Coherence and Cohesion in Academic Writing

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Cohesion and coherence are important features of academic writing. This video explains the difference between them and how to achieve good coherence and cohesion, including reference to the IELTS and TOEFL tests.
▬ Contents of this video ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬
00:00 Intro
00:34 Definition
01:22 Ways to achieve cohesion
06:47 Ways to improve coherence
10:02 How IELTS/TOEFL assess coherence and cohesion
14:38 Summary
▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬
Video created using VideoScribe software [affiliate link]:
tidd.ly/37VdIB7
Cohesion relates to how words and sentences 'stick together' and make sense. It is achieved through using five methods: (1) reference words (e.g. he, she, it, them); (2) repeated words/ideas; (3) transition signals (also called cohesive devices); (4) substitution (replacing one word with another); and (5) ellipsis (omitting words).
Coherence relates to the organisation and progression of ideas, which help a text make sense to the reader. You can improve coherence by improving organisation (e.g. by making an outline before writing) and thinking about how to ensure the text makes sense to the reader (e.g. consider audience or get a peer to read through).
Coherence and cohesion are assessed as part of the IELTS and TOEFL tests, and the video examines the publicly available criteria to help you understand what they mean and what is being examined. The video will therefore help you to both improve your academic writing, and perform better in the IELTS or TOEFL tests.
For more information on this topic, see:
www.eapfoundation.com/writing...
You can also view the video on Youku:
v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNDU2MTE...
The publicly available criteria (band descriptors/rubrics) for IELTS and TOEFL are here:
takeielts.britishcouncil.org/... (IELTS)
www.ets.org/s/toefl/pdf/toefl... (TOEFL)
If you like these videos, consider supporting my work on Patreon at:
/ eapfoundation .
You can get early access to videos as well as additional resources for English for Academic Purposes (EAP).
Other useful links:
www.eapfoundation.com/ (EAPFoundation.com website home page)
/ eapfoundation (LinkedIn)
/ eapfoundation (Facebook)

Опубликовано:

20 июл 2024

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Комментарии : 144

@lizleliz 3 месяца назад

This is the best video I've ever found on youtube. Ty :)

@Eapfoundation 3 месяца назад

Thanks. You're too kind. Really pleased that you enjoyed it 😀

@roymarsh8077 2 года назад

I can think of no greater compliment than to say than this video is perfectly coherent.

@IELTSCharlie 4 года назад

This is a fantastic video! It explains these difficult concepts really clearly. Thanks so much for creating it.

@Eapfoundation 4 года назад

I'm glad you liked it. I aimed for clarity in the video. If you want more info, check out the page on the website, which includes a couple of points not covered here (shell nouns and thematic development), plus some exercises. www.eapfoundation.com/writing/cohesion/

@IELTSCharlie 4 года назад

@@Eapfoundation Yes, I actually found the video through your website. I've shared the video in a couple of IELTS Facebook groups, and it's getting a good reaction. I like the fact that it's just graphics and text on screen, so it gets the point across really well; it's much better than the 'talking head' presentation style I feel. What software did you use for this? Is it Videoscribe?

@Eapfoundation 4 года назад

Yes, I used VideoScribe for this one, with transitions using Blender. I've been trying a few different applications. This one seems to work well for this type of video so I'll be using it more in future. Thanks for the share BTW, really seemed to have an impact.

@morganandre1457 2 года назад

I guess Im randomly asking but does anybody know of a way to log back into an instagram account? I was dumb lost the account password. I appreciate any tips you can give me.

@cainroberto1173 2 года назад

@Morgan Andre instablaster ;)

@Sams_Uncle Год назад

This is so crisp and to the point! Amazing content!

@csanghwa 2 года назад

Thnaks for the well-organized graphics and text. It was helpful to revivify the essentials for the writing lesson!

@Eapfoundation 2 года назад

You're very welcome. I'm glad it was helpful.

@rosyvaliente4620 2 года назад

I've been looking for this kind of explanation for ages. Now it's clear enough, thanks a lot!!!

@Eapfoundation 2 года назад

You're welcome. Glad it was helpful.

@LinhLe-xz5no 2 года назад

super insightful! thank you so much

@emreay10 3 года назад

Thanks for clear explanation💯

@MdHasan-ks9zq Год назад

I have no adjective to give you complement. Just a fantastic video on this topic.🥰

@lincong651 3 года назад

what a fantastic video! it is clear and practical for non-english language learners to understand how to write in an "english language" way. because of different language families, like the things that chinese language is Sino-Tibetan family of languages whereas english belongs to Indo-European language family, it is hard for chinese students to write logically, but i think this video helps a lot for them to know what to do step by step to check whether they are writing english. hahahaha. thx a million.

@Eapfoundation 3 года назад

Thanks for the thoughtful and positive comment. I'm glad you liked the video.

@alaamfaddi7360 2 года назад

So helpful video and this description is too funny 🤣🤣thx

@rahmatkurniawan5254 2 года назад

I have been looking for this explanation for ages. thanks for bringing this up

@Eapfoundation 2 года назад

No problem. Glad it was helpful.

@youtubeuser1923 9 месяцев назад

Thank you now it's pretty easy to understand even for a non-native English learner

@kurditalk9874 3 года назад

this is brilliant! I am struggling to improve my writing skill. You have helped me a lot. thank you!

@Eapfoundation 3 года назад

Thanks for the response. I'm so glad you found it useful.

@michelleamaya-torres5435 4 года назад

Excellent video! Clear, concise and relevant. Thank you.

@huajie666liu8 2 года назад

This is so clearly structured and explained. Thank you. 😃

@Eapfoundation 2 года назад

You're very welcome. I'm glad you found the content useful.

@mozahidulislam4393 3 года назад

Thanks a million for your video. The explanation was made clear with relevant examples.

@Eapfoundation 3 года назад

No problem. I'm glad you found it helpful.

@mimaben6254 2 года назад

You are the best I ever see in explaining , thank you so much my best regarded.

@Eapfoundation 2 года назад

Thank you. Very kind of you to say. I'm glad the video was helpful.

@kabirhossain491 2 года назад

It's one of the outstanding & easiest explanations of the most difficult terms. Thank you sir.

@Eapfoundation 2 года назад

Kind of you to say so. I'm glad you found it helpful.

@forheuristiclifeksh7836 3 года назад

6:49~ coherence 8:18 coherene -outline 10:08~ ielts 14:24 summary

@Eapfoundation 3 года назад

Thanks for this comment. I should have added video chapters before! I've done that now so there are timings in the description and chapters in the video.

@sriharib5175 4 года назад

fantastic video sir

@ghifaralif5240 3 года назад

Thanks sir for this great material for cohesion and coherence. Now i can understand about this material. Very goods with the similar means

@Eapfoundation 3 года назад

I'm glad you found it helpful.

@elsinakaruway6567 3 года назад

I love your explanation, thank you very much.

@Eapfoundation 3 года назад

I'm glad it was helpful.

@fontinagracia1795 3 года назад

Thank you! I guess i understood a bit of it but still very thankful!

@Eapfoundation 3 года назад

I'm glad you liked it. Remember you can always watch with captions turned on. That might make it a bit easier to follow.

@mahmudulhasanjuwel60 4 года назад

thank you sir.. this is really helpful, please continue

@Eapfoundation 4 года назад

Thank you, I will

@kagomi4705 2 года назад

You've a new subscriber, sir .I really appreciate your work it helps me a lot 💚💚💚 from Algeria

@Eapfoundation 2 года назад

Welcome! I'm glad you found the video helpful.

@qursheedsk 3 года назад

Sir, Thank you for this wonderful video.

@Eapfoundation 3 года назад

Hi Qursheed. Thanks for the positive comment! I am glad you liked it.

@anglictinathomas 2 года назад

Super helpful! Thank you🙏🏻

@Eapfoundation 2 года назад

You're very welcome!

@Habibi37624 Месяц назад

Appreciable. Thanks

@Eapfoundation Месяц назад

You're welcome. Glad you enjoyed it.

@sobuzrahman6921 4 года назад

Please upload ielts lexical resources as well as Grammar range and accuracy like coherence and cohesion video you do

@Eapfoundation 4 года назад

Yes, I will try to do that soon, beginning with Lexical Resource.

@user-kc7ff3sr2g Год назад

Thank you.

@InahQisfa 3 года назад

Marvelous..very systematic and clear explanation..

@Eapfoundation 3 года назад

Thanks. I'm pleased you liked it.

@amjad.m479 3 года назад

Oh my! This is a masterpiece!

@Eapfoundation 3 года назад

Thanks. I'm glad you liked it.

@BaHaYamin 2 года назад

Your videos and website are wonderful. I wish I knew that sooner. Thanks to Fiona who introduced you.

@Eapfoundation 2 года назад

Thanks, glad you like them. Thanks also to Fiona for recommending them.

@bedooryasein4467 3 года назад

I am looking for such amazing videos. Thank you indeed for this wonderful presentation Could you please explain the cohesion through taxonomic relations; like meronymy, co-meronymy? Thank you very much

@Eapfoundation 3 года назад

I'm glad you liked it. Taxonomic relations (like meronymy, which denotes parts of a whole) are related to cohesion inasmuch as they are lexical sets. Lexical (i.e. vocabulary) sets are another form of cohesion, but not covered in the video. E.g. 'books, class, homework, teacher' is an example of a lexical set since these words are all related to 'school'. So a sentence such as this is cohesive because of the related words: 'I took the wrong books to class and couldn't hand in my homework, which made the teacher very angry.' Or this one: 'The conductor found I didn't have a valid ticket and made me get off at the next station.' The lexical set there is words related to 'train'. Taxonomy implies classification, and with lexical sets as a form of cohesion, classification it isn't necessary. All that matters is that the words are related. A final example, a shortened version of the above: 'The conductor found I didn't have a valid ticket and made me get off.' Here the situation could be on a train, a bus, or a tram. Difficult to classify. However, 'conductor' and 'ticket' are part of a lexical set and so help the sentence cohere.

@locngo Год назад

This is so exceptional that I am utterly speechless

@Eapfoundation Год назад

Very kind of you to say. Glad you liked it.

@fattydada 4 года назад

Why did my teacher make me watch this.

@xx_slayer69_xx50 4 года назад

RI?

@excitedaboutlearning1639 3 года назад

Most likely, your writing had bad coherence and bad cohesion.

@lamachah5486 3 года назад

same.

@rarespecies1001 8 месяцев назад

i understood coherence more than cohesion 😢

@syedkawish4986 7 месяцев назад

Same

@clivetargaryen5014 3 года назад

Hello!. You mentioned that coherence is exclusively a macro property of writing. But I have found that depending on the source, coherence is defined as both, a macro and micro textual property. I think that micro coherence could indirectly lead to cohesion. Imperfect as this cohesion could be, I interpret this as a possibility that cohesion could be a sub-property of coherence.

@Eapfoundation 3 года назад

Hi Clive. I don't think the terms micro and macro are commonly used to describe coherence and cohesion, though I used them as they seem to me to help clarify the difference between the two terms, which can be confusing, to the extent that some writers treat them as being the same (though they are not). The British Council have a nice visual here, which makes coherence look more macro and cohesion more micro: takeielts.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/ielts_writing-_coherence_cohesion.pdf Coherence is described as 'logically sequenced', 'appropriately organised' and 'easy to follow and understand', in contrast to cohesion which is about 'connecting ideas'. Duke University, here, defines cohesion as the 'sentence by sentence flow' in contrast to coherence which relates to 'the overall sense of unity in a passage, including both the main point of sentences and the main point of each paragraph', which again contrasts the micro with the macro. twp.duke.edu/sites/twp.duke.edu/files/file-attachments/cohesion-coherence.original.pdf To answer your point, I'm not sure that coherence can be both micro or macro; overall, it would seem to be more about the bigger picture of organising ideas. Things could lack coherence on a smaller scale, but still be coherent overall. I don't think that cohesion is a sub-property of coherence, since cohesion is about grammtical and lexical things (e.g. reference words, synonyms) whereas coherence cannot be looked at in the same way. Plus, it is possible for a text to have cohesion but not coherence, e.g. 'Although I love English, it is not a flower. In other words, your shoes are purple.' The ideas there make no sense (they lack coherence), but the use of transitions and pronoun link them together well (they have cohesion).

@sonubawa8070 Год назад

Lots of love from india.What a great effort.🙏

@Eapfoundation Год назад

Very kind of you. Glad you enjoyed it.

@english3184 Год назад

Awesome

@amrashikhieksathe5978 Год назад

This is, entirely,an amazing one🥰

@Eapfoundation Год назад

Thanks so much for saying so. Glad you liked it.

@yaseentaha03 3 года назад

Amazing! Thank you...

@Eapfoundation 3 года назад

Glad you liked it!

@elalaelasariuinjakarta7548 4 года назад

Dr Smith, I live in another place in several days each month; the middle of savannah in South East Sulawesi Indonesia. It's difficult for me to have your material. I have to find a signal in the airport before entering savannah. Is it possible for us who live in a remote area having your material?

@Eapfoundation 4 года назад

Hi. Thanks for the message. If you mean the videos, you should be able to download them to watch offline later. The same might be true for the website, though that is more difficult. There are also the books which go with the website. I'm working on an App which can be used offline to get much of the same content as the website, but that will take some time to develop.

@movysevn3603 3 года назад

Nice i was looking for video like this

@Eapfoundation 3 года назад

That's good. I'm glad it was helpful.

@lincong651 3 года назад

it is really useful for enligsh writing learners to know how to be cohesive and coherent and I really love this video. however I have feel a little bit confused about the point how to make my essay be united. i mean I know all pieces of evidence have to be related to the topic sentence. but during the process of writing, how for leaners to make sure that all my words and sentences are related to the point. thank you very much.

@Eapfoundation 3 года назад

Hi Lin Cong. Thanks for the question. There are various ways to ensure your writing has unity (i.e. the ideas in the paragraph relate to the topic sentence). One way happens before writing, when you create an outline. This is suggested in the video. At this stage your writing will just contain the ideas, not all the words and sentences, and so it will be easier to check if all ideas you have relate to the topic sentence. However, not everyone writes an outline (or, if they do, not in detail). A second way happens when writing, by bearing in mind the topic sentence and making sure ideas relate to it. Even if you have an outline, you may still need to do this as you might add ideas when writing that you didn't think of when planning, some of which may be off-topic. A third way happens after writing, as you edit your work (or get someone to peer edit it). If unity is an issue, this is something you can specifically check for. A good peer editing checklist would include this element. Hope that helps.

@mohammadvahedi4321 3 года назад

Thankyou. It was very useful👌

@Eapfoundation 3 года назад

Glad it was helpful.

@muhammadsuleman8936 Год назад

Very helpful indeed

@Eapfoundation Год назад

Glad you think so 😀

@user-ro5wq8jx1x 3 месяца назад

Thank you!❤

@Eapfoundation 3 месяца назад

You're welcome 😊 Glad you enjoyed it.

@strawberrymila Год назад

thank you so much!

@Eapfoundation Год назад

You're welcome.

@reyesmedicen 2 месяца назад

crystal clear 👍👍

@Eapfoundation 2 месяца назад

Thanks. Glad you liked it.

@maryamrahimian5609 Год назад

Are there any videos for the other three criteria

@samreenabdulghani117 2 года назад

Such an informative video. Much Appreciated! I am currently grading my students' essays using IELTS rubric. Is there any possibility that I send you one checked paper just to get confirmation that I am assessing properly (This is my first experience of grading the papers using IELTS rubric). Please let me know. Thank you.

@Eapfoundation 2 года назад

No problem. Check website for my email if you don't have it already.

@hashibandara5859 Год назад

Thank you 💙

@Eapfoundation Год назад

You’re welcome 😊

@charlesduquette 4 месяца назад

Great video!

@Eapfoundation 4 месяца назад

Thanks. Glad you enjoyed it.

@aidinkoohestani8276 2 года назад

Wow that was awesome 🌺👏👏👏

@Eapfoundation 2 года назад

Thanks for the response. I'm glad you enjoyed it.

@bxrbarani7022 2 года назад

Thanks man ❤️

@Eapfoundation 2 года назад

You're welcome. Glad it was helpful.

@eddykhosa2981 2 года назад

Very helpful

@Eapfoundation Год назад

Glad to hear that

@jessyjohny5703 2 года назад

Fantastic

@Eapfoundation 2 года назад

Thanks for the positive feedback.

@PavanKumar-pg5wb 2 года назад

nice explanation

@Eapfoundation 2 года назад

Thanks. glad you enjoyed it.

@Junior_2023 2 года назад

I have lot of problems with coherence. Could you make more videos about that?.

@Eapfoundation 2 года назад

Hi. Thanks for the request. I will add it to my 'to do' list. Several other videos to do first though.

@mrschemist9816 3 года назад

Nice video.it's slove my problem

@Eapfoundation 3 года назад

Great. I'm glad it was helpful.

@Dwdwd474 2 года назад

Could you make videos on ielts essays please with the easy tips aligning with the required criteria

@Eapfoundation 2 года назад

Thanks for the suggestion. I've been thinking of doing that for a while. There are a lot of IELTS channels out there already so the videos might be lost in the crowd. But I think I could make something that students preparing for IELTS will find useful. I'll work on it soon.

@Dwdwd474 2 года назад

@@Eapfoundation Thank you so much!! As you mentioned, there are many IELTS based channels on RU-vid and elsewhere. That said, no one has solely been able to guide candidates so far as to how to get to an essay and strike 7. We have to take bits and pieces from here and there and come to our own conclusions. So please come to our rescue 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏Much appreciated 🙏🙏🙏

@Dwdwd474 2 года назад

Very useful 🙏🙏🙏

@Eapfoundation 2 года назад

Glad to hear it.

@sadeghmoayedian3912 3 года назад

Thank you. It was informative. I learnt a lot from your video.

@Eapfoundation 3 года назад

Great. Glad it was helpful for you.

@babab1699 3 года назад

4:38

@amrit3797 3 года назад

It is a debatable topic whether doing study with other students in school is better for the development of children or e-learning is a good platform for this purpose. In my opinion, former method of learning is more useful than later method. To begin with, the first and foremost benefit of learning with other is that the weakness can be strength in any subject. To explain it, the overall performance can be improved whether the student is good at all subject or not. In addition to this, some students do mathematics well while others are lack in these subjects and due to group study, sum and numerical can be solved easily with the help of other group members who are intelligent to solve numerical problems. For example, depict I was lack in science, I scored 99% just because of one of classmate. Thus, doing study together can helpful to improve the academic performance in exams. Apart from this, many interpersonal skills can be developed in a team. To make it clear, although children can communicate with parents, but the communication with other children who are at the same age is most beneficial to enhance communication skills. In schools, there are many extracurricular activities are organized, where communication and cooperate is essential in order to win the competition. For example, project and assignment where all members of group have to participate equally as well as communicate with each other in order to decide topic or how to organise . Clearly , social skills can be gained, which is beneficial for adulthood life, however, this is not possible in online study. In conclusion, I restate my opinion that making groups in class for study purposes is better for over-all learning than online learning. Plzz tell me my mistakes because my exam is on 24 June.

@Eapfoundation 3 года назад

Better if you can email to me? contact@eapfoundation.com

@amrit3797 3 года назад

@@Eapfoundation can you tell me here? Plzzz

@luisitocatalbas6001 3 года назад

Thank you sir for this good video.Luisito Catalbas

@Eapfoundation 3 года назад

Thanks. I'm glad you liked it.

@jurnaljupiterunhas3024 2 года назад

very good, many thanks Prof.

@Eapfoundation 2 года назад

You're welcome. Glad it was helpful.

@jennyvillacorta3551 3 года назад

Make use of coherence & cohesion in a form of an essay. . can you help.😑😐

@Eapfoundation 3 года назад

Hi Jenny. I don't quite get the question. Do you need to write an essay about coherence and cohesion, or do you just need to write an essay using good coherence and cohesion? What is the essay for?