far of that you're better off assuming how it works. Most of what's presented in these videos are layman assumptions anyway. The (mis)information put forward is worse than a basic school project involving actual research and understanding. #3:11 Only true and relevant point put forward in this video. Overall everything gainable from watching is an extremely dumbed down and twisted understanding of how CPUs work.

@@TheMrTape ya ma dude, thanks for taking the time to write that long reply, I checked some and I saw you are right!! so if anyone peeps this answer they can see too

@@TheMrTape You should be an engineer teacher! wow i learned lots and actually wanna learn more now!

Shady I only like the videos where Linus / Taran / Luke explains

Shady I never liked that Linus guy's voice but he'll be back.

Shady I never liked that Linus guy's voice but he'll be back.

Shady that's the beauty of this channel, they may not explain every detail, but they explain enough to get a basic understanding of the subject

Shady I've done this for years, and I'm only finally starting to get it all :).

Jeremiah Pierce But 5 billion is really just 5000 million. So, hah.

Although you are correct, that's not the general way it is said. Nobody says I have sixteen thousand megabytes of ram.

Jeremiah Pierce I know :P

He said "the average processor..."

Mohamed Zakaria So you don't have a Xeon? What an amateur...

oddball0045 engineer?

joon9498 www.visual6502.org/JSSim/index.html

***** Nuu, Z80 >:)

Commodore 64

joon9498 Self proclaimed engineer? then yes :) I'm in 10th grade of high school.

Peanutsreveng3 I agree, most professors spend several hours just introducing the topics.

davidabeats because that's what they are paid to do. But explain it so you get every little information that you won't even use most of the time just so they can test you on it. It's a dick move. But they need to do something for the period.

Someone that see's the inefficency inherent in monetary system, sweet @ BrownieX001 :)

you are right!!!

also porgammer.

accents! how do they work?!

I did

ingolfur ari Couldn't you write a compiler in binary, that compiles directly to binary?

Franco Selem imagine how hard and time consuming that would be

Miguel C Lol I know, I'm just being a bitch lol

Franco Selem lol ik you weren't serious.

Franco Selem You could in theory, but good luck trying to find someone willing to code something even remotely complex in binary.

lol the only time I've ever heard about that discontinued Russian car is in a book called, "Nick and Norah's infinite playlist" . so yeah. talk about obscure.

Jake Morel it is not russian, Its from Yugoslavia (Serbia,Croatia,Bosnia,etc) USA Destroyed this big country back in the 90s. just sayin

+euer Vater oh my gosh whateverrrrrrrr

Pa mi smo poznati brate , samo nas ovi ameri ...

+Jake Morel so you are american or kanadian?? Whatever

Ye, C++ & Python ftw.

Java and vb.net over here.

***** Noob, web development is child's play.

***** You might want to take some English classes, brah...

***** what on earth! Shame on both of you! We're here to have fun, and learn, and you two are flaming each other!

Nikolaj Lepka Interpreters basically compile the code line by line and execute it immediately. While you are correct that there is a difference between the terms Compiler and Interpreter, all this video needed people to understand was that source code is not directly understandable by computers, so it needed to be converted first :)

Edrulesok what you're referring to is a just-in-time compiler, which compiles the code line by line. An interpreter doesn't, it just tries its best to parse and execute the code directly

Nikolaj Lepka You should go and read up about this :)

Actually, they are compiled. Whilst I can't speak for JavaScript or ruby, I can say with 100% confidence that Python does go through a compiler. If you don't use the interpreter and just use the command line to execute a python program, a .pyc file will be generated (Python compiled), it just generally gets compiled at a different time by the interpreter.

James Brunton Then explain why PyPy is different then

you only de-fragment a hdd since a hdd is operated by a needle reader (like a big record)... to access data it has to move across the disk platter, over time and multiple writing/deleting from disk can cause gaps to occur over the disk. This is enefficient since the reader is moving over black space and so de-fragmenting basically condenses the bits to reduce the amount the reader has to move =)

This is also half automatical, which is why it's rare nowadays to find significant de-fragment from hdds.

Yeah, stolen from Visual Basic.

Goran Novakovic It's still a flaming pile of garbage, but it can't be that bad considering some of them are 20 years old and running. :D

Goran Novakovic How do you know that spring is coming? Yugos begin to start.

Daniel Borsos Yugos start in winter to its petrol engine not diesel so cold wheater doesent hurt it that much

Goran Novakovic haha my dad still owns one haha we had to use it when our main car broke ,ps are you from balkan ? :D

ItsAlan Yes, from Serbia :)

Then why do we need more cores in a cpu can it just be a 1 core or is like having 4 cores the best right know

juan valadez watch the episode on CPU Cores

RetroMyke ok

juan valadez Think of CPU cores like arms(with hands, fingers, etc). If you have one arm, you can do stuff OK, but only one thing at a time. Now if you have two arms, you can do things MUCH more efficiently, because you can distribute the work over 2 arms, or do two different jobs at once. Now, if you had 3 arms, you could do even MOORE work than with two arms, and more efficiently, you could distribute the workload over more arms, and could do more jobs at one time. This same analogy can be used to explain bottlenecking a CPU.(crudely, it's not a perfect explanation, but I think it gets the point across) Think of your legs as a GPU(or any part, really), and your arms as your CPU. No matter how many arms you have, and how fast and awesome they are, if your legs can only move at one step a minute, your arms are kind of overkill, because your legs simply can't keep up. Same for vice versa, if your legs can run at a million miles an hour, but your arm can only move one object a minute, then you can't work very much, because that arm is slowing you down. Hoped this helped!^^

TheNONnoobXD it did

JukaDominator LOL logic gates complicated as shit man dont think they will. GRAVITY FALLS FTW

fishywtf Who knows man? Channel is all about making those complex things into simple, or at least manageable to understand information. Gravity Falls is da best yo.

JukaDominator Logic gates aren't too complicated. There's not that many of them and the names are pretty descriptive, like the AND gate takes two inputs, if they are both 1 the output is 1, the OR gate outputs 1 if any of the inputs is 1. There's more of them but they are all intuitive. Put 5 of them together and you can make a "full adder" which simply adds up binary numbers. Multiplication involves repeated adding (or maybe new tricks in modern CPUs).

JukaDominator in fact logic gates are really simple to understand. Just the combination of the is complicated part. All you need to know is a bit of binary logic

fishywtf Logic gates aren't complicated. Using them in large combinations is somewhat complicated.

Andrew Brown eventually they all do...when they do is another topic for (possibly) another video.

Isotopic Design You could go to the trouble of saying 'compiled at runtime' but then we may as well call it interpreted. Yes, eventually all languages get converted to machine code, but I don't think 'compiling' is defined that simply with no temporal connotation. This is why there is a distinction between 'compilers' and 'interpreters' in the first place.

Andrew Brown Who is still using 'interpreters' anyway? Most of the languages that were interpreted now have JIT compilers, noone is doing the 'line by line' approach anymore.

Maciej Sopyło scripting is still interpreted (perl, python, bash, Tcl (ugh) )

Andrew Brown Interpreters compile source code line by line and then run that code, so I guess they are also technically compilers.

lol

+LogicOwlGaming That actually makes a lot of sense...

nice

Alright computer. How 'bout this time we try the Pile Driver ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡° )

I imagine there's collaboration between a bunch of the guys while writing various scripts. This was probably done while Linus was 'skiving off' and I know he's wanting to roll back his workload, so it's likely we'll have more Slick/B-Roll, Terran etc.. presented/written videos. Which, like yourself BrownieX001 , is cool beans to me :)

Peanutsreveng3 I just enjoyed his presentation. He has become very comfortable with the camera and his deeper/calmer voice helps explain better to me. I know scripting is probably a group research thing.

It's amusing to look back at earlier videos and see squirming Slick, but he can be proud of his achievements despite constant, daily criticism, flaming etc :) Then again, his Mum seems sound as well as his brother, so folks clearly deserve much credit too :)

Peanutsreveng3 I agree. I enjoyed Luke's Mom and Brother during the WAN show They were a couple of my favourite co-hosts. They were awesome and the relation with Luke worked out for the show and had really funny parts.